RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vectorial transmission is the principal path of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. In Argentina, Triatoma infestans is the principal vector; therefore, vector control is the main strategy for the prevention of this illness. The Provincial Program of Chagas La Rioja (PPCHLR) carries out entomological evaluation of domiciliary units (DUs) and spraying of those where T. infestans is found. The lack of government funds has led to low visitation frequency by the PPCHLR, especially in areas with a low infestation rate, which are not prioritized. Therefore, seeking possible alternatives to complement control activities is necessary. Involving householders in entomological evaluation could be a control alternative. The major objective was to determine the cost of entomological evaluation with and without community participation. METHODS: For entomological evaluation without community participation, PPCHLR data collected in February 2017 over 359 DUs of the Castro Barros Department (CBD) were used. For entomological evaluation with community participation, 434 DUs of the same department were selected in November 2017. Each householder was trained in collecting insects, which were kept in labeled plastic bags, recovered after 2 weeks, and analyzed in the laboratory for the presence of T. cruzi. Using householders' collection data, a spatial scan statistic was used to detect clusters of different T. infestans infestations. Entomological evaluation costs with and without community participation related to the numbers of DUs visited, DUs evaluated, and DUs sprayed were calculated and compared between methodologies. In addition, the number of DUs evaluated of the DUs visited was compared. RESULTS: According to the results, the triatomines did not show evidence of T. cruzi infection. Spatial analysis detected heterogeneity of T. infestans infestation in the area. Costs related to the DUs visited, evaluated, and sprayed were lower with community participation (p < 0.05). In addition, more DUs were evaluated in relation to those visited and a greater surface area was covered with community participation. CONCLUSION: Participation of the community in the infestation survey is an efficient complement to vertical control, allowing the spraying to be focused on infested houses and thus reducing the PPCHLR's costs and intervention times.
Assuntos
Participação da Comunidade , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Triatoma/parasitologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Entomologia/economia , Entomologia/métodos , Habitação , Humanos , Controle de Insetos/economia , Inseticidas , População Rural , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human transmission of Chagas disease (CD) most commonly occurs in domiciliary spaces where triatomines remain hidden to feed on blood sources during inhabitants' sleep. Similar to other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), sustainable control of CD requires attention to the structural conditions of life of populations at risk, in this case, the conditions of their living environments. Considering socio-cultural and political dynamics involved in dwellings' construction, this study aimed to explore social factors that contribute or limit sustainability of CD's prevention models focused on home improvement. METHODS AND MAIN FINDINGS: Using Healthy Homes for Healthy Living (HHHL)-a health promotion strategy focused on improvement of living environments and system-based health promotion-as a reference, a qualitative study was conducted. Research participants were selected from three rural communities of a CD endemic region in southern Ecuador involved in HHHL's refurbishment and reconstruction interventions between 2013 and 2016. Folowing an ethnographic approach, data were collected through interviews, participant observation, informal conversations and document analysis. Our results indicate that the HHHL model addressed risk factors for CD at the household level, while simultaneously promoting wellbeing at emotional, economic and social levels in local communities. We argue that sustainability of the CD prevention model proposed by HHHL is enhanced by the confluence of three factors: systemic improvement of families' quality of life, perceived usefulness of control measures, and flexibility to adapt to emerging dynamics of the context. CONCLUSION: HHHL's proposed home improvement, facilitated through system-based rather than disease specific health promotion processes, enhances agency in populations at risk and facilitates community partnerships forged around CD prevention. Although an independent analysis of cost-effectiveness is recommended, structural poverty experienced by local families is still the most important factor to consider when evaluating the sustainability and scalability of this model.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Características da Família , Controle de Insetos/economia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População RuralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The thrips Frankliniella schultzei is an important watermelon pest. Nevertheless, economic injury levels and sampling plans for this pest have not yet been determined for this crop. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the economic injury levels and develop sequential sampling plans for F. schultzei in conditions of low, medium and high fruit prices. RESULTS: The attack of F. schultzei on watermelon plants at the vegetative stage reduced the crop's productivity, which did not happen at the flowering and fruiting stage. The economic injury levels were 0.09, 0.04 and 0.02 thrips leaf-1 when the watermelon price was low ($US 62.5 t-1 ), medium ($US 140.63 t-1 ) and high ($US 218.75 t-1 ) respectively. The three sequential sampling plans for F. schultzei generated for the economic injury levels resulted in similar and more rapid decisions compared with the conventional plan, especially when the pest density was high. CONCLUSIONS: The three economic injury levels and the sequential sampling plans generated in the present study can be incorporated into integrated pest management programmes for watermelon crops because these plans provide a rapid and adequate control decision for F. schultzei. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Citrullus , Frutas/economia , Controle de Insetos/economia , Tisanópteros , Animais , Produtos Agrícolas , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Monitoring population levels of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), at the orchard level prior and during the fruit ripening period can result in significant savings in the costs of managing this pestiferous insect. Unfortunately, to date, no highly effective and economically viable trap is available to growers. To move toward this goal, trap-lure combinations were evaluated in trials performed in citrus orchards in Veracruz, Mexico. CeraTrap, an enzymatic hydrolyzed protein from pig intestinal mucose, was 3.6 times more attractive to A. ludens than the most commonly used bait of Captor (hydrolyzed protein and borax) when using Multilure traps. When several commercial traps were evaluated, the efficacy of a simple and inexpensive transparent polyethylene (PET) bottle with 10-mm lateral holes was similar to that of the costly Multilure trap when baited with CeraTrap and significantly more effective than a Multilure trap baited with Captor. PET bottles filled with Cera Trap, rebaited at 8-wk intervals, and tested in trials encompassing 72 ha of citrus groves, were significantly more effective than Multilure traps baited with Captor that need to be serviced weekly. In addition to this relevant finding, CeraTrap baited traps detected A. ludens at lower population densities and attracted a significantly higher number of flies at all densities when compared with Captor-baited traps. We conclude that CeraTrap represents a cost-effective and highly efficient bait that will enable us to pursue the goal of developing economic thresholds, a badly needed management tool for A. ludens.
Assuntos
Controle de Insetos/métodos , Feromônios/farmacologia , Tephritidae/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Citrus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Controle de Insetos/economia , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
Chagas disease is one of the most serious health problems in Latin America. Because the disease is transmitted mainly by triatomine vectors, a three-phase vector control strategy was used to reduce its vector-borne transmission. In Nicaragua, we implemented an indoor insecticide spraying program in five northern departments to reduce house infestation by Triatoma dimidiata. The spraying program was performed in two rounds. After each round, we conducted entomological evaluation to compare the vector infestation level before and after spraying. A total of 66,200 and 44,683 houses were sprayed in the first and second spraying rounds, respectively. The entomological evaluation showed that the proportion of houses infested by T. dimidiata was reduced from 17.0% to 3.0% after the first spraying, which was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). However, the second spraying round did not demonstrate clear effectiveness. Space-time analysis revealed that reinfestation of T. dimidiata is more likely to occur in clusters where the pre-spray infestation level is high. Here we discuss how large-scale insecticide spraying is neither effective nor affordable when T. dimidiata is widely distributed at low infestation levels. Further challenges involve research on T. dimidiata reinfestation, diversification of vector control strategies, and implementation of sustainable vector surveillance.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Inseticidas , Animais , Custos e Análise de Custo , Habitação , Humanos , Controle de Insetos/economia , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Inseticidas/economia , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Triatoma/parasitologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: High rates of household participation are critical to the success of door-to-door vector control campaigns. We used the Health Belief Model to assess determinants of participation, including neighbour participation as a cue to action, in a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Peru. METHODS: We evaluated clustering of participation among neighbours; estimated participation as a function of household infestation status, neighbourhood type and number of participating neighbours; and described the reported reasons for refusal to participate in a district of 2911 households. RESULTS: We observed significant clustering of participation along city blocks (p<0.0001). Participation was significantly higher for households in new versus established neighbourhoods, for infested households, and for households with more participating neighbours. The effect of neighbour participation was greater in new neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS: Results support a 'contagion' model of participation, highlighting the possibility that one or two participating households can tip a block towards full participation. Future campaigns can leverage these findings by making participation more visible, by addressing stigma associated with spraying, and by employing group incentives to spray.