RESUMO
Organotin compounds are applied in several industrial reactions and can present antifungal and antibacterial activities. Incorrect handling and storage practices of biodiesel and diesel-biodiesel blends can lead to microbial development, impacting its final quality. Concerning this problem, this work investigated the antimicrobial action of two organotin catalysts used in biodiesel production with four isolated microroorganisms (Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudallescheria boydii, and Aureobasidium pullulans) and a pool of microorganisms (ASTM E1259 standard practice). Samples of soybean biodiesel with different concentrations of dibutyl tin dilaurate (catalyst 1) and di-n-butyl-oxo-stannane (catalyst 2) were prepared and added of mineral medium. The pool of microorganisms was inoculated and incubated at 30 °C and final biomass was weighted after 14 days. Thereafter, soybean biodiesel with catalyst 2 was used. Fungal biomass was weighted, and plate count was used to assess bacterial growth. Results show that catalysts 1 and 2 presented no inhibitory activity on the pool of microorganisms evaluated. A slight inhibitory activity was observed for B. pumilus and A. pullulans growth, but not for P. boydii, P. aeruginosa, or the pool of microorganisms. All experiment exhibited acidification higher than sterile control. Infrared analysis show less microbiological degradation products in the tin-protected fuel with ASTM inoculum. These results suggest that these tin-based catalysts show no toxic effect on native microbial population and a slight effect on some isolated microbial population in laboratory scale and for the first time shows that these organotin compounds can be employed safely as biodiesel catalyst. Graphical abstract.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho , Biocombustíveis/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Gasolina/análise , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , ScedosporiumRESUMO
Imposex is a phenomenon widely associated with environmental exposure to organotin compounds which were quite common components of antifouling paints applied on boats and ship hulls. Here we study the incidence of imposex in neogastropods and its relation with water quality and maritime traffic in the coastal strip of Santa Marta, Colombia. Imposex was determined via specialized indexes and related to the organisms' size, somatic conditions, variables of water quality and maritime traffic, in a space-time assessment. There was evidence of imposex in five species Plicopurpura patula, Vasula deltoidea, Stramonita haemastoma, S. floridana, and Gemophos auritulus. Purpura patula and Vasula deltoidea species were found in all sampling sites. The results have proved that imposex is highly influenced by the maritime traffic variable, with greater prevalence during the dry season, and with P. patula being more sensitive than V. deltoidea.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/induzido quimicamente , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Gastrópodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Região do Caribe , Colômbia , Feminino , Gastrópodes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Pintura , Estações do Ano , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
Triphenyltin (TPT) is an organotin compound (OT), primarily used in agriculture and in the composition of antifouling paints for ships worldwide. Studies have showed its effects as an endocrine disrupter in several organisms by preventing enzymatic expression and causing reproductive toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to TPT, via breastfeeding, on reproductive physiology in the Calomys laucha species. The experimental design was compound of five groups, two controls and three with different doses of TPT. Moreover, females were exposed by gavage to the TPT for 20 days, from the 1st day postpartum to the 21st postnatal day (PND). Then, the pups were euthanized and the kinetics, organelles, and biochemistry of the sperm were evaluated. The results presented a reduction in total motility in the groups exposed to TPT. Regarding cellular organelles analysis, a loss in membrane integrity was evidenced; the functionality of mitochondria showed diminution followed by increased acrosome reaction. In conclusion, the TPT causes alteration of the reproductive parameters, decreasing the activity and sperm quality in individuals exposed in the breastfeeding phase.
Assuntos
Arvicolinae/fisiologia , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ecotoxicologia/métodos , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Feminino , Lactação , Masculino , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/patologiaRESUMO
Abstract Imposex is the development of male sexual characteristics caused by the toxic effects of some chemicals that acts as an endocrinal disruptor. Antifouling paints contain these chemicals. Cartagena lacks studies to indicate the extent of imposex in its coastal waters. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of imposex in the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma in Cartagena, Colombia. Specimens were collected during 2013 from locations of high and low influence of port activity. Morphometric measurements and the frequency of the occurrence of imposex were registered. The comparison among morphometric variables showed statistically significant differences between the two sites studied. Furthermore, the females of the S. haemastoma species presented an imposex frequency of 93.1% in Birds' Island, Cartagena Bay, compared to 31.8% in La Bocana. The relative penis size index or RPLI (10.145 and 3.231) and vas deferens sequence index or VDSI (2.83 and 1.16), showed possible contamination by organotin compounds in both places.
