RESUMO
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) selected on the basis of probiotic characteristics were administered to beef feedlot catlle and the effect on body condition/growth and nutritional-metabolic status as well as on E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding, were investigated. A feeding trials involving 126 steers were used to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL2074, Limosilactobacillus fermentum CRL2085 and Limosilactobacillus mucosae CRL2069 and their combinations (5 different probiotic groups and control) when 107-108 CFU/animal of each probiotic group were in-feed supplemented. Cattle were fed a high energy corn-based diet (16 to 88%) and samples from each animal were taken at 0, 40, 104 and 163 days. In general, animals body condition and sensorium state showed optimal muscle-skeletal development and behavioral adaption to confinement; no nasal/eye discharges and diarrheic feces were observed. The nutritional performance of the steers revealed a steady increase of biometric parameters and weight. Animals supplied with L. mucosae CRL2069 for 104 days reached the maximum mean live weight (343.2 kg), whereas the greatest weight daily gain (1.27 ± 0.16 Kg/day) was obtained when CRL2069 and its combination with L. fermentum CRL2085 (1.26 ± 0.11 kg/day) were administered during the complete fattening cycle. With several exceptions, bovine cattle blood and serum parameters showed values within referential ranges. As a preharvest strategy to reduce Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle feces, CRL2085 administered during 40 days decreased pathogen shedding with a reduction of 43% during the feeding period. L. fermentum CRL2085 and L. mucosae CRL2069 show promise for feedlot cattle feeding supplementation to improve metabolic-nutritional status, overall productive performance and to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding, thus decreasing contamination chances of meat food products.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Probióticos , Bovinos , Animais , Escherichia coli , Ração Animal/análise , Probióticos/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fezes/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterináriaRESUMO
1. This study evaluated photohydroionisation efficiency on the disinfection of new shavings used as substrate for litter in the poultry industry, pre-inoculated with bacterial, fungal and viral agents.2. Each replicate consisted of 250 g of new shavings sterilised by autoclaving, challenged with bacterial (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica, serovar Abony), fungal (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and viral inoculum (Gumboro disease virus). The experiment consisted of six replicates at four times (0, 1, 5 or 10 min exposure) of photohydroionisation. The disinfection process was performed in a bench photohydroionisation device with four ultraviolet lamps. The agents inoculated in the shavings were analysed after the disinfection process.3. The counts of enterobacteria and total bacteria showed a quadratic effect. In contrast, the counts of fungi and viruses showed a negative linear effect with an increase in the time of photohydroionisation. The enterobacteria showed a linear response plateau effect (LRP), with a minimum time point of 5.498 minutes at a minimum contamination of 0.666 CFU/g and a reduction of 82.27% of the pre-established inoculum. Total bacteria had an LRP effect with a minimum time point of 1.902 minutes at minimum contamination of 1.739 CFU/g and a reduction of 50.0% of the pre-established inoculum. An LRP effect was found for fungi, with a minimum time point of 7.931 minutes in minimum contamination of 3.380 CFU/g, and with a reduction of 11.0% of the pre-established inoculum. For viruses, there was an LRP effect with a minimum time point of 5.012 minutes in minimum contamination of 0.000 viral titre per 100 g of shavings, which was reduced by 100% of the pre-established inoculum.4. Photohydroionisation in the disinfection of new shavings used as poultry litter has partial potential as a microbiological control tool, as a complete reduction occurred only for the viruses, whereas for bacteria and fungi only partial reductions of these microorganisms were observed.
