RESUMO
El uso de dispositivos móviles en la vida moderna es imprescindible debido a las ventajas que brindan al ofrecer nuevas posibilidades e implementar de manera virtual servicios ya establecidos. La mayor existencia de móviles que computadoras en los estudiantes de Cuba nos motivó a la realización de esta aplicación. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la aplicación nombrada Cálculos estadísticos y tasas en salud (Calc. Tasas versión 1.7) construida para realizar cálculos en un curso de Bioestadística, cubriendo gran parte del contenido de esta asignatura en la enseñanza de pregrado de las universidades médicas, así como otros contenidos de interés en esta materia. También incorpora una base de datos con información demográfica y sanitaria de Cuba y sus provincias en el período 2013-2020. Como resultado se logró independencia tecnológica al dejar de usar programas foráneos y se logró una mayor portabilidad pues funciona tanto en móviles como en computadoras utilizando un emulador de Android(AU)
The use of mobile devices in modern life is essential due to the advantages they provide, offering new possibilities and implementing virtual services. The existence of greater number of mobiles phones than computers in Cuban students motivated the realization of this application. The objective of the article is to describe the application Statistical calculations and rates in health (Calc. Rates version 1.7) built to perform calculations in a Biostatistics course, covering a large part of the content of this subject in the undergraduate teaching of medical universities, as well as other content related with this topic. It also incorporates a database with demographic and health information on Cuba and its provinces in the period 2013-2020. As a result, technological independence was achieved by stopping using foreign programs and a greater portability, since it works on both mobile phones and computers through an Android emulator(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Computação Matemática , Aplicações da Informática Médica , Linguagens de Programação , Bioestatística/métodos , Aplicativos Móveis , CubaRESUMO
Introduction: Orthodontic movement can cause painful symptoms, especially in the early stages of treatment. Objective: This study aimed to compare the performance of chewing gum and ibuprofen in pain control during the initial period of orthodontic treatment. Material and method: A randomized blind clinical trial, with an allocation ratio of 1:1, was developed with patients aged ≥18 years old. The sample size was established considering a significance level of 5% and test power of 80%, resulting in a minimum of 30 volunteers per group (n=90). Participants were paired regarding sex, age, the severity of malocclusion, defined by the Dental Health Component (DHC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), and crowding, determined by Little's irregularity index. The sample was randomly allocated to three groups: Group I (control) placebo; Group II chewing gum; and Group III Ibuprofen. Pain perception was evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in the first 24, 36, and 48 hours after activation of the orthodontic appliance. The data were analyzed by generalized linear models for repeated measures in time. Result: No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed among the groups for the methods of pain therapy evaluated in 24, 36, and 48 hours post-activation. Conclusion: There was no difference among the method used for pain control during the orthodontic treatment.
Introdução: A movimentação ortodôntica pode causar sintomatologia dolorosa, principalmente nas fases iniciais do tratamento. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho da goma de mascar e do ibuprofeno no controle da dor durante o período inicial do tratamento ortodôntico. Material e método: Foi desenvolvido um ensaio clínico randomizado cego, com razão de alocação de 1:1, com pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos. O tamanho da amostra foi estabelecido considerando um nível de significância de 5% e poder do teste de 80%, resultando em um mínimo de 30 voluntários por grupo (n=90). Os participantes foram pareados quanto ao sexo, idade, gravidade da má oclusão, definida pelo Componente de Saúde Bucal (DHC) do Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IOTN), e apinhamento, determinado pelo índice de irregularidade de Little. A amostra foi distribuída aleatoriamente em três grupos: Grupo I (controle) placebo; Goma de mascar Grupo II; e Grupo III Ibuprofeno. A percepção da dor foi avaliada pela Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) nas primeiras 24, 36 e 48 horas após a ativação do aparelho ortodôntico. Os dados foram analisados por modelos lineares generalizados para medidas repetidas no tempo. Resultado Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa (p>0.05) entre os grupos para os métodos de terapia da dor avaliados em 24, 36 e 48 horas pós-ativação. Conclusão: Não houve diferença entre o método utilizado para controle da dor durante o tratamento ortodôntico.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Dor , Técnicas de Movimentação Dentária , Goma de Mascar , Ibuprofeno , Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico , Escala Visual Analógica , Aparelhos Ortodônticos Fixos , Computação Matemática , AnalgésicosRESUMO
Introduction: Some experimental models have been used to evaluate the use of biomaterials in bone regeneration. Among them are the critical size defects (CSD) created in rat calvaria. An experimental model has been described in the literature, in which "L" markings are performed on the margins of the bone defects in order to assist in the precise identification of these defects during laboratory processing and analysis of the results. In the proposed model, the "L" markings are filled with amalgam. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the amalgam replacement of an experimental bony defect model in rat calvaria by heated or unheated glass ionomer. Material and method: 24 rats were used. A 5 mm CSD was created at each animal calvaria. Two "L" shaped markings were made 2 mm from the margins of the bone defect, filled with amalgam (Group AM), heated glass ionomer cement (Group GIh) or not (Group GI). The animals were euthanized 15 days postoperatively. The areas of the surgical defect and the L-shaped marking were histomorphometrically analyzed and the data were analyzed statistically (p <0.05). Result: There were no significant clinical, histological or methodological differences among the experimental groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that GI can replace AM in the proposed experimental model and GI heating did not promote additional benefits.
