RESUMO
Sequential effects of intoxication with aluminum hydroxide (Al) (80 mg/Kg body weight, i.p., three times a week), were studied on rats from weaning and up to 28 weeks. The study was carried out on hematological and iron metabolism-related parameters on peripheral blood, at the end of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th months of exposure. As it was described that hematotoxic effects of Al are mainly seen together with high levels of uremia, renal function was measured at the same periods. The animals treated developed a microcytosis and was accompanied by a decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Significantly lower red blood cell counts (RBC million/microl) were found in rats treated during the 1st month. These values matched those obtained for control rats during the 2nd month. From the 3rd month onwards, a significant increase was observed as compared to control groups, and the following values were obtained by the 6th month: (T) 10.0 +/- 0.3 versus (C) 8.7 +/- 0.2 (million/microl). Both MCH and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were found to be significantly lower in groups treated from the 2nd month. At the end of the 6th month the following values were found: MCH (T) 13.3 +/- 0.1 versus (C) 16.9 +/- 0.3 (pg); MCV (T) 42.1 +/- 0.7 versus (C) 51.8 +/- 0.9 (fl). Al was found responsible for lower serum iron concentration levels and in the percentage of transferrin saturation. Thus, although microcytic anemia constitutes an evidence of chronic aluminum exposure, prolonged exposure could lead to a recovery of hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration values with an increase in red cell number. Nevertheless, both microcytosis and the decrease of MCH would persist. These modifications took place without changes being observed in the renal function during the observation period.
Assuntos
Hidróxido de Alumínio/toxicidade , Sangue/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidróxido de Alumínio/sangue , Animais , Dieta , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Índices de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Injeções Intraperitoneais , Ferro/sangue , Ferro/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Função Renal , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
PURPOSE: The implementation of an in vivo assay to determine the biological activity of human recombinant erythropoietin (Hu-r EPO) is essential. The purpose of this study was to perform and optimize the conditions of an easy in vivo bioassay suitable for routine testing of quality control of Hu-r EPO preparations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Normocythemic 8 weeks female mice treated with different Hu-r EPO doses were employed. The reticulocyte response was measured by flow cytometry and by visual count in a Neubauer cell count chamber, after selective red blood cell haemolysis. A unique subcutaneous injection with blood extraction 96 hours later was the schedule employed. The reticulocyte count measured by both methods was plotted against the log dose of Hu-r EPO. RESULTS: The dose-response curve obtained was linear between 5 and 160 UI/mouse and the doses chosen for future assays were 10, 30 and 90 UI/mouse. The use of at least 6 animals per dose and not less than 3 assays to obtain reliable limits according to international regulations is convenient. Thirty assays were performed in four different samples and were analyzed by parallel lines (3 + 3) relating the response with the log dose. The coefficient of correlation between both methods was 0.989, so they are equivalent. CONCLUSIONS: This method is suitable because fewer animals and bioassays are necessary to obtain fiducial limits according to international requirements. It is in agreement with the tendency to reduce the number of animals used for bioassay because ethical and economic reasons.
Assuntos
Bioensaio/métodos , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritropoetina/farmacologia , Contagem de Reticulócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bioensaio/economia , Separação Celular , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Eritropoetina/administração & dosagem , Eritropoetina/normas , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Camundongos , Controle de Qualidade , Proteínas Recombinantes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Lead has been recognized as a high risk toxic for most organisms including human. The effects of Pb in non-mammalian vertebrates are poorly known, particularly in anuran amphibians. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of this metal on some hematological parameters of adult Bufo arenarum. It was found that all parameters remained unaltered within normal ranges, with the exception of reticulocyte counts which was significantly increased compared to the in controls (3.7% vs. 0.2%). It is suggested that the selective change found in reticulocyte count might be considered as an early response of a biomarker to sublethal exposition of Bufo arenarum to lead.
