RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vitro the antibacterial effects of fluorescein, rose bengal, and lissamine green topical ophthalmic dyes against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and to evaluate whether preserved or preservative-free fluorescein solutions are able to inhibit or potentiate bacterial growth. PROCEDURES: Susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method plated with clinical ocular isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial growth inhibition was evaluated 24 hours following the addition of commercially available fluorescein, rose bengal, and lissamine green sterile strips. Antimicrobial effectiveness testing was performed by inoculation of compounded 1% dye solutions, both with and without preservatives (fluorescein and lissamine contained thiomersal, and rose bengal contained nipagin and nepazol), with the five previously mentioned bacteria. Growth was evaluated at days 7, 14, and 28. RESULTS: All dyes showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms. Preservative-free compounded 1% fluorescein solution inhibited growth of Gram-positive organisms but not of Gram-negative organisms. Preservative-free rose bengal and lissamine green inhibited growth of both types of organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Preferably, ocular surface samples for antimicrobial culture should be taken prior to the administration of topical dyes, due to their potential antibacterial activity, particularly if undiluted strips are applied directly or commercial fluorescein solutions are used and not immediately rinsed. Ophthalmic dye solutions containing preservative are safe from bacterial growth for up to 28 days if properly handled and stored. The use of preservative-free fluorescein solutions should be avoided and preservative-free rose bengal and lissamine green should be handled carefully.
Assuntos
Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/veterinária , Corantes Fluorescentes/farmacologia , Animais , Infecções Oculares Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Fluoresceína/administração & dosagem , Fluoresceína/farmacologia , Fluoresceína/uso terapêutico , Corantes Fluorescentes/administração & dosagem , Corantes Fluorescentes/uso terapêutico , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Corantes Verde de Lissamina/administração & dosagem , Corantes Verde de Lissamina/farmacologia , Corantes Verde de Lissamina/uso terapêutico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Soluções Oftálmicas , Rosa Bengala/administração & dosagem , Rosa Bengala/farmacologia , Rosa Bengala/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The statistical Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied to investigate the effect of different parameters (current density, j, NaCl concentration, [NaCl], pH, and temperature, θ) and their interactions on the electrochemical degradation of the Acid Green (AG) 28 dye using a Ti/ß-PbO2 or Ti-Pt/ß-PbO2 anode in a filter-press reactor. LC/MS is employed to identify intermediate compounds. For both anodes, the best experimental conditions are j = 50 mA cm(-2), [NaCl] = 1.5 g L(-1), pH = 5, and θ = 25 °C. After 3 h of electrolysis, a dye solution treated under these conditions presents the following parameters: electric charge per unit volume of the electrolyzed solution required for 90% decolorization (Q(90)) of 0.34-0.37 A h L(-1), %COD removal of â¼100%, specific energy consumption of 18-20 kW h m(-3), and %TOC removal of 32-33%. No loss of the ß-PbO2 film is observed during all the experiments. The ß-PbO2 films present excellent stability for solutions with pH ≥ 5 ([Pb(2+)] < 0.5 mg L(-1)). Chloroform is the only volatile organic halo compound present in the treated solution under those optimized conditions. Hydroxylated anthraquinone derivatives, aromatic chloramines, and naphthoquinones are formed during the electrolyses. The Ti/ß-PbO2 and Ti-Pt/ß-PbO2 anodes show significantly better performance than a commercial DSA anode for the electrochemical degradation of the AG 28 dye. The Ti/ß-PbO2 anode, prepared as described in this work, is an excellent option for the treatment of textile effluents because of its low cost of fabrication and good performance.