Introdução: Alguns modelos experimentais têm sido usados para avaliar o uso de biomateriais na regeneração óssea. Entre eles estão os defeitos de tamanho crítico (DTC) criados em calvárias de ratos. Um modelo experimental foi descrito na literatura onde marcações em L são realizadas nas margens do defeito ósseo para auxiliar na identificação precisa desses defeitos durante o processamento laboratorial e análise dos resultados. No modelo experimental proposto, as marcações em "L" são preenchidas com amálgama. Objetivo: Avaliar a substituição do amálgama por ionômero de vidro aquecido ou não em um modelo experimental para identificação de defeito ósseo criado em calvária de ratos. Material e método: Foram utilizados 24 ratos. Um DTC de 5 mm de diâmetro foi criado na calvária de cada animal. Duas marcações em "L" foram realizadas a 2 mm das margens do defeito ósseo, preenchidas com amálgama (Grupo AM), ionômero de vidro aquecido (Grupo CIVaq) ou não (Grupo CIV). Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 15 dias pós-operatórios. A área do defeito cirúrgico e das marcações em "L" foram histomorfometricamente avaliadas e os dados estatisticamente analisados (p<0,05). Resultado: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos experimentais para as análises metodológicas, clínicas ou histomorfométrica realizadas. Conclusão: Dentro dos limites deste estudo, pode-se concluir que CIV pode substituir o AM no modelo experimental proposto e o aquecimento do CIV não promoveu benefícios adicionais.
Assuntos
Ratos , Crânio , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Regeneração Óssea , Amálgama Dentário , Cimentos de Ionômeros de Vidro , Computação Matemática , Análise de VariânciaRESUMO
Introduction: Periodontitis control helps to prevent and control diabetes mellitus and understanding of this relationship can lead to changes in health policy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between periodontitis, knowledge, and glycemic control. Material and method: This is a cross-sectional analytical epidemiological survey with 216 Type 2 diabetic patients, non-smokers, who had current blood screenings with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Result: Overall, 93.51% of the patients reported brushing their teeth at least twice a day, 62.5% visited the dentist last year, 81.58% have already undergone treatment for periodontal disease, 43.52% reported having periodontitis and 59.72% had controlled diabetes. No significant (p=0.603) association between HbA1c control and the presence of periodontitis was found. Among the patients with periodontitis, no association between HbA1c control and information on the periodontal disease was found (p=0.996), and know/believe in its relationship with diabetes (p=0.659; p=0.973). Conclusion: No relationship between periodontitis and diabetes was found in the sample, as well as in patients with periodontitis, those with knowledge on periodontal disease and knowledge/belief in its relationship with diabetes, which could be justified by the care by a multi-professional health team.