Assuntos
Chumbo/toxicidade , Compostos Organometálicos/toxicidade , Reticulócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bufo arenarum , Contagem de Células , Tamanho Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análise , Contagem de Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organometálicos/administração & dosagem , Reticulócitos/citologiaRESUMO
Benzene and xylene are used by the chemical industry as raw materials for the manufacturing of paints, insecticides, gums, resins and other compounds. Through its myelotoxic actions, benzene produces hematologic changes ranging from pancytopenia to total bone marrow aplasia. The present investigation studied the possible effects of xylene on rat peripheral blood and compared these effects to those produced by benzene. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were injected s.c. with 2 ml benzene, xylene or saline/kg body weight 3 times a week at 2-3 d intervals for 5 w. The animals were lightly anesthetized and blood was collected by puncture of the retro-orbital plexus before the first administration of the solvents on d 7, 14, 21 and 35 of dosing, and 14 d after dosing was discontinued. Xylene induced leukocytosis as an increase in absolute neutrophil numbers, whereas benzene caused leukocytopenia due to decreases in absolute lymphocyte number. The 2 solvents reduced erythrocyte counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin. Platelet counts were high throughout the dosing with benzene and xylene. Fourteen d after discontinuation of xylene dosing, the rats recovered their initial hematologic values, whereas the animals dosed with benzene did not fully recover leukocytes and erythrocytes. The intoxications with benzene and xylene were not solely hematologic since there was also growth retardation, as shown by reduced weight gain, which did not recover after dosing ceased.
Assuntos
Benzeno/toxicidade , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Xilenos/toxicidade , Animais , Benzeno/administração & dosagem , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/análise , Hemoglobinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Contagem de Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Neutrófilos/citologia , Contagem de Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Xilenos/administração & dosagem , Xilenos/sangueRESUMO
Differences in ionic transport mechanisms through human red cell membranes from pre and postnatal haemopoietic stages of development have been related. The analysis of calcium-sensitive conductive potassium pathways [K+ (Ca2+)] was realized from intracellular calcium level increase after treatment of cells with ionophores. The effect of calcium ionophore (A23187) on potassium transport in human neonatal red cells (nRC) was studied and compared with red cells from adults (aRC). Analysis focused on intra/extracellular potassium redistribution and potassium conductance [K+ (Ca2+)] values in incubated red cells suspensions. A difference was observed between neonatal and adult's red cells only for the first of the parameters referred to. Conductance values of the same order of magnitude for these potassium transport pathways between both cell types suggest that the results presented could rest on different [K+ (Ca2+)] cellular density.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/sangue , Calcimicina/farmacologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hematopoese/efeitos dos fármacos , Ionóforos/farmacologia , Trifosfato de Adenosina/sangue , Adulto , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Sangue Fetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Transporte de Íons/efeitos dos fármacos , Potássio/metabolismoRESUMO
Biochemical, hematologic, histometric, structural and ultrastructural changes were studied in the thyroid gland of rats, whom were administered Lithium carbonate. It was noted that (1) the Li carbonate had a cumulative effect on the serum; (2) T3 and T4 hormones in the blood decreased throughout the experiment; (3) the red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets and leukocytes decreased gradually; (4) the diameter of the thyroid follicles, the size of the follicular cells and colloid droplets decreased, whereas the stroma was invaded by a greater number of collagen fibers and blood capillaries.
Assuntos
Carbonato de Lítio/farmacologia , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Contagem de Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Contagem de Plaquetas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Glândula Tireoide/citologia , Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Glândula Tireoide/ultraestrutura , Tiroxina/sangue , Tri-Iodotironina/sangueRESUMO
There is little data available on the use of erythropoietin in CAPD patients. The available pharmacokinetic and clinical data suggest that a low dose of subcutaneous erythropoietin might be effective. Seven CAPD patients, without active malignancy or infection, self-administered erythropoietin, 2,000 units (a mean of 32 units/kg) subcutaneously, three times a week. The Hct rose from 23% to 31% in a mean treatment time of 7 weeks, or a rate of rise of 1.2% per week. Three of the patients had previously been transfusion dependent. One of these patients and two additional had iron overload (ferritin level greater than 2,000 ng/ml). The drug was paid for by Medicaid (two patients) or private insurance, with the patient paying the uncovered portion, generally 20%. Side effects were minimal. Low dose subcutaneous erythropoietin is effective in CAPD patients.