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Participação da Comunidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Recusa de Participação/estatística & dados numéricos , População Urbana , Animais , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Participação da Comunidade/métodos , Humanos , Controle de Insetos/economia , Relações Interpessoais , Modelos Logísticos , Peru/epidemiologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Características de Residência/classificação , Medicina Tropical , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Mass trapping Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) using a pheromone-baited pitfall trap and Metamasius hemipterus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) using a pheromone-sugarcane-baited open gallon trap was conducted in commercial banana. Four traps for each insect per hectare were placed in each of two 5-hectare plots of banana. Two additional 5-hectare plots were designated as controls and treated according to the plantation protocol. Capture rates of C. sordidus and M. hemipterus declined by >75 % over 10-12 months. In the banana growing region studied, corm damage was due primarily to C. sordidus, while only a minor amount of damage was attributable to M. hemipterus. Corm damage reduction in trapping plots was, thus, attributed primarily to C. sordidus trapping. In trapping plots, corm damage decreased by 61-64 % during the experiment. Banana bunch weights increased 23 % relative to control plots after 11-12 months of trapping. Fruit diameter did not vary between bunches harvested from trapping plots vs. control plots. Plant vigor, however, as determined by stem circumference at one meter above ground increased in plots with traps compared to control plots. Trapping for C. sordidus in two plantations of over 200 hectares each, reduced corm damage 62-86 % relative to pre-trapping levels. Insecticide control measures in place when the experiment commenced resulted in about 20-30 % corm damage, while use of pheromone trapping to manage C. sordidus lowered corm damage to 10 % or less. It is estimated that the increase in value of increased yield obtained in this trial (23 %) is about $4,240 USD per year per hectare, while the cost of pheromone trapping is approximately $185 USD per year per hectare. The trapping program becomes revenue neutral if bunch weights increase by an average of 1 % per year of trapping. Approximately 10 % of all plantation area in Costa Rica use the pheromone trapping system described here. The system also is used in Martinique, Guadeloupe, and the Canary Islands.
Assuntos
Besouros/fisiologia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Musa/parasitologia , Feromônios/metabolismo , Animais , Produtos Agrícolas/parasitologia , Controle de Insetos/economiaRESUMO
In August 2008, the first detection of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, to the North America mainland in California caused great concern, as the fly was found infesting a variety of commercial fruits. Subsequent detections followed in Oregon, Washington, Florida and British Columbia in 2009; in Utah, North Carolina, South Carolina, Michigan, and Louisiana in 2010; and in Virginia, Montana, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Mexico in 2011. In Europe, it has been detected in Italy and Spain in 2009 and in France in 2010. Economic costs to the grower from D. suzukii include the increased cost of production (increased labor and materials for chemical inputs, monitoring and other management tools) and crop loss. An effective response to the invasion of D. suzukii requires proper taxonomic identification at the initial phase, understanding basic biology and phenology, developing management tools, transferring information and technology quickly to user groups, and evaluating the impact of the research and extension program on an economic, social, and environmental level. As D. suzukii continues to expand its range, steps must be initiated in each new region to educate and inform the public as well as formulate management tactics suitable for the crops and growing conditions in each.
Assuntos
Drosophila/fisiologia , Controle de Insetos , Animais , Canadá , Produtos Agrícolas , Europa (Continente) , Controle de Insetos/economia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Espécies Introduzidas/economia , México , Dinâmica Populacional , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Intensive use of pesticides is common and increasing despite a growing and historically well documented awareness of the costs and hazards. The benefits from pesticides of increased yields from sufficient pest control may be outweighed by developed resistance in pests and killing of beneficial natural enemies. Other negative effects are human health problems and lower prices because of consumers' desire to buy organic products. Few studies have examined these trade-offs in the field. Here, we demonstrate that Nicaraguan cabbage (Brassica spp.) farmers may suffer economically by using insecticides as they get more damage by the main pest diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), at the same time as they spend economic resources on insecticides. Replicated similarly sized cabbage fields cultivated in a standardized manner were either treated with insecticides according common practice or not treated with insecticides over two seasons. Fields treated with insecticides suffered, compared with nontreated fields, equal or, at least in some periods of the seasons, higher diamondback moth pest attacks. These fields also had increased leaf damage on the harvested cabbage heads. Weight and size of the heads were not affected. The farmers received the same price on the local market irrespective of insecticide use. Rates of parasitized diamondback moth were consistently lower in the treated fields. Negative effects of using insecticides against diamondback moth were found for the density of parasitoids and generalist predatory wasps, and tended to affect spiders negatively. The observed increased leaf damages in insecticide-treated fields may be a combined consequence of insecticide resistance in the pest, and of lower predation and parasitization rates from naturally occurring predators that are suppressed by the insecticide applications. The results indicate biological control as a viable and economic alternative pest management strategy, something that may be particularly relevant for the production of cash crops in tropical countries where insecticide use is heavy and possibly increasing.