Resumo Imposex é o desenvolvimento de características sexuais masculinas causadas por poluentes tóxicos de alguns produtos químicos que atuam como desreguladores endócrinos. Tintas anti-incrustantes são as que contêm estes produtos químicos. Cartagena carece de estudos para indicar a extensão do imposex nas suas águas costeiras. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de imposex no gastrópode Stramonita haemastoma em Cartagena, Colômbia. Os espécimes foram coletados durante 2013 de locais de alta e baixa influência da atividade portuária. Foram registradas as medidas morfométricas e a frequência da ocorrência do imposex. A comparação entre as variáveis morfométricas mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois locais estudados. Além disso, as fêmeas da espécie S. haemastomaapresentaram uma frequência de imposex de 93,1% na Ilha das Aves, Baía das Cartagena, em comparação com 31,8% em La Bocana. O índice do comprimento relativo do pênis ou RPLI (10,145 e 3,231) e o índice da sequência do vaso deferente ou VDSI (2,83 e 1,16), mostraram possível contaminação por compostos organoestânicos em ambos os locais.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Pintura/toxicidade , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/induzido quimicamente , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Gastrópodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Ducto Deferente/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , ColômbiaRESUMO
Imposex is the development of male sexual characteristics caused by the toxic effects of some chemicals that acts as an endocrinal disruptor. Antifouling paints contain these chemicals. Cartagena lacks studies to indicate the extent of imposex in its coastal waters. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of imposex in the gastropod Stramonita haemastoma in Cartagena, Colombia. Specimens were collected during 2013 from locations of high and low influence of port activity. Morphometric measurements and the frequency of the occurrence of imposex were registered. The comparison among morphometric variables showed statistically significant differences between the two sites studied. Furthermore, the females of the S. haemastoma species presented an imposex frequency of 93.1% in Birds' Island, Cartagena Bay, compared to 31.8% in La Bocana. The relative penis size index or RPLI (10.145 and 3.231) and vas deferens sequence index or VDSI (2.83 and 1.16), showed possible contamination by organotin compounds in both places.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/induzido quimicamente , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Gastrópodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Pintura/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Colômbia , Feminino , Masculino , Ducto Deferente/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Antifouling biocides in surface sediments and gastropod tissues were assessed for the first time along coastal areas of Panama under the influence of maritime activities, including one of the world's busiest shipping zones: the Panama Canal. Imposex incidence was also evaluated in five muricid species distributed along six coastal areas of Panama. This TBT-related biological alteration was detected in three species, including the first report in Purpura panama. Levels of organotins (TBT, DBT, and MBT) in gastropod tissues and surficial sediments ranged from <5 to 104 ng Sn g-1 and <1-149 ng Sn g-1, respectively. In addition, fresh TBT inputs were observed in areas considered as moderate to highly contaminated mainly by inputs from fishing and leisure boats. Regarding booster biocides, TCMTB and dichlofluanid were not detected in any sample, while irgarol 1051, diuron and DCOIT levels ranged from <0.08 to 2.8 ng g-1, <0.75-14.1 ng g-1, and <0.38-81.6 ng g-1, respectively. The highest level of TBT (149 ng Sn g-1) and irgarol 1051 (2.8 ng g-1), as well as relevant level of DCOIT (5.7 ng g-1), were detected in a marina used by recreational boats. Additionally, relatively high diuron values (14.1 ng g-1) were also detected in the Panama Canal associate to a commercial port. DCOIT concentrations were associated with the presence of antifouling paint particles in sediments obtained nearby shipyard or boat maintenance sites. The highest levels of TBT, irgarol 1051, and diuron exceeded international sediment quality guidelines indicating that toxic effects could be expected in coastal areas of Panama. Thus, the simultaneous impacts produced by new and old generations of antifouling paints highlight a serious environmental issue in Panamanian coastal areas.