Assuntos
Eritropoetina/administração & dosagem , Falência Renal Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Anemia/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia/etiologia , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritropoetina/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Ferritinas/análise , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diálise Peritoneal Ambulatorial Contínua , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , AutoadministraçãoRESUMO
We studied the action of whole rattlesnake venom on red blood cells and leucocytes of adult male and female rats. Animals were surgically cannulated for blood collection directly from the inferior caval vein and injected intramuscularly in the thigh with a mixture of venoms from a large number of rattlesnakes. The signs shown by the animals were paralysis of the hind part of the body, lack of motor coordination, and respiratory difficulties, with death occurring in some cases. Necroscopy showed petechial hemorrhage in the intestine and jejunum and darkening of the viscera, which was found to be due to engorged blood vessels upon histopathological examination. Blood examination showed a change in color to dark brown due to the transformation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Venom fractions were found to have a low hemolytic power because of their low concentration in the venom samples. Blood sedimentation rate showed a clear variation, especially 60 minutes after venom injection. Both phenomena may be linked to the lytic power of the venoms. An interesting phenomenon was that the animals showed initial leucopenia, which was followed by persistent leucocytosis. Lymphocytopenia and increased neutrophil numbers were also observed. The present results led us to conclude that rattlesnake venom has a relative hemolytic power which increases with venom concentration and with the concentration of the fractions in whole venom.
Assuntos
Venenos de Crotalídeos/farmacologia , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Sedimentação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eritrócitos/fisiologia , Feminino , Contagem de Leucócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos/fisiologia , Masculino , RatosRESUMO
O sulfato de gentamicina é um dos antibióticos aminoglicosídeos mais utilizados em antibioticoterapia. Ele produz efeitos colaterais como nefrotoxicidade, que requer muito cuidado no seu uso, e achamos relevante analisar as possíveis alteraçöes na série vermelha em doses terapêuticas e doses elevadas, estas compatíveis com lesäo renal. Para isto utilizou-se 173 ratos divididos em grupos, que receberam água destilada, e 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg e 40 mg/kg de Gentamicina durante 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias respectivamente. Foram retiradas amostras sanguíneas, de todos os animais efetuado eritrograma. Observou-se que ocorreu diminuiçäo dos eritrócitos com doses de 20 mg/kg e 40 mg/kg aos 5 e 10 dias, e que estas foram reversíveis
Assuntos
Ratos , Animais , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Contagem de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Índices de Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Infusões ParenteraisRESUMO
To study the antioxidant effect of high-dose vitamin E alone and in combination with selenium in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency with mild chronic hemolysis, 36 male children with such manifestations were enrolled consecutively into two equal groups. Group 1 received 800 IU vitamin E daily, and group 2 received 800 IU vitamin E in combination with 25 micrograms selenium. Hematologic status before and 2 months after treatment was evaluated. After treatment there was a significant change toward normal in both groups. The mean red cell half-life increased in group 1 from 16.9 to 22.8 days (P less than 0.01), and in group 2 from 15.6 to 24.3 days (P less than 0.01). A comparison of the mean difference of paired values in the two groups revealed a more significant increase in hemoglobin (0.9 +/- 0.1 gm/dl vs 1.2 +/- 0.2 gm/dl, P less than 0.05), hematocrit (2.4% +/- 0.4% vs 3.8% +/- 0.3%, P less than 0.05), and red cell half-life (5.9 +/- 3.0 days vs 9.1 +/- 4.4 days, P less than 0.01), and more significant reduction in reticulocytes (-0.7% +/- 0.2% vs -1.5% +/- 0.4%, P less than 0.01) in group 2. Clinical assessment and follow-up indicated no side effects related to the drugs.