Assuntos
Desinfecção , Aves Domésticas , Animais , Bactérias , Galinhas , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , FungosRESUMO
Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis is a widespread zoonosis and poultry products are an important source of infection. This study was carried out to evaluate the protection of different vaccination schedules in layers using a live commercial attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine based on strain Sm24/Rif12/Ssq (AviPro® Salmonella Vac E, ELANCO) during rearing and egg production. Three hundred and fifty Salmonella-free chickens were distributed into 7 vaccinated groups and 1 unvaccinated group. Different vaccination schedules were performed combining either 1, 2, or 3 oral gavage doses. Chickens from Group A, B, and C were vaccinated once, either at the first day, at 7 or 16 wk old, respectively. Chickens from Group D were vaccinated twice-at the first day and 7 wk old. Chickens from Group E were vaccinated twice-at the first day and 16 wk old. Chickens from Group F were vaccinated twice-at 7 and 16 wk old. Chickens from Group G were vaccinated 3 times, following the manufacturer's recommendation: at the first day, 7 and 16 wk old. Chickens from Group H remained unvaccinated. Five challenge trials numbered 1 to 5 were carried out at 8, 12, 16, 29, and 55 wk old, respectively. After challenge, chickens were sampled by cloacal swabbing and, after euthanasia, livers, ovaries, spleens, and cecal contents were cultured to isolate S. Enteritidis. Additionally, eggs were collected after challenge and cultured to isolate S. Enteritidis on egg shells (Trials 4 and 5). Protection against experimental infection with a virulent nalidixic acid resistant S. Enteritidis strain K285/94, was evaluated by measuring reduction of excretion, colonization, invasion into organs, eggshell contamination, and egg production. The live S. Enteritidis vaccine protected the hens by reducing S. Enteritidis excretion, isolation from organs, and egg contamination. Higher protection throughout laying period was afforded after administration of three vaccine doses during rearing period.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Salmonelose Animal/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Salmonella/imunologia , Salmonella enteritidis/imunologia , Animais , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Feminino , Eliminação Intestinal , Óvulo/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/imunologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Vacinas contra Salmonella/administração & dosagem , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinas Atenuadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Atenuadas/imunologia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Infection control is critical to providing high-quality patient care. Many veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) utilize footbaths or footmats at entrances and key control points throughout the facility to decrease trafficking of pathogenic microorganism on contaminated footwear. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To compare efficacy of 4 disinfectants used in footmats for decreasing bacterial contamination of footwear in a large animal hospital. ANIMALS: A single adult dairy cow was housed in a stall for 4 days to facilitate stall contamination with fecal material. METHODS: Overboots were experimentally contaminated with organic material in a standardized manner. Each boot was randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments (no treatment, or exposure to 1 of 4 disinfectants: an accelerated peroxygen [AHP], a peroxygen [VIRKON], a quaternary ammonium [QUAT], and a phenolic disinfectant [PHENOLIC]) by stepping on a soaked footmat and collecting samples from boot soles. Generalized linear modeling was used to analyze differences in bacterial counts. RESULTS: Reductions in colony-forming units (CFUs) on treated boots ranged from no detectable reduction to 0.45 log10 and varied by disinfectant. Percentage reductions in total bacterial counts generally were larger (albeit still modest) for AHP and QUAT disinfectants (range 37-45%) and smallest for the PHENOLIC (no detectable reduction). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In general, use of disinfectant footmats was associated with significant reductions in viable bacteria on overboots-albeit with variable efficacy. Footmats may be useful adjuncts to cleaning and disinfection programs for decreasing trafficking of microorganisms throughout VTHs but should not be considered as a sole prevention method.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Desinfetantes , Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Hospitais Veterinários , Animais , Bovinos/microbiologia , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Controle de Infecções/métodos , Peróxidos , Fenóis , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário , SapatosRESUMO
Mycobacterium fortuitum es agente causante de enfermidad oportunista en humanos y animales. Es un agente biológico modelo para estudios experimentales que sustituy Mycobacterium bovis, que es más patógeno. Este estudio presenta una metodología alternativa para el recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias por mililitro de inóculo para determinar la concentración de Mycobacterium fortuitum usando espectrofotometría. Catorce muestras se utilizaron Mycobacterium fortuitum, cultivadas en Lowesntein-Jensen, ocho de ellos de siete días de cultivo, y la otra entre 8 y 14 días en la cultura. Todas las muestras se colocaron en placas y se incubaron a 37o.C durante 7 días en un invernadero. De cada muestra se hicieron lecturas las variables de absorbancia (Abs) y transmitancia (T%) en un espectrofotómetro, a una longitud de onda de 560 nm y 600 nm. La comparación de los valores de UFC, ABS y T% por análisis de regresión lineal simple, el estadístico SAS versión 8.2 del software, hubo una fuerte evidencia estadística de que el aumento del valor de transmitancia se asocia con la disminución en el valor de UFC chapado, siguiendo el modelo matemático: LOG10 (UFC) = 21,012 - 0,1936 * transmitancia, con p = 0,0025 y una repetibilidad de más de 80%.(AU)