Assuntos
Desinfetantes/análise , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Desinfetantes/toxicidade , Diurona/análise , Diurona/toxicidade , Monitoramento Ambiental , Gastrópodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Gastrópodes/fisiologia , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Pintura/análise , Pintura/toxicidade , Panamá , Triazinas/análise , Triazinas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
This study represents the first use of Leucozonia nassa (Mollusca-Gastropoda) in a program of long-term monitoring. Specimens of L. nassa were collected between 2006 and 2014 and analyzed for the occurrence of imposex in two areas in Southeastern Brazil, one control area and another characterized by the presence of many ports and marinas. Imposex was evaluated in nine sites based on the percentage of females exhibiting imposex (I%), relative penis length index and vas deferens sequence index, classical indices to evaluate tributyltin (TBT) impacts. Moreover, this study uses for the first time in a tropical environment the ecological quality ratio (EQR), an approach to verify the imposex levels as an indicator of the impact by organotin compounds according to the EU Water Framework Directive. The results confirm the occurrence of high levels of imposex in L. nassa with all the indices evaluated. Furthermore, the results also indicate that, despite the international ban, antifouling paints based on TBT are still possibly used in Brazil. In addition, this study shows that L. nassa has the characteristics that make it a suitable bioindicator to monitor TBT pollution, and that the use of the EQR may create important data regarding this problem.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Brasil , Ecologia , Poluição Ambiental , Feminino , Gastrópodes/fisiologia , Masculino , Moluscos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Pintura , Compostos de Trialquitina/análise , Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidadeRESUMO
Imposex is the superimposition of non-functional male sex organs in gastropod females. This syndrome is a hormonal imbalance induced by tributyltin (TBT) which have been used in antifouling paints formulation. The present study aimed to perform an integrated environmental assessment of imposex and butyltin (BT) contamination using surface sediments and tissues of Thaisella chocolata (an edible gastropod) from northern Chile. The results showed imposex incidence in 11 out of 12 sites. In the most contaminated sites, which are areas under the influence of maritime activities, and also used for fishing and aquaculture, RPLI were over 60 and VDSI over 4 (high incidence of sterile females). Exceptionally high contamination levels and evidences of fresh inputs of tributyltin (TBT) were detected along the studied area. TBT levels above 300 and 90ngSng-1, respectively, were recorded in sediments and edible gastropod tissues of 6 sites. Thus, a daily ingestion of 90 to 173g of T. chocolata foot (4 to 8 organisms) from the most contaminated sites will certainly lead to the consumption of BT exceeding the tolerable daily intake recommended by European Food Safety Authority. It is reasonable to consider that human risk is even higher if daily consumption of additional seafood is considered. Moreover, some contaminated sites were located within the marine reserve "Isla Grande Atacama", indicating that even marine protected areas are under the influence of TBT contamination. These findings suggest that current levels of TBT in the studied area are sufficient to induce harmful effects on the environment and constitutes a potential threat to seafood consumers. Thus, national regulatory actions toward environmental protection and food safety of local populations are still mandatory, even after 8years of the TBT global ban by IMO.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/veterinária , Gastrópodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Compostos de Trialquitina/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Chile , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/induzido quimicamente , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Gastrópodes/patogenicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pintura/toxicidadeRESUMO