Introdução: O controle da doença periodontal auxilia na prevenção e no controle do diabetes mellitus. A compreensão dessa relação pode desencadear mudanças nas políticas públicas de saúde. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a doença periodontal, o controle glicêmico e o conhecimento dessa relação. Material e método: Trata-se de um inquérito epidemiológico analítico transversal com 216 pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, não fumantes, que realizaram exames de sangue atuais com hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Resultado: No geral, 93,51% dos pacientes relataram escovar os dentes pelo menos duas vezes ao dia, 62,5% visitaram o dentista no último ano, 81,58% já fizeram tratamento para doença periodontal, 43,52% relataram ter periodontite e 59,72% tinham diabetes controlado. Não foi encontrada associação significativa (p=0,603) entre o controle da HbA1c e a presença de periodontite. Entre os pacientes com periodontite, não foi encontrada associação entre o controle da HbA1c e informações sobre a doença periodontal (p=0,996), e conhecer/acreditar na sua relação com o diabetes (p=0,659; p=0,973). Conclusão: Não foi encontrada relação entre a doença periodontal e diabetes na amostra, o que poderia ser justificado pelo atendimento por uma equipe multiprofissional de saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde Brasileiro.
Assuntos
Doenças Periodontais/prevenção & controle , Periodontite , Sistema Único de Saúde , Saúde Bucal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Glicemia , Computação Matemática , Atenção à Saúde , Complicações do DiabetesRESUMO
Dando continuidade à série de artigos que pretendem orientar o usuário na utilização da ferramenta PSS Health para o planejamento de uma pesquisa, esta edição apresenta um passo a passo de como realizar o cálculo para tamanho de amostra e de quais informações são necessárias para testar relações estatísticas entre variáveis e um desfecho binário: comparação de proporções entre grupos independentes (dois ou mais), comparação de duas proporções dependentes e regressão logística. Todos os exemplos também são ilustrados e disponibilizados em vídeos no canal da Unidade de Bioestatística.
Following the series of articles that aim to guide the user in using the PSS Health tool for planning research, this issue presents a step-by-step guide on how to perform the sample size calculation and what information is needed to test statistical relationships between variables and a binary outcome: comparison of proportions between independent groups (two or more), comparison of two dependent proportions, and logistic regression. All examples are also illustrated and available in videos on the Biostatistics Unit's channel.
Assuntos
Computação Matemática , Análise de Regressão , Tamanho da Amostra , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
El uso de anticuerpos monoclonales en la lucha contra el cáncer se convierte cada día más en la terapia de elección. Para la introducción de anticuerpos monoclonales en mercados internacionales de alta demanda y con elevados requerimientos de calidad se requiere su producción a gran escala. El incremento de la presencia de dímeros en el producto final afecta su calidad y, por tanto, la eficiencia y eficacia del proceso. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue obtener un modelo matemático que permita relacionar el porcentaje de dímeros con las variables de operación de mayor influencia. Se realizó el ajuste de un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple usando el programa Statgraphics Centurion XVII versión 17.2.00. El modelo se validó con lotes de producción, logrando errores relativos inferiores al 20 por ciento. Las variables significativas obtenidas fueron: masa de IgG en el sobrenadante; masa de IgG en el producto de salida del paso de captura de proteína A; pH en el producto de salida del paso de captura de proteína A; pH del producto ajustado y conductividad de salida en la membrana de intercambio aniónico. El modelo permitió encontrar un intervalo de trabajo de las variables de mayor influencia en la formación de dímeros para reducirlos hasta valores inferiores al 3 por ciento(AU)
The use of monoclonal antibodies in the fight against cancer is becoming more and more the selected therapy. The introduction of monoclonal antibodies highly demanded in international markets, with high quality requirements needs the production of monoclonal antibodies on a large scale. The increase of dimers in the final product affects its quality, therefore, the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. The objective of this work was to obtain a mathematical model to relate the percentage of dimers with the most influential operating variables. A multiple linear regression model was obtained using Statgraphics Centurion XVII version 17.2.00 software. The model was validated with new production data with a mean error of validation below 20 percent. The significant variables were: supernatant IgG mass; IgG mass in the effluent from Protein A capture column; pH of the effluent from Protein A capture column; pH of the adjusted product and conductivity of the effluent from anionic exchange membrane. A working interval for each of the influential variables were established, in order to reduce dimers below 3 percent(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Computação Matemática , Análise de Dados , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , CubaRESUMO