Assuntos
Chumbo/química , Corantes Verde de Lissamina/química , Óxidos/química , Titânio/química , Eletroquímica , Eletrodos , Eletrólise , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Resíduos Industriais/análise , TêxteisRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar a secreção lacrimal, coloração da superfície ocular e estabilidade do filme lacrimal em indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de PRK e LASIK com laser de femtossegundo (femto LASIK). Métodos: Vinte olhos de 10 pacientes submetidos à técnica de Femto LASIK e 11 olhos de 6 pacientes submetidos à técnica de PRK foram estudados de forma prospectiva, longitudinal e intervencionista. Tempo de rotura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer basal e coloração da superfície ocular com lissamina verde foram analisados no pré-operatório (pré), no 15º e no 30º dia pós-operatório (15º pós e 30º pós, respectivamente). Resultados: Agrupando todos os olhos, observou-se que o TRFL reduziu-se de forma estatisticamente significante no 15º pós em relação ao valor pré-operatório (p=0,025), mantendo-se reduzido no 30º pós (p= 0,001); não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o 15º pós e o 30º pós (p=0,219). No teste da lissamina verde, houve aumento significativo desse escore, no 15º pós em relação ao período pré-operatório (p=0,021), havendo, posteriormente, redução no 30º pós (p=0,010). No teste de Schirmer basal, não foi detectada mudança estatisticamente significante ao longo dos três momentos (p=0,107). Comparando-se os testes TRFL, lissamina verde ou Schirmer basal, nos dois grupos estudados (PRK e LASIK), não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em nenhum dos três momentos (pré, 15º pós e 30º pós). Conclusão: Evidenciou-se alteração do filme lacrimal nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia refrativa, quando foram utilizados os testes de TRFL e lissamina verde. Nas duas técnicas empregadas, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante de alteração do filme lacrimal, quando comparadas entre si (PRK e LASIK). .
Purpose: To evaluate tear film stability, ocular surface staining and tear secretion in patients undergoing PRK and femtosecond laser LASIK. Methods: Twenty eyes of 10 patients submitted to femtosecond laser LASIK and 11 eyes of the 6 patients submitted do PRK underwent tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer’s basal and lissamine green staining measurements pre and postoperatively on days 15 (PO 15) and 30 (PO 30). Results: When grouping all eyes TBUT was reduced on PO 15 (p=0.025) and on PO 30 (p=0.001) compared to preoperative values. No difference was found between PO 15 and PO 30 (p=0.219). Compared to preoperative measurements, lissamine green test demonstrated a significant increase in score on PO 15 (p=0.021) and a significant reduction on PO 30 (p=0.010), when both groups were analyzed together (all 42 eyes). No changes in Schirmer’s basal test were detected in all 3 time periods (p=0.107). TBUT, lissamine green and Schirmer’s basal measurements were no different in all 3 time periods when both groups (PRK and femtosecond laser LASIK) were compared. Conclusion: TBUT and lissamine green measurements were altered after refractive surgery regardless the technique (PRK or femtosecond laser LASIK). When comparing one technique to the other, no difference was found in all measurements. .
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Síndromes do Olho Seco/diagnóstico , Síndromes do Olho Seco/etiologia , Ceratectomia Fotorrefrativa/efeitos adversos , Ceratomileuse Assistida por Excimer Laser In Situ/efeitos adversos , Aparelho Lacrimal/metabolismo , Concentração Osmolar , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Tensão Superficial , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Longitudinais , Ceratectomia Fotorrefrativa/métodos , Fluoresceína/administração & dosagem , Ceratomileuse Assistida por Excimer Laser In Situ/métodos , Lasers de Excimer/uso terapêutico , Corantes Fluorescentes/administração & dosagem , Corantes Verde de Lissamina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim was to evaluate the effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on lacrimal function in patients with severe dry eye. METHODS: A prospective interventional case series design was adopted. Four patients with severe lacrimal dysfunction and severe dry eye were treated. Platelet rich-activated plasma (1 mL) was injected adjacent to the lacrimal gland on day 0 and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The objective parameters included a Schirmer test, ocular surface staining, and tear break-up time (TBUT). The patients were followed up for 12 weeks after the first injection. RESULTS: All cases showed a significant improvement in lacrimal volume (from 3.3 ± 0.8 mm to 11.1 ± 2.3 mm). In all the patients, an increase in tear break-up time values and a decrease in ocular staining (basal 8.0 ± 0.61-2.8 ± 0.5) with subjective improvement occurred. None of the patients presented any adverse effect, and none reported pain or discomfort. Additionally, no complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Injected platelet-enriched plasma was found to be safe and effective in increasing lacrimal production and in improving ocular staining secondary to severe dry eye. This approach could be an alternative for the management of these patients, although additional studies are required to perfect the technique.