Assuntos
Brassica , Controle de Insetos/economia , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Aranhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Vespas/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Cadeia Alimentar , Humanos , Resistência a Inseticidas , Inseticidas , Nicarágua , Controle Biológico de Vetores/economia , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Defoliation by Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), S. cosmioides (Walker) and S. frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was evaluated in four soybean genotypes. A multiple-species economic threshold (ET), based upon the species' feeding capacity, is proposed with the aim of improving growers' management decisions on when to initiate control measures for the species complex. RESULTS: Consumption by A. gemmatalis, S. cosmioides or S. eridania on different genotypes was similar. The highest consumption of P. includens was 92.7 cm(2) on Codetec 219RR; that of S. frugiperda was 118 cm(2) on Codetec 219RR and 115.1 cm(2) on MSoy 8787RR. The insect injury equivalent for S. cosmoides, calculated on the basis of insect consumption, was double the standard consumption by A. gemmatalis, and statistically different from the other species tested, which were similar to each other. CONCLUSIONS: As S. cosmioides always defoliated nearly twice the leaf area of the other species, the injury equivalent would be 2 for this lepidopteran species and 1 for the other species. The recommended multiple-species ET to trigger the beginning of insect control would then be 20 insect equivalents per linear metre.
Assuntos
Glycine max/parasitologia , Controle de Insetos/economia , Lepidópteros/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Animais , Genótipo , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Larva/fisiologia , Lepidópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glycine max/economia , Glycine max/genéticaRESUMO
The currently existing sample procedures available for decision-making regarding the control of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are time-consuming, expensive, and difficult to perform, compromising their adoption. In addition, the damage functions incorporated in such decision levels only consider the quantitative losses, while dismissing the qualitative losses. Traps containing ethanol, methanol, and benzaldehyde may allow cheap and easy decision-making. Our objective was to determine the economic injury level (EIL) for the adults of the coffee berry borer by using attractant-baited traps. We considered both qualitative and quantitative losses caused by the coffee borer in estimating the EILs. These EILs were determined for conventional and organic coffee under high and average plant yield. When the quantitative losses caused by H. hampei were considered alone, the EILs ranged from 7.9 to 23.7% of bored berries for high and average-yield conventional crops, respectively. For high and average-yield organic coffee the ELs varied from 24.4 to 47.6% of bored berries, respectively. When qualitative and quantitative losses caused by the pest were considered together, the EIL was 4.3% of bored berries for both conventional and organic coffee. The EILs for H. hampei associated to the coffee plants in the flowering, pinhead fruit, and ripening fruit stages were 426, 85, and 28 adults per attractive trap, respectively.