Introducción: Uno de los grandes retos de la sociedad es combatir el sedentarismo para prevenir la aparición de enfermedades y problemas cardiovasculares asociados a la inactividad física. Los sistemas de bicicletas públicos son una alternativa sostenible y equitativa que se ofrece desde las distintas instituciones para paliar, en cierta forma, los bajos niveles de actividad física, reducir los niveles de contaminación de las ciudades y los problemas de tráfico a motor. Objetivo: Conocer si los usuarios del sistema público de bicicletas compartidas de Vilagarcía de Arousa (España) cumplen con las recomendaciones de actividad física para la salud establecidas por la OMS. Material y Métodos: En este estudio de corte longitudinal se realiza un análisis del uso de las bicicletas compartidas en un municipio del noroeste de España para comprobar si alcanzan las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad física para la salud marcadas por la OMS en el año 2010. Se utilizó el programa informático SPSS para realizar los cálculos estadísticos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 3268 usuarios del servicio de bicicletas compartidas y se contabilizó un total de 84183 usos desde el 17 de julio de 2009 hasta el 18 de enero de 2012. Resultados: Los resultados indican que los usuarios del sistema Vaibike de Vilagarcía de Arousa cumplen las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad física dado que la media de minutos de uso de las bicicletas es superior a 30 minutos. Conclusiones: Los trayectos que han tenido más media de minutos de uso de las bicicletas del sistema han sido los correspondientes con el centro y los que transcurren por la costa de la ciudad, superando los 30 minutos de uso y cumpliendo las recomendaciones marcadas por la OMS en el año 2010(AU)
Introduction: One of the great challenges of society is to fight sedentary lifestyle to prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases and problems associated with physical inactivity. Public bicycle systems are a sustainable and equitable alternative offered by different institutions to alleviate low levels of physical activity and to reduce pollution in cities and motor traffic problems. Objective: To know if the users of the public bicycle sharing system of Vilagarcía de Arousa (Spain) comply with the recommendations of physical activity for health established by the WHO. Material and Methods: In this longitudinal section study, an analysis of the use of shared bicycles in a municipality in northwestern Spain was carried out, checking whether the minimum physical activity recommendations for health set by the WHO in 2010 were reached. The SPSS software was used to perform the statistical calculations. The sample consisted of a total of 3268 users of the shared bicycle service and a total of 84183 uses were counted from July 17, 2009 to January 18, 2012. Results: The results indicate that users of the Vaibikebicycle sharing system of Vilagarcía de Arousa comply with the minimum recommendations of physical activity given that the average number of minutes of use of bicycles is greater than 30 minutes. Conclusions: The routes that have had more minutes of use of thebicyclesof the systemhave been those corresponding to the center and those that run along the coast of the city, exceeding 30 minutes of use and complying with the recommendations set by the WHO in 2010(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Computação Matemática , Software , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Comportamento SedentárioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many studies have investigated the existence of discrete groups comprising the clinical concept of depression. Nevertheless, identifying true latent depression groups might require the inclusion of indicators of severe manifestations of depression, such as suicidal thoughts, in the analysis. Another issue is that relatively few studies have addressed the latent structure of depression in children and adolescents from Latin American cultures. METHODS: In the present study, we combined latent profile and taxometric analysis to investigate the latent structure underlying depression symptoms (negative emotionality and low positive emotionality indicators) and suicidal thoughts in four aggregated Brazilian youth samples (total N = 2587; mean age = 12.86 years; SD = 2.60; 50.8% females). RESULTS: Latent profile analysis indicated five classes that clearly represented distinct levels on a continuum of depression. However, taxometric results were ambiguous with regard to highlighting depression as a purely dimensional or categorical latent entity (mean CCFI = 0.497). LIMITATIONS: The use of few indicators from a single instrument, the potential heterogeneity in the clinical group, and the non-random nature of the samples included in the study. CONCLUSION: The mixed findings support the existence of a dimension of depression, as well as latent classes of individuals. Factor mixture models are discussed as a strategy for further exploring the nature of depression among young people.