Assuntos
Síndromes do Olho Seco/terapia , Doenças do Aparelho Lacrimal/terapia , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Adulto , Corantes , Síndromes do Olho Seco/etiologia , Síndromes do Olho Seco/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Injeções Intraoculares , Doenças do Aparelho Lacrimal/etiologia , Doenças do Aparelho Lacrimal/patologia , Corantes Verde de Lissamina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Penfigoide Bolhoso/complicações , Estudos Prospectivos , Síndrome de Sjogren-Larsson/complicações , Síndrome de Stevens-Johnson/complicações , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Transplante Autólogo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la aplicación de suero autólogo 20% en gotas tópicas en el tratamiento de pacientes con ojo seco severo que acudieron a Centro Visión (Lima, Perú) durante el año 2010. Material y Métodos: Se incluyeron un total de 32 ojos (16 pacientes) con diagnóstico de ojo seco severo que fueron tratados con suero autólogo 20% por 30 d¡as. La evaluación de los síntomas se realizó con el cuestionario OSDI, y el estudio de los signos através de las pruebas de tiempo de ruptura lagrimal (BUT), coloración con fluoresceína, rosa de Bengala y verde lisamina. Los hallazgos se compararon antes y después de 15 y 30 días de tratamiento. Resultados: con la terapia de suero autólogo mejoraron los s¡ntomas registrados por la escala OSDI de 87.31 (pretratamiento), a 24.68 (15 d¡as) y 20.69 (30 d¡as postratamiento). En promedio, la prueba del BUT mejoró de 3.31 (pretratamiento) a 5.94 (15 dias) y 6.91 (30 días postratamiento). La coloración de fluoresce¡na mejoró de 5.94 (pretratamiento) a 2.53 (15 días) y 2.28 (30 días postratamiento). La coloración con rosa de Bengala y/o verde de lisamina mejoró de 5.69 (pretratamiento) a 1.84 (15 d¡as) y 1.66 (30 d¡as postratamiento). Todos los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: el suero autólogo fue efectivo para tratar el ojo seco severo, mejorando los síntomas subjetivos, la estabilidad del filme lagrimal y la puntuación de los colorantes vitales en la superficie ocular.
Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of 20% autologous serum eyedrops in the treatment of severe dry eye patients, who attended Centro Visi¢n (Lima, Per£) in 2010. Material and Metods: thirty-two eyes of 16 severe dry eye patients were enrolled and treated with 20% autologous serum for 30 days. The subjective symptoms were evaluated with the OSDI score. The objective signs were assessed with tear film breakup time (BUT), fluorescein and rose Bengal staining scores. The findings were compared before, 15 days and 30 days after treatment. Results: the subjective symptoms OSDI scores showed improvement from 87.31 (pretreatment) to 24.68 (15 days post) and 20.69 (30 days post). As an average, BUT improved from 3.31 (pretreatment) to 5.94 (15 days post) and 6.91 (30 days). Fluorescein staining scores improved from 5.94 (pretreatment) to 2.53 (15 days post) and 2.28 (30 days post). Rose Bengal and/or lissamine green staining scores improved from 5.69 (pretreatment) to 1.84 (15 days post) and 1.66 (30 days post). All results were statistically significant. Conclusion: autologous serum eyedrops were found effective in the treatment of severe dry eye disease, improving subjective symptoms, the tear film stability and ocular surface vital staining scores.