Assuntos
Besouros/efeitos dos fármacos , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Feromônios/farmacologia , Animais , Ácido Benzoico/farmacologia , Brasil , Café , Etanol/farmacologia , Feminino , Controle de Insetos/economia , Metanol/farmacologia , Densidade Demográfica , Tamanho da Amostra , Estudos de Amostragem , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Chagas disease, named after Carlos Chagas, who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent. It is caused by a parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs and via blood transfusion. Chagas disease has two successive phases: acute and chronic. The acute phase lasts six-eight weeks. Several years after entering the chronic phase, 20-35% of infected individuals, depending on the geographical area, will develop irreversible lesions of the autonomous nervous system in the heart, oesophagus and colon, and of the peripheral nervous system. Data on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas disease improved in quality during the 1980s as a result of the demographically representative cross-sectional studies in countries where accurate information was not previously available. A group of experts met in Brasilia in 1979 and devised standard protocols to carry out countrywide prevalence studies on human T. cruzi infection and triatomine house infestation. Thanks to a coordinated multi-country programme in the Southern Cone countries, the transmission of Chagas disease by vectors and via blood transfusion was interrupted in Uruguay in 1997, in Chile in 1999 and in Brazil in 2006; thus, the incidence of new infections by T. cruzi across the South American continent has decreased by 70%. Similar multi-country initiatives have been launched in the Andean countries and in Central America and rapid progress has been reported towards the goal of interrupting the transmission of Chagas disease, as requested by a 1998 Resolution of the World Health Assembly. The cost-benefit analysis of investment in the vector control programme in Brazil indicates that there are savings of US$17 in medical care and disabilities for each dollar spent on prevention, showing that the programme is a health investment with very high return. Many well-known research institutions in Latin America were key elements of a worldwide network of laboratories that carried out basic and applied research supporting the planning and evaluation of national Chagas disease control programmes. The present article reviews the current epidemiological trends for Chagas disease in Latin America and the future challenges in terms of epidemiology, surveillance and health policy.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Política de Saúde , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Insetos Vetores , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Animais , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Humanos , Incidência , Controle de Insetos/economia , América Latina/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Chagas disease, named after Carlos Chagas, who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent. It is caused by a parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs and via blood transfusion. Chagas disease has two successive phases: acute and chronic. The acute phase lasts six-eight weeks. Several years after entering the chronic phase, 20-35% of infected individuals, depending on the geographical area, will develop irreversible lesions of the autonomous nervous system in the heart, oesophagus and colon, and of the peripheral nervous system. Data on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas disease improved in quality during the 1980s as a result of the demographically representative cross-sectional studies in countries where accurate information was not previously available. A group of experts met in Brasilia in 1979 and devised standard protocols to carry out countrywide prevalence studies on human T. cruzi infection and triatomine house infestation. Thanks to a coordinated multi-country programme in the Southern Cone countries, the transmission of Chagas disease by vectors and via blood transfusion was interrupted in Uruguay in 1997, in Chile in 1999 and in Brazil in 2006; thus, the incidence of new infections by T. cruzi across the South American continent has decreased by 70 percent. Similar multi-country initiatives have been launched in the Andean countries and in Central America and rapid progress has been reported towards the goal of interrupting the transmission of Chagas disease, as requested by a 1998 Resolution of the World Health Assembly. The cost-benefit analysis of investment in the vector control programme in Brazil indicates that there are savings of US$17 in medical care and disabilities for each dollar spent on prevention, showing that the programme is a health investment with very high return. Many well-known research institutions in Latin America...
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Política de Saúde , Insetos Vetores , Controle de Insetos/métodos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Incidência , Controle de Insetos/economia , América Latina/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Control and prevention of Chagas disease rely mostly on residual spraying of insecticides. In Argentina, vector control shifted from a vertical to a fully horizontal strategy based on community participation between 1992 and 2004. The effects of such strategy on Triatoma infestans, the main domestic vector, and on disease transmission have not been assessed. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Based on retrospective (1993-2004) records from the Argentinean Ministry of Health for the Moreno Department, Northwestern Argentina, we performed a cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis and compared the observed CE of the fully horizontal vector control strategy with the expected CE for a vertical or a mixed (i.e., vertical attack phase followed by horizontal surveillance) strategy. Total direct costs (in 2004 US$) of the horizontal and mixed strategies were, respectively, 3.3 and 1.7 times lower than the costs of the vertical strategy, due to reductions in personnel costs. The estimated CE ratios for the vertical, mixed and horizontal strategies were US$132, US$82 and US$45 per averted human case, respectively. When per diems were excluded from the costs (i.e., simulating the decentralization of control activities), the CE of vertical, mixed and horizontal strategies was reduced to US$60, US$42 and US$32 per averted case, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The mixed strategy would have averted between 1.6 and 4.0 times more human cases than the fully horizontal strategy, and would have been the most cost-effective option to interrupt parasite transmission in the Department. In rural and dispersed areas where waning vertical vector programs cannot accomplish full insecticide coverage, alternative strategies need to be developed. If properly implemented, community participation represents not only the most appealing but also the most cost-effective alternative to accomplish such objectives.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Controle de Insetos/economia , Insetos Vetores , Triatoma , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/economia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Humanos , Controle de Insetos/métodosRESUMO
The Southern Cone Initiative (Iniciativa de Salud del Cono Sur, INCOSUR) to control domestic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi is a substantial achievement based on the enthusiasm of the scientific community, effective strategies, leadership, and cost-effectiveness. INCOSUR triggered the launch of other regional initiatives in Central America and in the Andean and Amazon regions, which have all made progress. The Central American Initiative targeted the elimination of an imported triatomine bug (Rhodnius prolixus) and the control of a widespread native species (Triatoma dimidiata), and faced constraints such as a small scientific community, the difficulty in controlling a native species, and a vector control programme that had fragmented under a decentralized health system. International organizations such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have played an important role in bridging the gaps between fragmented organizational resources. Guatemala achieved virtual elimination of R. prolixus and ;reduction of Tri. Dimidiata and El Salvador and Honduras revitalized their national programmes. The programme also revealed new challenges. Tri. dimidiata control needs to cover a large geographic area efficiently with stratification, quality control, community mobilization, and information management. Stakeholders such as the National Chagas Program, the local health system and their communities, as well as local government must share responsibilities to continue comprehensive vector control.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Controle de Insetos/economia , Controle de Insetos/organização & administração , Insetos Vetores , Animais , América Central/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/economia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Geografia , Planejamento em Saúde/economia , Planejamento em Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Inseticidas , Rhodnius , TriatomaRESUMO
Cost effectiveness analysis of Chagas' vertical transmission control program in Bolivia: Today, Bolivia is the most concerned country in America by Chagas disease: Trypanosoma cruzi infection affects 20% of whole population, around 1800000 inhabitants, and mother-to-child transmission is around 5%, from 1.6 to 9.8%. Direct and indirect costs derived from disease complications and death, from birth to adulthood, add up around US$ 21 millions per year for 2,718 infected new-borns. This cost falls on individual, family and society, when the nation is struggling in a depressed economy. On the other side, an effective control program could detect and treat all cases with an investment of US$ 123 per infected new-born, or US$ 1.2 per new-born in Bolivia. Indirect benefits, apart of suffering relieve and improving of life quality, are related with Chagas vector control program, increasing the demand thanks to increasing risk awareness and also induced demand testing all pregnant women in endemic areas. So the conclusion is that such investment is profitable.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Controle de Insetos , Insetos Vetores , Triatoma , Animais , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/congênito , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Custos Diretos de Serviços , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Controle de Insetos/economia , Gravidez , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMO
Cost effectiveness analysis of Chagas' vertical transmission control program in Bolivia: Today, Bolivia is the most concerned country in America by Chagas disease: Trypanosoma cruzi infection affects 20% of whole population, around 1800000 inhabitants, and mother-to-child transmission is around 5%, from 1.6 to 9.8%. Direct and indirect costs derived from disease complications and death, from birth to adulthood, add up around US$ 21 millions per year for 2,718 infected new-borns. This cost falls on individual, family and society, when the nation is struggling in a depressed economy. On the other side, an effective control program could detect and treat all cases with an investment of US$ 123 per infected new-born, or US$ 1.2 per new-born in Bolivia. Indirect benefits, apart of suffering relieve and improving of life quality, are related with Chagas vector control program, increasing the demand thanks to increasing risk awareness and also induced demand testing all pregnant women in endemic areas. So the conclusion is that such investment is profitable.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Controle de Insetos , Insetos Vetores , Triatoma , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Controle de Insetos/economia , Custos Diretos de Serviços , Doença de Chagas/congênito , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Trypanosoma cruziRESUMO