Mycobacterium fortuitum is an opportunistic agent which causes disease in human and animals. It is also a biological model for experimental studies instead of using Mycobacterium bovis, which is more pathogenic. This work presents an alternative methodology using spectrophotometry to count colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter of inoculum, in order to determinate Mycobacterium fortuitum concentration. Fourteen Mycobacterium fortuitum samples were cultivated in Lowenstein-Jensen culture media, considering that eight of them were seven days old cultures and the others were between eight and 14 days old. All samples were seeded and incubated at 37o.C for 7 days in an incubator. For each sample, the variables absorbance (Abs) and transmitance (T%) were read with an spectrophotometer and wave length of 560nm and 600nm. When the values of CFU, Abs and T% were compared through simple linear regression analysis and using the statistic software SAS Version 8.2., it was observed strong statistical evidence that the increase of transmitance value is associated to the decrease of CFU plate values, according to the mathematic model: LOG10 (CFU) = 21.012 - 0.1936*Transmitance, and p value = 0.0025 and a repeatability over 80%.(AU)
O Mycobacterium fortuitum é um agente oportunista causador de doença em humanos e animais. Além disso, é um modelo biológico para estudos experimentais em substituição ao Mycobacterium bovis, que é mais patogênico. Este estudo apresenta metodologia alternativa à contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia por mililitro de inóculo, para determinar a concentração do Mycobacterium fortuitum utilizando espectrofotometria. Utilizaram-se 14 amostras de Mycobacterium fortuitum, cultivadas em meio Lowesntein-Jensen, sendo oito delas com sete dias de cultivo e as demais entre oito e 14 dias de cultivo. Todas as amostras foram semeadas e incubadas a 37o.C por 7 dias em estufa. Fizeram-se, de cada amostra, leituras das variáveis absorbância (Abs) e transmitância (T%) em espectrofotômetro, nos comprimentos de onda de 560nm e 600nm. Comparando-se os valores obtidos de UFC, Abs e T% por meio da análise de regressão linear simples, pelo programa estatístico SAS versão 8.2, observou-se forte evidência estatística que o aumento do valor da transmitância está associado com o decréscimo do valor de UFC em placas, seguindo o modelo matemático: LOG10 (UFC) = 21.012 - 0.1936*Transmitância, com valor de p = 0,0025 e uma repetibilidade de mais de 80%.(AU)
Assuntos
Mycobacterium fortuitum/isolamento & purificação , Espectrofotometria/veterinária , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterináriaRESUMO
Mycobacterium fortuitum es agente causante de enfermidad oportunista en humanos y animales. Es un agente biológico modelo para estudios experimentales que sustituy Mycobacterium bovis, que es más patógeno. Este estudio presenta una metodología alternativa para el recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias por mililitro de inóculo para determinar la concentración de Mycobacterium fortuitum usando espectrofotometría. Catorce muestras se utilizaron Mycobacterium fortuitum, cultivadas en Lowesntein-Jensen, ocho de ellos de siete días de cultivo, y la otra entre 8 y 14 días en la cultura. Todas las muestras se colocaron en placas y se incubaron a 37o.C durante 7 días en un invernadero. De cada muestra se hicieron lecturas las variables de absorbancia (Abs) y transmitancia (T%) en un espectrofotómetro, a una longitud de onda de 560 nm y 600 nm. La comparación de los valores de UFC, ABS y T% por análisis de regresión lineal simple, el estadístico SAS versión 8.2 del software, hubo una fuerte evidencia estadística de que el aumento del valor de transmitancia se asocia con la disminución en el valor de UFC chapado, siguiendo el modelo matemático: LOG10 (UFC) = 21,012 - 0,1936 * transmitancia, con p = 0,0025 y una repetibilidad de más de 80%.
Mycobacterium fortuitum is an opportunistic agent which causes disease in human and animals. It is also a biological model for experimental studies instead of using Mycobacterium bovis, which is more pathogenic. This work presents an alternative methodology using spectrophotometry to count colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter of inoculum, in order to determinate Mycobacterium fortuitum concentration. Fourteen Mycobacterium fortuitum samples were cultivated in Lowenstein-Jensen culture media, considering that eight of them were seven days old cultures and the others were between eight and 14 days old. All samples were seeded and incubated at 37o.C for 7 days in an incubator. For each sample, the variables absorbance (Abs) and transmitance (T%) were read with an spectrophotometer and wave length of 560nm and 600nm. When the values of CFU, Abs and T% were compared through simple linear regression analysis and using the statistic software SAS Version 8.2., it was observed strong statistical evidence that the increase of transmitance value is associated to the decrease of CFU plate values, according to the mathematic model: LOG10 (CFU) = 21.012 - 0.1936*Transmitance, and p value = 0.0025 and a repeatability over 80%.