Assuntos
Depressão/diagnóstico , Ideação Suicida , Adolescente , Brasil , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Computação MatemáticaRESUMO
Se presenta el "soft" estadístico R-Medic, un programa que se utiliza directamente en la web sin necesidad de instalarlo o descargarlo en computadoras o dispositivos móviles. El programa posee cinco prestaciones generales: realiza un control que permite evaluar si las variables de la base de datos están correctamente cargadas, realiza tablas, gráficos, pruebas estadísticas y presenta herramientas didácticas de distribución de variables. Su uso es intuitivo ya que se debe definir si se poseen una o dos variables a estudiar y el "soft" propone los posibles análisis a realizar. Ofrece las pruebas de supuestos y responde con los estadísticos, valor p e interpretaciones de los resultados. (AU)
The statistical software R-Medic is presented, a program that is used directly on the web without the need to install it or download it to computers or mobile devices. The program has five general features: it performs a control that allows to evaluate if the variables of the database are correctly loaded, makes tables, graphs, statistical tests and presents didactic tools for the distribution of variables. Its use is intuitive since it must be defined if one or two variables are to be studied and the software proposes the possible analyzes to be carried out. It offers the assumption tests and responds with the statistics, p-value and interpretations of the results. (AU)
Assuntos
Software/estatística & dados numéricos , Epidemiologia e Bioestatística , Computação Matemática , Software/tendênciasRESUMO
En administración, se pueden presentar dos tipos de problemas de toma de decisiones: los que se solucionan en condiciones de certeza, es decir, libre de riesgo al optar por una solución, y los que dependen de la probabilidad de ocurrencia de eventos para poder tomar una decisión. En este último caso, aparecen con gran regularidad problemas de toma de decisiones en condiciones de conflicto, conocidos como teoría de juegos; como por ejemplo la adquisición de recursos informáticos, en el que la decisión de invertir en un recurso y no en otro adquiere mayor relevancia, en función de sus altos precios, y su gran demanda en cualquier rama de la sociedad. En la Facultad de Tecnología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, se modeló el proceso de compras de estos recursos, a través de esta teoría, al no contar con opciones científicamente probadas hasta ese momento, que reportasen el mayor beneficio a la hora de adquirirlos cualquiera sea la plataforma informática. Por ello el objetivo de este trabajo es determinar desde el enfoque de la programación lineal, y específicamente la Teoría de Juegos, la estrategia óptima que bajo ciertas condiciones permitan conducir el proceso de adquisición de recursos informáticos. Como resultado se obtuvo una solución óptima, en la que se recomendaba invertir solamente en hardware para estaciones de trabajo, así como en hardware y componentes de red; lo que garantizaría la mejor forma de adaptación de los recursos invertidos, sin importar cuál sea la plataforma informática(AU)
In administration, two types of decision-making problems can be presented: those that are solved in conditions of certainty, that is, free of risk when opting for a solution, and those that depend on the probability of occurrence of events to be able to make a decision. In the last case, problems of decision-making in conditions of conflict, known as game theory, appear with great regularity; such as the purchase of computing resources, in which the decision to invest in one resource and not in another acquires greater relevance, due to its high prices and its high demand in any branch of society. In the Faculty of Technology of the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba, the process of purchasing these resources was modeled through this theory, as it did not count with scientifically proved options until that moment, which reported the greatest benefit when purchasing them whatever the computing platform. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine from the linear programming approach, and specifically the Games Theory, the optimal strategy that, under certain conditions, allows conducting the process of acquisition of computing resources. As a result, an optimal solution was obtained, which recommended investing only in hardware for workstations, and in hardware and network components; which would guarantee the best form of adaptation of the resources invested, no matter what the computing platform(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Programação Linear , Computação Matemática , Linguagens de Programação , Teoria dos JogosRESUMO
A hemólise induzida mecanicamente em sistemas de bombeamento centrífugo é um processo complexo para o qual ainda se almeja um modelo matemático que possa auxiliar eficazmente o desenvolvimento e otimização destes dispositivos médicos. Este trabalho propõe um equacionamento matemático do escoamento do fluido sanguíneo no interior de bombas centrífugas, levando-se em consideração as variações do campo de tensões através de uma abordagem reológica não-newtoniana. A destruição da fase globular é modelada matematicamente por uma distribuição estatística. Tal modelo bifásico simplificado é utilizado em simulações numéricas de experimentos virtuais propostos e padronizados pela comunidade científica internacional especializada. A validação do modelo é realizada através de comparação com resultados referenciais. Os resultados obtidos demonstram um nova possibilidade de solução numérico-computacional para o problema da hemólise por trauma mecânico.