Chagas disease, named after Carlos Chagas who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent. It is caused by a parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs and by blood transfusion. Chagas disease has two successive phases, acute and chronic. The acute phase lasts 6 to 8 weeks. After several years of starting the chronic phase, 20% to 35% of the infected individuals, depending on the geographical area will develop irreversible lesions of the autonomous nervous system in the heart, esophagus, colon and the peripheral nervous system. Data on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas disease improved in quality during the 1980's as a result of the demographically representative cross-sectional studies carried out in countries where accurate information was not available. A group of experts met in Bras lia in 1979 and devised standard protocols to carry out countrywide prevalence studies on human T. cruzi infection and triatomine house infestation. Thanks to a coordinated multi-country program in the Southern Cone countries the transmission of Chagas disease by vectors and by blood transfusion has been interrupted in Uruguay in1997, in Chile in 1999, and in 8 of the 12 endemic states of Brazil in 2000 and so the incidence of new infections by T. cruzi in the whole continent has decreased by 70%. Similar control multi-country initiatives have been launched in the Andean countries and in Central America and rapid progress has been recorded to ensure the interruption of the transmission of Chagas disease by 2005 as requested by a Resolution of the World Health Assembly approved in 1998. The cost-benefit analysis of the investments of the vector control program in Brazil indicate that there are savings of US$17 in medical care and disabilities for each dollar spent on prevention, showing that the program is a health investment with good return. Since the inception in 1979 of the Steering Committee on Chagas Disease of the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases of the World Health Organization (TDR), the objective was set to promote and finance research aimed at the development of new methods and tools to control this disease. The well known research institutions in Latin America were the key elements of a world wide network of laboratories that received - on a competitive basis - financial support for projects in line with the priorities established. It is presented the time line of the different milestones that were answering successively and logically the outstanding scientific questions identified by the Scientific Working Group in 1978 and that influenced the development and industrial production of practical solutions for diagnosis of the infection and disease control.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Insetos Vetores , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Doença de Chagas/economia , Doenças Endêmicas/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Incidência , Controle de Insetos/economia , Controle de Insetos/métodos , América Latina/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/economia , Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Although vegetable amaranth, Amaranthus viridis L. and A. dubius Mart. ex Thell., production and economic importance is increasing in diversified peri-urban farms in Jamaica, lepidopteran herbivory is common even during weekly pyrethroid applications. We developed and validated a sampling plan, and investigated insecticides with new modes of action, for a complex of five species (Pyralidae: Spoladea recurvalis (F.), Herpetogramma bipunctalis (F.), Noctuidae: Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and S. eridania Stoll). Significant within-plant variation occurred with H. bipunctalis, and a six-leaf sample unit including leaves from the inner and outer whorl was selected to sample all species. Larval counts best fit a negative binomial distribution. We developed a sequential sampling plan using a threshold of one larva per sample unit and the fitted distribution with a k(c) of 0.645. When compared with a fixed plan of 25 plants, sequential sampling recommended the same management decision on 87.5%, additional samples on 9.4%, and gave inaccurate recommendations on 3.1% of 32 farms, while reducing sample size by 46%. Insecticide frequency was reduced 33-60% when management decisions were based on sampled data compared with grower-standards, with no effect on crop damage. Damage remained high or variable (10-46%) with pyrethroid applications. Lepidopteran control was dramatically improved with ecdysone agonists (tebufenozide) or microbial metabolites (spinosyns and emamectin benzoate). This work facilitates resistance management efforts concurrent with the introduction of newer modes of action for lepidopteran control in leafy vegetable production in the Caribbean.
Assuntos
Amaranthus/parasitologia , Controle de Insetos , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Lepidópteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Controle de Insetos/economia , Inseticidas/economia , Jamaica , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/fisiologia , Lepidópteros/fisiologia , Dinâmica Populacional , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estações do AnoRESUMO
As a vector control program to control Chagas disease in Guatemala, residual spraying of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata was performed, and its impact was measured in the department of Zacapa. In order to identify infested villages and determine the degree of infestation, a baseline entomological survey to identify municipalities infested with vectors followed by an additional vector survey in areas known to be infested was conducted. Residual spraying using pyrethroid insecticides was performed at all the villages identified as being infested with the vectors. The residual spraying was shown to be highly effective against both vectors by the decrease in infestation indices after spraying. Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the spraying showed that the average cost of insecticides per house is high when compared with that in Southern Cone countries.