O Mycobacterium fortuitum é um agente oportunista causador de doença em humanos e animais. Além disso, é um modelo biológico para estudos experimentais em substituição ao Mycobacterium bovis, que é mais patogênico. Este estudo apresenta metodologia alternativa à contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia por mililitro de inóculo, para determinar a concentração do Mycobacterium fortuitum utilizando espectrofotometria. Utilizaram-se 14 amostras de Mycobacterium fortuitum, cultivadas em meio Lowesntein-Jensen, sendo oito delas com sete dias de cultivo e as demais entre oito e 14 dias de cultivo. Todas as amostras foram semeadas e incubadas a 37o.C por 7 dias em estufa. Fizeram-se, de cada amostra, leituras das variáveis absorbância (Abs) e transmitância (T%) em espectrofotômetro, nos comprimentos de onda de 560nm e 600nm. Comparando-se os valores obtidos de UFC, Abs e T% por meio da análise de regressão linear simples, pelo programa estatístico SAS versão 8.2, observou-se forte evidência estatística que o aumento do valor da transmitância está associado com o decréscimo do valor de UFC em placas, seguindo o modelo matemático: LOG10 (UFC) = 21.012 - 0.1936*Transmitância, com valor de p = 0,0025 e uma repetibilidade de mais de 80%.
Assuntos
Espectrofotometria/veterinária , Mycobacterium fortuitum/isolamento & purificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterináriaRESUMO
Although the use of quicklime (CaO) and tarping are common handling practices aimed at the reuse of litter in the Brazilian poultry industry, few scientific studies have proven the effectiveness of these methods in reducing the pathogenic microbial load during fallowing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the following litter treatments: T1 no treatment (control), T2 quicklime (300 g m(-2)), T3 tarping, T4 tarping+quicklime (300 g m(-2)). The litter samples were collected on day zero and on the sixth and twelfth days after the start of fallowing. The use of quicklime alone or quicklime+tarping was more effective (P<0.05) in reducing bacteria when compared to litter tarping. Except for the control group, all treatments resulted in a more than 84% reduction in the count of colony-forming units (CFUs) at the end of fallowing. It is concluded that the use of quicklime alone in practical terms is the most indicated treatment for the reduction of the bacterial load of poultry litter.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Compostos de Cálcio/farmacologia , Galinhas , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Pisos e Cobertura de Pisos , Óxidos/farmacologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Animais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Abrigo para Animais , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , ReciclagemRESUMO
This study investigates the effects of different doses of serotonin, its precursor 5-hydroxytry-ptophan (5HTP), and m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine inhibitor (NSD1015), administered via intraperitoneal for 5 consecutive days, on behavior and average body weight of broilers. We also measured the humoral immune response and quantification of Salmonella Enteritidis in broilers chickens that received the drugs evaluated and a Lactobacillus pool. The study was divided into 3 experiments: Experiment 1--administration of pharmaceuticals with choice of dosage; Experiment 2--administration of pharmaceuticals and a Lactobacillus pool in birds that were not challenged with S. Enteritidis, and Experiment 3--administration of pharmaceuticals and a Lactobacillus pool in birds challenged with S. Enteritidis. The ELISA was used to scan dosages of intestinal IgA and serum IgY. We used colony-forming units to quantify S. Enteritidis. The concentrations of IgA and IgY did not show significant differences (P>0.05) in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, NSD1015 associated with Lactobacillus determined higher IgA concentrations, promoting greater stimulus to the immune system than 5HTP. Regarding quantification of S. Enteritidis in the cecal content of birds, 5HTP associated to Lactobacillus determined the smallest number of bacteria, showing possible interaction of 5-hydroxytryptophan and Lactobacillus spp. with the immune system of broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Imunidade Humoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactobacillus/química , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Probióticos/farmacologia , Salmonelose Animal/imunologia , Antagonistas da Serotonina/farmacologia , 5-Hidroxitriptofano/farmacologia , Animais , Ceco/microbiologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Hidrazinas/farmacologia , Masculino , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Distribuição Aleatória , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonella enteritidis/fisiologiaAssuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Perciformes , Photobacterium/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Granada/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated pathogen from bovine intramammary infections worldwide. Commercially available vaccines for mastitis control are composed either of S. aureus lysates or whole-cells formulated with traditional adjuvants. We recently showed the ability of a S. aureus CP5 whole-cell vaccine adjuvanted with ISCOM Matrix to increase specific antibodies production in blood and milk, improving opsonic capacity, compared with the same vaccine formulated with Al(OH)3. However, there is no information about the use of ISCOM Matrix for the formulation of bacterial lysates. The aim of this study was to characterize the innate and humoral immune responses induced by a S. aureus CP5 whole-cell or lysate vaccine, formulated with ISCOM Matrix after immunization of pregnant heifers. Both immunogens stimulated strong humoral immune responses in blood and milk, raising antibodies that increased opsonic capacity. Lysate formulation generated a higher and longer lasting antibody titer and stimulated a higher expression of regulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with the whole-cell vaccine.