RESUMO
Obesity is characterized by abnormal adipose tissue expansion and is associated with chronic inflammation. Obesity itself may induce several comorbidities, including psychiatric disorders. It has been previously demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines are able to up-regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) release, which both have a role in compulsive related behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether acute or chronic consumption of a high-refined carbohydrate-containing (HC) diet will modify burying-behavior in the Marble Burying Test (MBT) through augmentation of NO signaling in the striatum, a brain region related to the reward system. Further, we also verified the effects of chronic consumption of a HC diet on the reinforcing effects induced by cocaine in the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) test. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice received a standard diet (control diet) or a HC diet for 3 days or 12 weeks. RESULTS: An increase in burying behavior occurred in the MBT after chronic consumption of a HC diet that was associated with an increase of nitrite levels in the striatum. The pre-treatment with Aminoguanidine (50â¯mg/kg), a preferential inhibitor of iNOS, prevented such alterations. Additionally, a chronic HC diet also induced a higher expression of iNOS in this region and higher glutamate release from striatal synaptosomes. Neither statistical differences were observed in the expression levels of the neuronal isoform of NOS nor in microglia number and activation. Finally, the reinforcing effects induced by cocaine (15â¯mg/kg, i.p.) during the expression of the conditioned response in the CPP test were not different between the chronically HC diet fed mice and the control group. However, HC diet-feeding mice presented impairment of cocaine-preference extinction. CONCLUSION: Altogether, our results suggest that the chronic consumption of a HC diet induces compulsive-like behavior through a mechanism possibly associated with NO activation in the striatum.
Assuntos
Comportamento Compulsivo/etiologia , Dieta da Carga de Carboidratos/efeitos adversos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cocaína/farmacologia , Condicionamento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Potássio/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION:: Compulsive buying can be characterized as an almost irresistible urge to buy various items. Compulsive buying disorder is a subject of growing interest to health professionals. It is a current issue and the prevalence rate in the global population is around 5 to 8%. OBJECTIVES:: The main objective of this study was to identify predictors of compulsive buying in the Brazilian population, assessing possible relationships between compulsive buying, depression and anxiety. METHODS:: The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale was administered to screen for compulsive buying and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of 359 participants. Pearson coefficients were used to test for correlations. RESULTS:: Our study identified an interaction between female gender and compulsion to purchase. Furthermore, people's occupations also appear to have an influence on the problem. We found a correlation between depressive symptoms and oniomania. CONCLUSION:: Our study has certain limitations, such as the difficulty in recruiting individuals with compulsive buying disorder. Since compulsive buying is a phenomenon that is seldom investigated, it therefore remains unidentified. However, this is nevertheless a pioneering paper on the Brazilian population.
Assuntos
Comportamento Compulsivo/epidemiologia , Comportamento Compulsivo/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comportamento Compulsivo/etiologia , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Análise de Regressão , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Compulsive buying can be characterized as an almost irresistible urge to buy various items. Compulsive buying disorder is a subject of growing interest to health professionals. It is a current issue and the prevalence rate in the global population is around 5 to 8%. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to identify predictors of compulsive buying in the Brazilian population, assessing possible relationships between compulsive buying, depression and anxiety. Methods: The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale was administered to screen for compulsive buying and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess anxiety and depression in a sample of 359 participants. Pearson coefficients were used to test for correlations. Results: Our study identified an interaction between female gender and compulsion to purchase. Furthermore, people's occupations also appear to have an influence on the problem. We found a correlation between depressive symptoms and oniomania. Conclusion: Our study has certain limitations, such as the difficulty in recruiting individuals with compulsive buying disorder. Since compulsive buying is a phenomenon that is seldom investigated, it therefore remains unidentified. However, this is nevertheless a pioneering paper on the Brazilian population.
Resumo Introdução: A compra compulsiva pode ser caracterizada como um desejo quase irresistível de obter vários itens. O transtorno do comprar compulsivo tem sido objeto de interesse crescente para os profissionais de saúde. Considerado um problema atual, sua taxa de prevalência é de cerca de 5 a 8% na população mundial. Objetivos: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os preditores da compulsão por comprar na população brasileira, avaliando possíveis relações entre compra compulsiva, depressão e ansiedade. Métodos: A Escala de Compras Compulsivas Richmond Adaptada foi utilizada para rastreio do comprar compulsivo, e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, para avaliar ansiedade e depressão, em uma amostra de 359 participantes. As correlações foram determinadas usando o teste de Pearson. Resultados: Foi identificada em nosso estudo uma interação entre sexo feminino e compulsão por compras. Além disso, a ocupação parece interferir no problema. Encontramos uma correlação entre sintomas depressivos e oniomania. Conclusão: Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limitações, tais como a dificuldade em recrutar indivíduos com transtorno do comprar compulsivo. Por ser um tema pouco explorado, há uma dificuldade em identificar indivíduos acometidos. No entanto, este é um ensaio pioneiro na população brasileira.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Comportamento Compulsivo/psicologia , Comportamento Compulsivo/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Prevalência , Análise de Regressão , Comportamento Compulsivo/etiologia , Depressão/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Tique psíquico e TOC (transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo) compõe a "síndrome auto-obsessiva" com duas modalidades: psicomotora e psicoatuante, respectivamente, que aparentam uma auto-hipnose inconsciente. Esquisitices e algumas neuroses nem sempre são bem distintas, e casos de pessoas célebres são apresentados. Confirma-se a falta de lesões anatômicas evidentes nesta síndrome, se bem que a bioquímica e o mapeamento eletrônico das zonas cerebrais possam denotar hiperatividade. "Egrégora" é a condensação de pensamentos, por afinidade, de várias pessoas, ou de fluido-magnetismo de muitos animais afins, e que pode justificar, além da visão, a "contaminação" da "SAO", principalmente dos tiques.
Psychic tic and obsessive compulsive disturbance (OCD) compound the "auto-obsessive syndrome" that has two forms: psychomotor and psychoactive, respectively, and both seem an unconscious auto-hipnosis. Queerness and some neurosis are not always well distinguishable, and a few cases of celebrated persons are presented. The lack of anatomic lesions is confirmed in this syndrome, although the biochemistry and the map of the cerebral zones can denote hyperactivity. "Égregora" is a condensation of thinking, byaffinity, from various persons, or of fluid-magnetism from many related animals, and that can justify, in addition to the vision, the "contamination" of the "AOS", mainly in the tics.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos de Tique , Tiques , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/classificação , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/etiologia , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/terapia , Comportamento Compulsivo/etiologia , Comportamento Compulsivo/psicologiaRESUMO
The pedodontic admission histories of 1600 Mexican children were analyzed, to determine general epidemiologic factors or oral habits, as well as their relationship with identifiable biopsychosociologic factors. Fifty-six percent of the children gave evidence of an oral habit, with significant predisposition among female patients, single children, subjects in poor physical health (particularly from allergies), as well as children with histories of chronic health problems. Oral habits should be considered a major health hazard because of their high incidence. Successful treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach to the basic cause of the problem.