Among all organotin compounds , triphenyltin hydroxide (TPhTH) is widely used as fungicide and moluscicide in Brazil. However, the effects of TPhTH on the biochemical parameters of non-target organisms, such as fish, are little known. The aim of the present study is to assess the possible toxic effects of different concentrations of waterborne TPhTH on silver catfish belonging to species Rhamdia quelen. The fish were exposed to two different concentrations of TPhTH (1.08 and 1.70 µg/L as Sn) for 15 days and then compared to the control group (triplicate, n = 3). The antioxidant profile (catalase (CAT) and the glutathione S-transferase (GST)) and the oxidative stress parameters (TBARS-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyl (PC)) were set after the exposure to TPhTH. The TBARS level and the PC content increased in several organs of the Rhamdia quelen (brain, liver, muscle and gills) under the two concentrations of TPhTH in comparison to the control group. The CAT activity in the liver and gills has enhanced in all tested TPhTH concentrations. The GST activity increased in the brain, liver and muscle tissues under all the TPhTH concentrations. The significant changes in the biomarkers indicated that the investigated pesticide could have harmful effect on fish, in the field. However, these biomarkers were measured after the fish received doses lower than the recommended for use in agriculture.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Brasil , Catalase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Brânquias/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredução , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
Organotins (OTs) are environmental contaminants used as biocides in antifouling paints that have been shown to be endocrine disrupters. However, studies evaluating the effects of OTs accumulated in seafood (LNI) on reproductive health are particularly sparse. This study demonstrates that LNI leads to impairment in the reproductive tract of female rats, as the estrous cycle development, as well as for ovary and uterus morphology. Rats were treated with LNI, and their reproductive morphophysiology was assessed. Morphophysiological abnormalities, such as irregular estrous cycles, abnormal ovarian follicular development and ovarian collagen deposition, were observed in LNI rats. An increase in luminal epithelia and ERα expression was observed in the LNI uteri. Together, these data provide in vivo evidence that LNI are toxic for reproductive morphophysiology, which may be associated with risks to reproductive function.
Assuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Alimentos Marinhos/efeitos adversos , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Colágeno/metabolismo , Disruptores Endócrinos/sangue , Disruptores Endócrinos/farmacocinética , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptor beta de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Ciclo Estral/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Contaminação de Alimentos , Gastrópodes , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/sangue , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/farmacocinética , Ovário/metabolismo , Ovário/patologia , Ratos Wistar , Útero/metabolismo , Útero/patologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/sangue , Poluentes Químicos da Água/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Triphenyltin (TPhT) is used worldwide in pesticide formulas for agriculture. Toxic effects of this compound to aquatic life have been reported; however, the biochemical response of fish exposed to different concentrations of TPhT hydroxide (TPhTH) was investigated for the first time in this study. The lethal concentration (LC50) of TPhTH to silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, was calculated from an acute-exposure experiment (96 h). In addition, acethylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain and muscle-as well as glucose, glycogen, lactate, total protein, ammonia, and free amino acids in liver and muscle-were evaluated in a chronic-exposure experiment (15-day exposure). Speciation analysis of tin (Sn) was performed in fish tissues at the end of both experiments using gas chromatography coupled to a pulsed-flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD). Concentrations of TPhT, diphenyltin, and monophenyltin (reported as Sn) were lower than limits of quantification (10σ criteria). Waterborne TPhTH concentration used through the experiment was also evaluated by GC-PFPD, and no degradation of this species was observed. The LC50 value for silver catfish juveniles was 9.73 µg L(-1) (as Sn). Decreased brain and muscle AChE activities were observed in fish exposed to TPhTH in relation to unexposed fish (control). Liver glycogen and lactate levels were significantly higher in fish kept at the highest waterborne TPhTH concentration compared with the control. Liver and muscle glucose levels of fish exposed to all TPhTH concentrations were significantly lower than those of control fish. Silver catfish exposed to all TPhTH concentrations showed lower total protein values and higher total free amino acids levels in liver and muscle compared with controls. Total ammonia levels in liver and muscle were significantly higher for the highest TPhTH concentration compared with controls. In conclusion, TPhTH caused metabolic alterations in silver catfish juveniles, and the analyzed parameters can also be used as bioindicators for TPhTH contamination.