Assuntos
Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anormalidades do Olho/terapia , Aparelho Lacrimal , Corantes Verde de Lissamina , Rosa Bengala , Soro , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Antihistamínicos como el clorhidrato de epinastina tienen actividad antinflamatoria y podrían usarse como tratamiento del síndrome de ojo seco. Objetivo: evaluar los cambios en la sintomatología, película lagrimal y superficie ocular antes y después del tratamiento con clorhidrato de epinastina en pacientes con síndrome de ojo seco. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio piloto doble ciego en 20 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de ojo seco moderado. Un ojo de cada paciente recibió tratamiento con clorhidrato de epinastina al 0,05 % y el otro recibió hialuronato de sodio al 0,4 %. Los dos ojos recibieron suplemento lagrimal con hialuronato de sodio al 0,4 %. La dosis de tratamiento fue una gota tres veces al día por 45 días. Antes del tratamiento y 30 y 45 días después, se aplicó cuestionario validado para ojo seco (osdi), test de Schirmer 1, but y lisamina verde. Se aplicó la prueba t de Student y rangos de Wilcoxon. Resultados: se encontró un mejoría estadísticamente significativa en sintomatología a l s 30 días de intervención con epinastina (p = 0,000) y 45 días (p = 0,0000). En la superficie ocular hubo mejoría clínica y significativa estadísticamente a los 45 días (p = 0,0001). No se encontraron cambios significativos en la calidad ni en la cantidad de la película lagrimal. La reducción en la sintomatología y el grado de tinción con la epinastina a los 45 días fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) con respecto al grupo control. Conclusión: la combinación clorhidrato de epinastina al 0,05% y hialuronato de sodio al 0,4% mejora la sintomatología y la superficie ocular en los pacientes con ojo seco moderado. Tratamiento con clorhidrato de epinastina al 0,05 % en pacientes con síndrome de disfunción lagrimal moderado.
Treatment with Epinastine Hydrochloride to 0.05% in Patients with Moderate Tear Dysfunction Syndrome Antihistamines such as epinastine hydrochloride have anti-inflammatory activity and could be used as a treatment for dry eye syndrome. Objective: To assess changes in symptoms, tear film and ocular surface before and after treatment with epinastine hydrochloride in patients with dry eye syndrome. Materials and methods: A double-blind pilot study was carried out in 20 patients with clinical diagnosis of moderate dry eye. One eye of each patient was treated with 0.05% of epinastine hydrochloride and the other received 0.4% of sodium hyaluronate. Both eyes received tear supplement with 0.4% of sodium hyaluronate. The treatment dose was one drop three times a day for 45 days. Before treatment and 30 and 45 days after, the validated questionnaire for dry eye (osdi), the Schirmer 1 Test, but and lissamine green were used. The Students t test and Wilcoxon ranges were used. Results: A statistically significant improvement in symptoms after 30 days of the intervention with epinastine was found (p = 0.000) and after 45 days (p = 0.0000).In the ocular surface there was clinically and statistically significant improvement after 45 days (p = 0.0001). No significant changes were found in quality or quantity of the tear film. The reduction in symptoms and in the degree of staining with epinastine after 45 days was statistically significant (p < 0.05) compared with the control group. Conclusion: The combination of epinastine hydrochloride 0.05% and sodium hyaluronate 0.4% improves symptoms and the ocular surface in patients with moderate dry eye.
Assuntos
Humanos , Síndromes do Olho Seco , Corantes Verde de Lissamina , Soluções OftálmicasRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare corneal staining patterns of lissamine green (LG) versus rose bengal (RB) in patients with dry eye syndrome. Secondary objectives included addressing patient's comfort after instillation and to correlate disease severity with staining patterns. METHODS: Randomized, comparative, crossover series. Patients with previous diagnosis of mild to moderate dry eye syndrome were divided in 2 groups regarding dye instillation order (group A: RB first; group B: LG first). Both dyes were applied in regular intervals, and a staining score (van Bijsterveld scale) was used to correlate and compare the results. Disease severity was determined by the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Comfort was evaluated by patient's answer in an objective questionnaire. RESULTS: Sixty eyes of 30 consecutive patients (24 females and 6 males) were included. There was no statistical difference between groups regarding disease severity, sex, or age. LG and RB showed good clinical correlation in both groups (group A: r = 0.939, P < 0.001; group B: r = 0.915, P < 0.001). LG was better tolerated than RB (P = 0.003 in both groups). Overall, we found a low statistical correlation between disease severity and staining scores. CONCLUSIONS: Both LG and RB showed similar staining patterns. RB was found to provide greater patient discomfort. There was no correlation between disease severity (addressed by the ocular surface disease index questionnaire) and staining patterns (measured by the van Bijsterveld scale).