Assuntos
Análise Numérica Assistida por Computador , Bombas Centrífugas , Computação Matemática , Coração Auxiliar , Hemólise , Mecânica dos Fluidos , Simulação por ComputadorRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Establecer las características clínico epidemiológicas de criptorquidia en pacientes internados en los meses de septiembre a diciembre de 2016 DISEÑO: estudio descriptivo y prospectivo donde se realizó la recolección de datos de una serie de casos de pacientes internados con criptorquidia LUGAR: Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría" (La Paz- Bolivia) MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 64 pacientes de edades entre 1 y 10 años. Se realizó una entrevista estructurada a los padres aplicando un instrumento precodificado, previo consentimiento verbal. Luego se realizó una revisión del expediente clínico para completar datos. Se ingresó los datos a una base Excel, se procedió al análisis de los mismos a través del uso de la estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS: El rango de edad de tratamiento fue 1 año a 10 años y 2meses, con promedio de 3 años y 8 meses; la edad al momento del diagnóstico en promedio fue 2 años y 9 meses. El tiempo transcurrido entre diagnóstico y tratamiento fue 11 meses. La criptorquidia derecha fue más frecuente con 53%. El hallazgo diagnóstico se realizó en primera instancia por un familiar en 28% y en 72% por un personal de salud. El 68% fue diagnosticado en el primer nivel, 9% en segundo y 23% en el tercero. CONCLUSIONES: La edad en la que se opera y diagnostica la criptorquidia en nuestro medio no está dentro de las recomendaciones americanas y europeas.
OBJECTIVE: To establish the clinical epidemiological characteristics of cryptorchidism in hospitalized patients from September to December 2016 DESIGN: descriptive and prospective study where the data collection of a series of inpatient cases with cryptorchidism PLACE: Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uría "(La Paz- Bolivia) METHODS: We included 64 patients aged 1 to 10 years. A structured interview was conducted with parents using a pre-coded instrument, with prior verbal consent. A review of the clinical file was completed to complete data. The data were entered into an Excel database, and the analysis was performed through the use of descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The age range of treatment was 1 year to 10 years and 2 months, with an average of 3 years and 8 months; The average age at diagnosis was 2 years and 9 months. The time elapsed between diagnosis and treatment was 11 months. The most common type of cryptorchidism was the right one with 53%. The diagnostic finding was made in the first instance by a relative in 28% and in 72% by a health personnel. 68% were diagnosed in the first level, 9% in the second and 23% in the third. CONCLUSIONS: The age at which cryptorchidism is operated and diagnosed in our country is not within the American and European recommendations.
Assuntos
Criptorquidismo/diagnóstico , Pediatria/estatística & dados numéricos , Computação Matemática , Criptorquidismo/cirurgiaRESUMO
Infectious diseases have complex transmission cycles, and effective public health responses require the ability to monitor outbreaks in a timely manner. Space-time statistics facilitate the discovery of disease dynamics including rate of spread and seasonal cyclic patterns, but are computationally demanding, especially for datasets of increasing size, diversity and availability. High-performance computing reduces the effort required to identify these patterns, however heterogeneity in the data must be accounted for. We develop an adaptive space-time domain decomposition approach for parallel computation of the space-time kernel density. We apply our methodology to individual reported dengue cases from 2010 to 2011 in the city of Cali, Colombia. The parallel implementation reaches significant speedup compared to sequential counterparts. Density values are visualized in an interactive 3D environment, which facilitates the identification and communication of uneven space-time distribution of disease events. Our framework has the potential to enhance the timely monitoring of infectious diseases.