Assuntos
Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Peixes , Medição de Risco , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
Imposex, a syndrome characterized by the appearance of a penis and/or vas deferens in female gastropods due the presence of organotins in environment, is still observed in Brazilian gastropod populations, as in other countries, even after the tributyltin (TBT) ban. Nevertheless, the progressive controls on the use of organotins in antifouling systems at national and international levels and the consequent reduction of their environmental concentrations have led to changes in the characteristics of imposex development observed in Stramonita haemastoma. Populations of this species were analyzed on the coast of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) between 2007 and 2008, and the developmental pathways associated with the syndrome were identified. Compared with previous works, it was noted that imposex expression was reduced in most of Guanabara Bay. Aphallic imposex development, on the other hand, showed a marked increase. The pathways of imposex development were also evaluated in a temporal data series from a fixed sampling station at Vermelha beach, and the incidence of aphallic imposex development was found to show a marked increase from 1998 onward. Furthermore, the observation of either the presence or absence of a penis in imposex-affected females may indicate that penis development is related to the contaminant exposure level and that the decreasing TBT concentrations in the local environment result in the predominance of an aphallic route of imposex development. These findings support the idea that imposex female aphally in this species could be a dose-dependent response, rather than a genetic anomaly.
Assuntos
Gastrópodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Masculino , Compostos de Trialquitina/toxicidade , Ducto Deferente/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The review purposes are to (1) evaluate the experimental evidence for adverse effects on reproduction and metabolism and (2) identify the current knowledge of analytical procedures, biochemistry and environmental aspects relating to organotins. Organotins are pollutants that are used as biocides in antifouling paints. They produce endocrine-disrupting effects in mollusks, such as imposex. In rodents, organotin exposure induces developmental and reproductive toxicity as well as alteration of metabolic homeostasis through its action as an obesogen. The adverse effects that appear in rodents have raised concerns about organotins' potential health risk to humans in relation to organotin exposure. At present, triorganotin, such as tributyltin, have been demonstrated to produce imposex, and mammalian reproductive and metabolic toxicity. For most mammals, triorganotin exposure predominantly occurs through the ingestion, and this compound can cross the placenta. With these risks in mind, it is important to improve our knowledge of organotins' effects on environmental health.
Assuntos
Desinfetantes/toxicidade , Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Infertilidade Feminina/induzido quimicamente , Infertilidade Masculina/induzido quimicamente , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Animais , Desinfetantes/química , Desinfetantes/metabolismo , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Disruptores Endócrinos/química , Disruptores Endócrinos/metabolismo , Disruptores Endócrinos/farmacologia , Sistema Endócrino/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Endócrino/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Imunotoxinas/química , Imunotoxinas/metabolismo , Imunotoxinas/farmacologia , Imunotoxinas/toxicidade , Infertilidade Feminina/metabolismo , Infertilidade Masculina/metabolismo , Masculino , Obesidade/induzido quimicamente , Obesidade/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/química , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/farmacologia , Compostos de Trialquitina/química , Compostos de Trialquitina/metabolismo , Compostos de Trialquitina/farmacologia , Compostos de Trialquitina/toxicidadeRESUMO
The first appraisal of butyltins (BT) contamination linked with imposex incidence in the Pacific coast of South America was performed in the current study. Imposex occurrence was analyzed in three muricid species (Thais biserialis, T. brevidentata, and T. kiosquiformis) distributed along 14 sites from the coastal areas of Ecuador. All studied muricids species showed imposex, which was observed in 11 out of 14 sites. The highest imposex levels were observed in T. kiosquiformis collected inside the Gulf of Guayaquil [relative penis length index (RPLI) 9.0-40.7], whereas RPLI values for T. biserialis and T. brevidentata ranged from 4.0 to 26.1 and 0.0 to 1.9, respectively. Additionally, BT compounds [tributyltin (TBT), dibutylin (DBT), and monobutylin (MBT)] were determined in surface sediments collected in 6 of the sites (main harbor areas), and values ranged between 12.7 and 99.5 ng Sn g(-1) (dry weight) for TBT, 1.8 and 54.4 ng Sn g(-1) for DBT, and 44 and 340 ng Sn g(-1) for MBT. Although BT degradation indexes suggested an aged input of TBT, the high imposex levels detected in the current study suggest that international restrictions on TBT based antifouling paints were still not effective in Ecuador. Considering that the southern coast, especially nearby harbors inside the Gulf of Guayaquil, have shown to be contaminated by BTs, a combination of T. kiosquiformis and T. biserialis (the most sensitive species) can be used for future biomonitoring of Ecuador coastal areas.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/induzido quimicamente , Gastrópodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluição Química da Água/efeitos adversos , Animais , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/epidemiologia , Equador/epidemiologia , Monitoramento Ambiental , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Feminino , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Incidência , Masculino , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluição Química da Água/análiseRESUMO