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , ISCOMs/farmacologia , Mastite Bovina/imunologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/veterinária , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/genética , Feminino , Imunização/normas , Imunização/veterinária , Mastite Bovina/microbiologia , Mastite Bovina/prevenção & controle , Leite/microbiologia , Gravidez , RNA/química , RNA/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Infecções Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/prevenção & controle , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect by the cross-streak method of nine Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from faeces of healthy dogs and their treated and non-treated cell-free supernatant (CFS) by the well-diffusion test on the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical cases and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi and the consequent aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. Results obtained from the cross-strake assay showed that E. faecium MF1, GJ18 and GJ40 presented the major inhibitory activity against all pathogenic strains assayed; E. faecium GJ40 produced the larger inhibitory zones (26-27 mm). Well-diffusion test results showed that the majority of the enterococci strains CFS had antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic microorganisms, especially on Gram negative indicators. Cell-free supernatant of E. faecium GJ40 was the one that produced the largest inhibition zones (14 to 21 mm) in the majority of the indicator microorganisms assayed. All supernatants treated with 10 N NaOH (pH6) showed no inhibitory effect on the indicator strain assayed. With respect to fungal inhibition, any of the CFS assayed significantly inhibited the Aspergillus strains growth. But, in general, all CFS reduced AFB1 production from 8 to 87%. The results demonstrate that enterococci isolated from healthy dog feaces produce substances with the capacity to inhibit some potential pathogenic bacteria growth and the capacity of inhibiting or reducing the AFB1 production in vitro.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteriocinas/farmacologia , Enterococcus faecium/química , Aflatoxina B1/metabolismo , Animais , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Cães/microbiologia , Enterococcus faecium/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterináriaRESUMO
Paratuberculosis, an infectious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is an economically important disease in dairy herds worldwide. In Chile the disease has been reported in domestic and wildlife animals. However, accurate and updated estimations of the herd-prevalence in cattle at national or regional level are not available. The objectives of this study were to determine the herd-level prevalence of dairy herds with Map infected animals of Southern Chile, based on two diagnostic tests: culture of environmental fecal samples and bulk-tank milk qPCR. Two composite environmental fecal samples and one bulk-tank milk sample were collected during September 2010 and September 2011 from 150 dairy farms in Southern Chile. Isolation of Map from environmental fecal samples was done by culture of decontaminated samples on a commercial Herrold's Egg Yolk Medium (HEYM) with and without mycobactin J. Suspicious colonies were confirmed to be Map by conventional IS900 PCR. Map detection in bulk-tank milk samples was done by real time IS900 PCR assay. PCR-confirmed Map was isolated from 58 (19.3%) of 300 environmental fecal samples. Holding pens and manure storage lagoons were the two more frequent sites found positive for Map, representing 35% and 33% of total positive samples, respectively. However, parlor exits and cow alleyways were the two sites with the highest proportion of positive samples (40% and 32%, respectively). Herd prevalence based on environmental fecal culture was 27% (true prevalence 44%) compared to 49% (true prevalence 87%) based on bulk-tank milk real time IS900 PC. In both cases herd prevalence was higher in large herds (>200 cows). These results confirm that Map infection is wide spread in dairy herds in Southern Chile with a rough herd-level prevalence of 28-100% depending on the herd size, and that IS900 PCR on bulk-tank milk samples is more sensitive than environmental fecal culture to detect Map-infected dairy herds.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Paratuberculose/epidemiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Indústria de Laticínios , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Leite/microbiologia , Paratuberculose/microbiologia , Prevalência , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterináriaRESUMO
Intestinal contents of suckling (n = 45) and newly weaned (n = 45) piglets, suffering from diarrhea in the province of Villa Clara in Cuba, were tested for viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens from May to June 2008. At least one enteropathogen was identified in 53.3 % of piglets and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC; 25.6 %) was the major pathogen; mostly STa(+)/STb(+) or F4(+)/STa(+)/STb(+) ETEC were isolated. The overall occurrence of the rest of pathogens was 10 % for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and Cryptosporidium parvum, 6.7 % for rotavirus A and Isospora suis, 5.6 % for α-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens, 3.3 % for verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC), and 2.2 % for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Newport. TGEV and α-toxigenic C. perfringens were only identified in suckling piglets, while Salmonella Newport and VTEC were only detected in weaned pigs. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), ß-toxigenic C. perfringens, Eimeria spp., and helminths were not identified. Eight kinds of mixed infections were detected in 25 % of enteropathogen positive piglets. ETEC was present in 10 of 12 mixed infections, and TGEV infections were never combined. This survey demonstrates that several enteropathogens are circulating in piggeries located in the province of Villa Clara in Cuba, and that is necessary to improve surveillance, prevention, and control of enteric infections in order to increase production efficiency.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Coinfecção/veterinária , Diarreia/veterinária , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/parasitologia , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Viroses/veterinária , Animais , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/parasitologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Cuba/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Eimeriidae/isolamento & purificação , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Doenças Parasitárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/parasitologia , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , DesmameRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and wild ruminants (WRs) in a wildlife-livestock interface area (WLIA) of the Mexican highland plateau. ANIMALS: 24,400 cattle from 793 herds (including 17,351 commercially slaughtered cattle) and 142 WRs (110 white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus], 20 red deer [Cervus elaphus], and 12 North American elk [Cervus canadensis]) harvested via controlled hunting. PROCEDURES: Cattle were serially tested for M bovis infection via caudal fold tuberculin and comparative cervical tuberculin tests during field surveillance. Carcasses of cattle and WRs were inspected for gross lesions; samples suggestive of tuberculosis were analyzed via histologic evaluation and mycobacterial culture (HMC). A PCR assay to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms was performed to confirm positive results of HMC. RESULTS: WRs had inflammatory lesions in lungs and lymph nodes, although HMC results did not indicate M bovis infection. Eight cattle had positive results for both tuberculin tests, and 31 had positive results for HMC of grossly detected lesions; all were from 7 herds, and ≥ 1 cow in each herd had positive PCR assay results. These 7 herds were depopulated; adjacent herds and herds related via commerce were quarantined. Calculated true prevalence of M bovis infection was 0.86% (95% confidence interval, 0.24% to 1.49%) in cattle; M bovis was not detected in any WRs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: M bovis infection was present in cattle. Although transmission to WRs in this WLIA was not detected, diagnosis and prevention activities should be implemented and consolidated to prevent potential M bovis transmission between cattle and WRs.
Assuntos
Cervos , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Feminino , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Vigilância da População , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Especificidade da Espécie , Teste Tuberculínico/veterinária , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose/transmissão , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , Tuberculose Bovina/transmissãoRESUMO
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a zoonotic, Gram-negative member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and is the causative agent of nosocomial septicemic, pneumonic, and urinary tract infections. Recently, pathogenic strains of K. pneumoniae sharing a hypermucoviscosity (HMV) phenotype have been attributed to multisystemic abscessation in both human and nonhuman primates. Although K. pneumoniae is a well-recognized zoonotic agent, there is a lack of general information including adequate diagnostic methods or treatments for nonhuman primates. In an effort to increase the body of knowledge of this enigmatic pathogen, K. pneumoniae isolates from African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the island of St. Kitts, West Indies were genotypically and phenotypically characterized. Genetic fingerprints generated by PCR-mediated genomic fingerprinting, phenotypic characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility all identified a high degree of similarity between the HMV and non-HMV K. pneumoniae isolates. The results obtained from this work will help establish a baseline for the development of efficacious diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for both human and nonhuman primates.