Assuntos
Dengue/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Dengue/prevenção & controle , Dengue/transmissão , Humanos , Computação Matemática , Análise Espaço-TemporalRESUMO
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are membrane proteins expressed by cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The KIR system consists of 17 genes and 614 alleles arranged into different haplotypes. KIR genes modulate susceptibility to haematological malignancies, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. Molecular epidemiology studies rely on traditional statistical methods to identify associations between KIR genes and disease. We have previously described our results by applying support vector machines to identify associations between KIR genes and disease. However, rules specifying which haplotypes are associated with greater susceptibility to malignancies are lacking. Here we present the results of our investigation into the rules governing haematological malignancy susceptibility. We have studied the different haplotypic combinations of 17 KIR genes in 300 healthy individuals and 43 patients with haematological malignancies (25 with leukaemia and 18 with lymphomas). We compare two machine learning algorithms against traditional statistical analysis and show that the "a priori" algorithm is capable of discovering patterns unrevealed by previous algorithms and statistical approaches.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Hematológicas/genética , Neoplasias Hematológicas/imunologia , Receptores KIR/genética , Adulto , Algoritmos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Haplótipos , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Masculino , Computação Matemática , Modelos Genéticos , Análise Multivariada , Biologia de Sistemas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In this paper, we introduce a new powerful scientific paradigm to understand natural and cultural processes. This new paradigm is based on two fundamental keywords: Data, as representative sample of the process we need to analyze, and Artificial Adaptive Systems, as a new mathematical technique able to make explicit the nonlinearity embedded in the process. We will try to make explicit these concepts analyzing how the distribution of events into the physical space may reveal the hidden logic connecting these events together.
Assuntos
Simulação por Computador , Redes Neurais de Computação , Pesquisa , África Ocidental/epidemiologia , Algoritmos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Mineração de Dados , Dengue/epidemiologia , Epidemias , Mapeamento Geográfico , Doença pelo Vírus Ebola/epidemiologia , Humanos , Computação Matemática , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Genetic regulatory networks are the key to understanding biochemical systems. One condition of the genetic regulatory network under different living environments can be modeled as a synchronous Boolean network. The attractors of these Boolean networks will help biologists to identify determinant and stable factors. Existing methods identify attractors based on a random initial state or the entire state simultaneously. They cannot identify the fixed length attractors directly. The complexity of including time increases exponentially with respect to the attractor number and length of attractors. This study used the bounded model checking to quickly locate fixed length attractors. Based on the SAT solver, we propose a new algorithm for efficiently computing the fixed length attractors, which is more suitable for large Boolean networks and numerous attractors' networks. After comparison using the tool BooleNet, empirical experiments involving biochemical systems demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of our approach.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Fenômenos Bioquímicos/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/genética , Computação Matemática , Simulação por Computador , Modelos GenéticosRESUMO
We study the use of nonparametric multicompare statistical tests on the performance of simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolution (DE), when used for electroencephalographic (EEG) source localization. Such task can be posed as an optimization problem for which the referred metaheuristic methods are well suited. Hence, we evaluate the localization's performance in terms of metaheuristics' operational parameters and for a fixed number of evaluations of the objective function. In this way, we are able to link the efficiency of the metaheuristics with a common measure of computational cost. Our results did not show significant differences in the metaheuristics' performance for the case of single source localization. In case of localizing two correlated sources, we found that PSO (ring and tree topologies) and DE performed the worst, then they should not be considered in large-scale EEG source localization problems. Overall, the multicompare tests allowed to demonstrate the little effect that the selection of a particular metaheuristic and the variations in their operational parameters have in this optimization problem.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Computação Matemática , Simulação por ComputadorRESUMO
Haiti has been in the midst of a cholera epidemic since October 2010. Rainfall is thought to be associated with cholera here, but this relationship has only begun to be quantitatively examined. In this paper, we quantitatively examine the link between rainfall and cholera in Haiti for several different settings (including urban, rural, and displaced person camps) and spatial scales, using a combination of statistical and dynamic models. Statistical analysis of the lagged relationship between rainfall and cholera incidence was conducted using case crossover analysis and distributed lag nonlinear models. Dynamic models consisted of compartmental differential equation models including direct (fast) and indirect (delayed) disease transmission, where indirect transmission was forced by empirical rainfall data. Data sources include cholera case and hospitalization time series from the Haitian Ministry of Public Health, the United Nations Water, Sanitation and Health Cluster, International Organization for Migration, and Hôpital Albert Schweitzer. Rainfall data was obtained from rain gauges from the U.S. Geological Survey and Haiti Regeneration Initiative, and remote sensing rainfall data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. A strong relationship between rainfall and cholera was found for all spatial scales and locations examined. Increased rainfall was significantly correlated with increased cholera incidence 4-7 days later. Forcing the dynamic models with rainfall data resulted in good fits to the cholera case data, and rainfall-based predictions from the dynamic models closely matched observed cholera cases. These models provide a tool for planning and managing the epidemic as it continues.