Organotin compounds (OTs) were used in antifouling paints for more than four decades. However, due to their widespread intensive use and high toxicity, undesirable effects in non-target marine organisms have been detected since the early 1980s. Consequently, the International Maritime Organization banned new maritime applications of these products on January 1, 2003 and their presence on ship hulls from January 1, 2008. Although extensively studied in Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia, environmental levels and effects of organotin contamination are still poorly known for South America. Thus, the current review aimed to present the actual status of this problem in South America by summarizing and comparing the available data in the literature. An overview of the OTs concentrations in sediment and biota and their effects, mainly imposex in marine gastropods, are presented. This work showed that in Atlantic coastal areas of South America there are "hot spots" of OTs contamination, similar to that observed in industrialized countries of Northern Hemisphere. On the other hand, the number of accomplished studies in the Pacific coast is extremely low. Despite the limitation on studies about OTs environmental levels and their related effects, the available data pointed out for a widespread TBT contamination along the South American coastal areas. Therefore, the establishment of baselines of organotin contamination in the Pacific coast and the implementation of temporal trend studies in the South American coastal areas is crucial to verify the effectiveness of local regulations and OTs global ban, and to map the most sensitive areas related to present and future antifouling impacts.
Assuntos
Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Animais , Organismos Aquáticos/metabolismo , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento Sexual/induzido quimicamente , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/metabolismo , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Pintura/análise , Água do Mar/química , América do Sul , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Organotin compounds are typical environmental contaminants and suspected endocrine-disrupting substances, which cause irreversible sexual abnormality in female mollusks, called "imposex". However, little is known about the capability of triorganotin compounds, such as tributyltin and triphenyltin, to cause disorders in the sexual development and reproductive functions of mammals, including humans and rodents. Moreover, these compounds can act as potential competitive inhibitors of aromatase enzyme and other steroidogenic enzymes, affecting the reproductive capacity of male and female mammals. In this review, we discuss the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which triorganotin compounds induce adverse effects in the mammalian reproductive function.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Genitália/efeitos dos fármacos , Mamíferos/fisiologia , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Compostos de Trialquitina/toxicidade , Aromatase/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Endócrino/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Organotin compounds are typical environmental contaminants and suspected endocrine-disrupting substances, which cause irreversible sexual abnormality in female mollusks, called "imposex". However, little is known about the capability of triorganotin compounds, such as tributyltin and triphenyltin, to cause disorders in the sexual development and reproductive functions of mammals, including humans and rodents. Moreover, these compounds can act as potential competitive inhibitors of aromatase enzyme and other steroidogenic enzymes, affecting the reproductive capacity of male and female mammals. In this review, we discuss the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which triorganotin compounds induce adverse effects in the mammalian reproductive function.
Assuntos
Genitália/efeitos dos fármacos , Mamíferos/fisiologia , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Compostos de Trialquitina/toxicidade , Animais , Aromatase/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Endócrino/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In the present study, embryotoxicity experiments using the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus were carried out to better clarify the ecotoxicological effects of tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) (the recently banned antifouling agents), and Irgarol and Diuron (two of the new commonly used booster biocides). Organisms were individually examined to evaluate the intensity and type of effects on embryo-larval development, this procedure has not been commonly used, however it showed to be a potentially suitable approach for toxicity assessment. NOEC and LOEC were similar for compounds of same chemical class, and IC10 values were very close and showed overlapping of confidence intervals between TBT and TPT, and between Diuron and Irgarol. In addition, IC10 were similar to NOEC values. Regardless of this, the observed effects were different. Embryo development was interrupted at the gastrula and blastula stages at 1.25 and 2.5 µg l(-1) of TBT, respectively, whereas pluteus stage was reached with the corresponding concentrations of TPT. Furthermore, embryos reached the prism and morula stages at 5 µg l(-1) of TPT and TBT, respectively. The effects induced by Irgarol were also more pronounced than those caused by Diuron. Pluteus stage was always reached at any tested Diuron concentration, while embryogenesis was interrupted at blastula/gastrula stages at the highest concentrations of Irgarol. Therefore, this study proposes a complementary approach for interpreting embryo-larval responses that may be employed together with the traditional way of analysis. Consequently, this application leads to a more powerful ecotoxicological assessment tool focused on embryotoxicity.