Assuntos
Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Klebsiella/veterinária , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Macacos/microbiologia , Animais , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Infecções por Klebsiella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classificação , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , Doenças dos Macacos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Macacos/tratamento farmacológico , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , São Cristóvão e Névis/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Mycobacterium bovis isolates from an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a herd of cattle in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analysed by spoligotyping and variable-number tandem repeat PCR analysis of the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit and exact tandem repeats. Molecular typing revealed a high genetic diversity of strains in the herd. The genetic diversity could be explained by the introduction of infected animals from different sources.
Assuntos
DNA Bacteriano/genética , Repetições Minissatélites , Mycobacterium bovis/classificação , Mycobacterium bovis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Bovina/microbiologia , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/veterinária , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Mycobacterium bovis/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Tuberculose Bovina/epidemiologiaRESUMO
1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Campylobacter jejuni to penetrate and colonise eggs from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and heavy breeder hens, and to determine its effects on the viability of SPF embryos. 2. We detected C. jejuni in 10% of breeder hens and 20% of SPF eggs, which demonstrates the ability of the bacteria to go through the pores of eggs and contaminate the vitellus after 3 h of contact. These results indicate that there is a risk of contamination under commercial production conditions, where, after oviposition, there is contact between the egg and organic material such as faeces and blood. 3. We observed that in 80% of SPF eggs analysed, C. jejuni survived the 21-d incubation period. This positive result suggests that this microorganism was also responsible for early embryonic mortality. 4. The ability of C. jejuni to penetrate the eggs in this study suggests that serious problems may occur under natural field conditions, which may cause significant problems for producers.
Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/transmissão , Membrana Vitelina/microbiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/transmissão , Campylobacter jejuni/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Campylobacter jejuni/patogenicidade , Embrião de Galinha/microbiologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Ovos/microbiologia , Feminino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Organismos Livres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMO
Bacterial infection among the most common cultured mudfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa, has become a cause of concern, because it constitutes the largest economic loss in fish farms. In order to provide useful biological data of the pathogens for good management practices, samples were collected monthly between January 2008 and December 2009 in three monoculture nursery ponds, located in three different positions: upriver (A, grassland), mid-river (B, mixed forest and grassland) and downriver (C, rainforest) along 200 km length of Cross River floodplains, Nigeria. A total of 720 fingerlings between 15.1 and 20.7 g were analyzed to determine the degree of infection. The bacterial pathogens were taken from their external surfaces, and were isolated and identified by standard methods. The caudal fins of fingerlings from pond A had the highest bacterial load (5.8 x 10(3) cfu/g), while the least counts (1.2 x 103 cfu/g) were identified on the head of fish from pond C, with Flexibacter columnaris as the major etiological agent. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus were identified as co-isolates with P. fluorescens as dominant (0.7 x 10(2) cfu/mL) co-isolates in pond water. Clinical signs of five white spots with red periphery appeared on the external surface of infected fish. All the fish sampled, died after 4 to 9 days. There was no significant difference in the bacterial counts between different ponds, but the difference between fish organs/parts examined was significant. Fish from these ponds are therefore potentially dangerous to consumers and highly devalued, with the economic impact to producers. Preventive methods to avoid these infections are recommended.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/microbiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/veterinária , Animais , Peixes-Gato/classificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , RiosRESUMO
Bacterial infection among the most common cultured mudfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa, has become a cause of concern, because it constitutes the largest economic loss in fish farms. In order to provide useful biological data of the pathogens for good management practices, samples were collected monthly between January 2008 and December 2009 in three monoculture nursery ponds, located in three different positions: upriver (A, grassland), mid-river (B, mixed forest and grassland) and downriver (C, rainforest) along 200km length of Cross River floodplains, Nigeria. A total of 720 fingerlings between 15.1 and 20.7g were analyzed to determine the degree of infection. The bacterial pathogens were taken from their external surfaces, and were isolated and identified by standard methods. The caudal fins of fingerlings from pond A had the highest bacterial load (5.8x10³cfu/g), while the least counts (1.2x103cfu/g) were identified on the head of fish from pond C, with Flexibacter columnaris as the major etiological agent. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus were identified as co-isolates with P. fluorescens as dominant (0.7x10²cfu/mL) co-isolates in pond water. Clinical signs of five white spots with red periphery appeared on the external surface of infected fish. All the fish sampled, died after 4 to 9 days. There was no significant difference in the bacterial counts between different ponds, but the difference between fish organs/parts examined was significant. Fish from these ponds are therefore potentially dangerous to consumers and highly devalued, with the economic impact to producers. Preventive methods to avoid these infections are recommended. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 751-759. Epub 2011 June 01.