Assuntos
Corantes , Síndromes do Olho Seco/diagnóstico , Corantes Fluorescentes , Corantes Verde de Lissamina , Rosa Bengala , Corantes/efeitos adversos , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Corantes Fluorescentes/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The mitochondrial effects of submicromolar concentrations of six triarylmethane dyes, with potential applications in antioncotic photodynamic therapy, were studied. All dyes promoted an inhibition of glutamate or succinate-supported respiration in uncoupled mitochondria, in a manner stimulated photodynamically. No inhibition of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) supported respiration was observed, indicating that these dyes do not affect mitochondrial complex IV. When mitochondria were energized with TMPD in the absence of an uncoupler, treatment with victoria blue R, B, or BO, promoted a dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of respiratory rates, compatible with mitochondrial uncoupling. This effect was observed even in the dark, and was not prevented by EGTA, Mg2+ or cyclosporin A, suggesting that it is promoted by a direct effect of the dye on inner mitochondrial membrane permeability to protons. Indeed, victoria blue R, B, and BO promoted swelling of valinomycin-treated mitochondria incubated in a hyposmotic K+-acetate-based medium, confirming that these dyes act as classic protonophores such as FCCP. On the other hand, ethyl violet, crystal violet, and malachite green promoted a dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, accompanied by mitochondrial swelling, which was prevented by EGTA, Mg2+, and cyclosporin A, demonstrating that these drugs induce mitochondrial permeability transition. This mitochondrial permeabilization was followed by respiratory inhibition, attributable to cytochrome c release, and was caused by the oxidation of NAD(P)H promoted by these drugs.
Assuntos
Corantes/farmacologia , Corantes Verde de Lissamina/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Corantes de Rosanilina/farmacologia , Animais , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Violeta Genciana/farmacologia , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Dilatação Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Osmose/efeitos dos fármacos , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/farmacologia , Ratos , Tetrametilfenilenodiamina/metabolismo , Valinomicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
We describe a simple, sensitive, and quantitative procedure for measurement of triglycerides and protein contents in formalin-fixed liver sections. The method can detect as little as 0.27 microgram of triglycerides per mg of protein. It is based on selective binding of Sudan IV and Fast Green FCF to fat and total proteins, respectively, and their sequential elution with solvents. Sudan IV is eluted readily with acetone and Fast Green with NaOH-methanol, and the absorbances obtained at 500 and 610 nm can be used to determine the amount of triglycerides and total protein. The color equivalence for Fast Green was obtained after destaining the sections and measuring the protein contents by micro-Kjeldahl analysis. The color equivalence of Sudan IV was estimated by determining the triglyceride content in liver homogenates by an enzymatic procedure and then measuring the amount of dye bound to multiple fixed sections. There was a strong linear correlation between the triglyceride content as determined chemically and that obtained using the equivalence colors (r2 = 0.98). This method is useful to measure fat content in tissue samples and could be applied to evaluate the progression of liver disease.
Assuntos
Formaldeído , Lipídeos/análise , Fígado/análise , Animais , Compostos Azo , Tetracloreto de Carbono/toxicidade , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Fixadores , Histocitoquímica , Corantes Verde de Lissamina , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Proteínas/análise , Ratos , Coloração e Rotulagem , Triglicerídeos/análiseRESUMO
Quatro corantes vitais foram utilizados no estudo biomicroscópico da superfície do olho visando a sua especificidade para água, muco e gordura, respectivamente os componentes do filme pré-corneano. Foram usados a Fluorosceina em soluçäo aquosa a 0,25% e em papéis esterilizados para o estudo de falhas epiteliais, o Rosa de Bengala em soluçäo aquosa a 1% para o estudo de células degeneradas, o Azul de Alcian em soluçäo aquosa a 1% para corar os filamentos de muco e o Sudäo III em forma de pó, para corar a gordura do filme pré-corneano