Assuntos
Diurona/toxicidade , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Ouriços-do-Mar/efeitos dos fármacos , Ouriços-do-Mar/embriologia , Compostos de Trialquitina/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Blástula/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Gástrula/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Toxicidade , Triazinas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Plant molluscicides have been regarded as possible alternatives to the costly and environmentally hazardous molluscicides currently available. This study was undertaken to compare the developmental toxicity of a plant molluscicide (Euphorbia milii latex, LAT) with that of three synthetic molluscicidal compounds. Biomphalaria glabrata egg masses (0-15 h after spawning) were exposed to molluscicides for 96 h and thereafter examined up to the 14th day after spawning. Embryo deaths, abnormal embryo development (malformations) and the day of hatching were recorded. Although exhibiting a weak ovicidal effect, LAT markedly impaired the development of snail embryos at concentrations 1000 microg L(-1) and produced anomalies (EC(50)=2040 microg L(-1)) such as abnormal shells, hydropic embryos, cephalic and non-specific malformations. Embryolethal potencies of molluscicides were as follows: triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH; LC(50)=0.30 microg L(-1))>niclosamide (NCL; LC(50)=70 microg L(-1))>copper sulphate (CuSO(4); LC(50)=2190 microg L(-1)) >>> LAT (LC(50)=34030 microg L(-1)). A few malformations were recorded in embryos exposed to concentrations of TPTH within the range of lethal concentrations, while almost no anomalies were noted among those treated with NCL or CuSO(4). A hatching delay (hatching on day 10 after spawning or later) was observed among LAT-exposed embryos. The effects of NCL, TPTH and CuSO4 on hatching were to some extent masked by their marked embryolethality. The no-observed effect concentrations (NOEC) for embryotoxicity were as follows: TPTH, 0.1 microg L(-1); NCL, 25.0 microg L(-1); CuSO(4), 500.0 microg L(-1) and LAT, 500.0 microg L(-1). Results from this study suggest that, although LAT was not acutely embryolethal after a short-term exposure, it markedly disrupted snail development. The marked embryotoxicity of E. milii possibly contributes to its effectiveness as a molluscicide.
Assuntos
Biomphalaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Euphorbia/toxicidade , Látex/toxicidade , Moluscocidas/toxicidade , Animais , Biomphalaria/embriologia , Sulfato de Cobre/toxicidade , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Niclosamida/toxicidade , Compostos Orgânicos de Estanho/toxicidade , Plantas Tóxicas/toxicidade , Teratogênicos/toxicidade , Testes de ToxicidadeRESUMO
Fentin or triphenylthin (TPT) is an organotin compound (OTC) widely used as an agricultural fungicide and miticide. It is well known that TPT exerts adverse effects on the reproductive and immune systems and may disrupt the endocrine system, raising concerns regarding the risks posed by exposure to this metal on environmental and human health. In this study the effects of maternal exposure to TPT at doses of control (0), 1.875, 3.75, or 7.5 mg/kg body weight/d, po, were examined during gestation and lactation on offspring growth, organ weights, and fertility. Except for a significant liver enlargement at the highest dose, TPT produced no maternal toxicity. Increased neonatal mortality (death of 3 entire litters from a total of 18 treated litters) was noted at 7.5 mg/kg. Pup body weight at birth was significantly reduced at all dose levels, but no marked weight loss was found on postnatal day (PND) 5 and thereafter. Offspring maturation (ear unfolding, incisor eruption, vagina opening, and testes descent) and fertility in adulthood were not significantly affected by maternal exposure to TPT. In conclusion, data provided by this study indicate that maternal treatment with TPT during pregnancy and lactation delayed prenatal growth but did not impair postnatal development and fertility in exposed offspring in adulthood.