Las infeccines bacterianas son comunes en el pez de cultivo Clarias gariepinus, el cual es el más cultivado en Africa y se han convertido en una causa de preocupación, ya que constituye la mayor pérdida económica en las granjas piscícolas. Se proporcionan datos biológicos de los agentes patógenos con el fin de proporcionar información útil para buenas prácticas de gestión en las granjas. Las muestras fueron recolectadas mensualmente entre Enero 2008 y Diciembre 2009 en tres viveros de estanques de monocultivo, situados en tres posiciones diferentes: río arriba (A, pastizales), mitad del río (B, bosque mixto y pastos) y aguas abajo (C, bosque) a lo largo de 200km de longitud en las llanuras de inundación del río Cross, Nigeria. Un total de 720 alevines de entre 15.1 y 20.7g fueron analizados para determinar el grado de infección. Los patógenos bacteriales fueron tomados de las superficies externas, y fueron aislados e identificados por métodos estándar. Las aletas caudales de los alevines del estanque A tuvieron la mayor carga bacteriana (5.8x10³cfu/g), mientras el menor conteo de bacterias (1.2x103cfu/g) fue identificado en la cabeza de los peces del estanque C, con Flexibacter columnaris como el agente etiológico más importante. Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Micrococcus luteus se identificaron como co-aislamientos con P. fluorescens, como dominantes (0.7x102cfu/mL) co-aislados en el agua del estanque. Los signos clínicos fueron cinco puntos blancos con la periferia roja y aparecieron en la superficie externa de los peces infectados. Todos los peces de la muestra, murieron después de 4 a 9 días. No hubo diferencia significativa en los recuentos bacterianos entre los diferentes estanques, pero la diferencia entre los órganos y las partes de los peces examinados fue significativa. Los peces de estos estanques son potencialmente peligrosos para los consumidores y con alta devaluación, ...
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes-Gato/microbiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/veterinária , Peixes-Gato/classificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/veterinária , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária , RiosRESUMO
Bovine mastitis is one of the most economically deleterious diseases affecting dairy herds and results from an infection of the udder by pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli. The mammary gland is capable of preventing and combating bacterial infection by means of a complex network of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Lactoferrin is an 86-kDa protein with antibacterial activity that plays a role in the mammary gland's defense against infection. ß-Lactoglobulin (ß-LG) is an 18-kDa protein that is present in most mammals but is notably absent in humans, rodents, and lagomorphs. Different genetic variants of this protein exist, with ß-LG A and ß-LG B being the most common. In spite of being well studied, the biological function of ß-LG is not thoroughly understood, and most noticeably, no reports exist on the effects of the native protein on bacterial growth. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the potential antibacterial activity of ß-LG against mastitis agents. To do this, we purified ß-LG from normal bovine milk using a mild, nondenaturing method and performed in vitro growth inhibition assays with Staph. aureus, E. coli, and Strep. uberis. ß-Lactoglobulin inhibited the growth of Staph. aureus and Strep. uberis but had no effect on E. coli. The antimicrobial activity against Staph. aureus and Strep. uberis was concentration dependent and was elicited by the intact protein because Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and analytical gel filtration chromatography did not reveal the presence of short degradation peptides. Analysis of the genetic variants of ß-LG showed that ß-LG A has higher inhibitory activity against Staph. aureus and Strep. uberis than ß-LG B. Coincubation of ß-LG and lactoferrin resulted in an augmented antibacterial activity against Staph. aureus, suggesting an additive effect of the proteins. This result, along with the proteins' complementary spectrum of action, suggests that ß-LG and lactoferrin may complement each other in the mammary gland's defenses against bacterial infection.