RESUMO
While commercial links between Mexico and the United States through the port city of Veracruz brought significant economic and social advantages in the early nineteenth century, public health concerns around yellow fever produced fascination and fear among US audiences (in southern and eastern port cities) from times of peace until the US invasion and occupation of Mexico (1846-1848). This article addresses the complex linkages between commerce, conflict, and contamination in reference to the port city of Veracruz and the United States in Mexico's early decades of independence. More specifically, this article addresses the concern in early nineteenth-century US periodicals around yellow fever outbreaks and potential contamination, showing the constant presence of yellow fever in Veracruz in the US imaginary.
Assuntos
Conflitos Armados/história , Comércio/história , Febre Amarela/história , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Imaginação , México , Estados Unidos , Febre Amarela/transmissãoRESUMO
Abstract While commercial links between Mexico and the United States through the port city of Veracruz brought significant economic and social advantages in the early nineteenth century, public health concerns around yellow fever produced fascination and fear among US audiences (in southern and eastern port cities) from times of peace until the US invasion and occupation of Mexico (1846-1848). This article addresses the complex linkages between commerce, conflict, and contamination in reference to the port city of Veracruz and the United States in Mexico's early decades of independence. More specifically, this article addresses the concern in early nineteenth-century US periodicals around yellow fever outbreaks and potential contamination, showing the constant presence of yellow fever in Veracruz in the US imaginary.
Resumo Enquanto os vínculos comerciais entre México e EUA por meio da cidade portuária de Veracruz trouxe vantagens econômicas e sociais significativas no início do século XIX, preocupações em torno da febre amarela produziram medo e fascínio entre o público estadunidense (em cidades portuárias do sul e do leste) desde os tempos de paz até a invasão e ocupação estadunidense do México (1846-1848). O artigo aborda os complexos vínculos entre comércio, conflito e contaminação relacionados à cidade portuária de Veracruz e aos EUA nas primeiras décadas da independência do México. Especificamente, trata a preocupação com surtos de febre amarela e a potencial contaminação encontrada em periódicos estadunidenses no início do século XIX, mostrando a presença constante da febre amarela em Veracruz no imaginário estadunidense.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , Febre Amarela/história , Comércio/história , Conflitos Armados/história , Estados Unidos , Febre Amarela/transmissão , Imaginação , MéxicoRESUMO
The first written reports about the effect of high-altitude air on the human organism in Ancient China (the 30s BC) and in South America during the conquest (late XVI century) are discussed in this paper.
Assuntos
Doença da Altitude/história , Colonialismo/história , Comércio/história , Doença da Altitude/etiologia , China , História do Século XVI , História Antiga , Humanos , Peru , Seda/economia , Seda/históriaRESUMO
Economic, political, and cultural relationships connected virtually every population throughout Mexico during Postclassic period (AD 900-1520). Much of what is known about population interaction in prehistoric Mexico is based on archaeological or ethnohistoric data. What is unclear, especially for the Postclassic period, is how these data correlate with biological population structure. We address this by assessing biological (phenotypic) distances among 28 samples based upon a comparison of dental morphology trait frequencies, which serve as a proxy for genetic variation, from 810 individuals. These distances were compared with models representing geographic and cultural relationships among the same groups. Results of Mantel and partial Mantel matrix correlation tests show that shared migration and trade are correlated with biological distances, but geographic distance is not. Trade and political interaction are also correlated with biological distance when combined in a single matrix. These results indicate that trade and political relationships affected population structure among Postclassic Mexican populations. We suggest that trade likely played a major role in shaping patterns of interaction between populations. This study also shows that the biological distance data support the migration histories described in ethnohistoric sources.
Assuntos
Comércio/história , Genética Populacional/história , Migração Humana/história , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/história , Antropologia , Cultura , Feminino , Variação Genética , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História Medieval , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
This article outlines the history of the commerce in medicinal plants and plant-based remedies from the Spanish American territories in the eighteenth century. It maps the routes used to transport the plants from Spanish America to Europe and, along the arteries of European commerce, colonialism and proselytism, into societies across the Americas, Asia and Africa. Inquiring into the causes of the global 'spread' of American remedies, it argues that medicinal plants like ipecacuanha, guaiacum, sarsaparilla, jalap root and cinchona moved with relative ease into Parisian medicine chests, Moroccan court pharmacies and Manila dispensaries alike, because of their 'exotic' charisma, the force of centuries-old medical habits, and the increasingly measurable effectiveness of many of these plants by the late eighteenth century. Ultimately and primarily, however, it was because the disease environments of these widely separated places, their medical systems and materia medica had long become entangled by the eighteenth century.
Assuntos
Comércio/história , Fitoterapia/história , Plantas Medicinais , Colonialismo/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Preparações Farmacêuticas/economia , Preparações Farmacêuticas/história , América do SulRESUMO
For centuries, biogeographers have examined the factors that produce patterns of biodiversity across regions. The study of islands has proved particularly fruitful and has led to the theory that geographic area and isolation influence species colonization, extinction and speciation such that larger islands have more species and isolated islands have fewer species (that is, positive species-area and negative species-isolation relationships). However, experimental tests of this theory have been limited, owing to the difficulty in experimental manipulation of islands at the scales at which speciation and long-distance colonization are relevant. Here we have used the human-aided transport of exotic anole lizards among Caribbean islands as such a test at an appropriate scale. In accord with theory, as anole colonizations have increased, islands impoverished in native species have gained the most exotic species, the past influence of speciation on island biogeography has been obscured, and the species-area relationship has strengthened while the species-isolation relationship has weakened. Moreover, anole biogeography increasingly reflects anthropogenic rather than geographic processes. Unlike the island biogeography of the past that was determined by geographic area and isolation, in the Anthropocene--an epoch proposed for the present time interval--island biogeography is dominated by the economic isolation of human populations.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Espécies Introduzidas/estatística & dados numéricos , Ilhas , Lagartos , Animais , Comércio/história , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Geografia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Atividades Humanas/história , Atividades Humanas/estatística & dados numéricos , Espécies Introduzidas/história , Lagartos/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Econômicos , Dinâmica Populacional , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
The ninth century collapse and abandonment of the Central Maya Lowlands in the Yucatán peninsular region were the result of complex human-environment interactions. Large-scale Maya landscape alterations and demands placed on resources and ecosystem services generated high-stress environmental conditions that were amplified by increasing climatic aridity. Coincident with this stress, the flow of commerce shifted from land transit across the peninsula to sea-borne transit around it. These changing socioeconomic and environmental conditions generated increasing societal conflicts, diminished control by the Maya elite, and led to decisions to move elsewhere in the peninsular region rather than incur the high costs of maintaining the human-environment systems in place. After abandonment, the environment of the Central Maya Lowlands largely recovered, although altered from its state before Maya occupation; the population never recovered. This history and the spatial and temporal variability in the pattern of collapse and abandonment throughout the Maya lowlands support the case for different conditions, opportunities, and constraints in the prevailing human-environment systems and the decisions to confront them. The Maya case lends insights for the use of paleo- and historical analogs to inform contemporary global environmental change and sustainability.
Assuntos
Civilização/história , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/história , Ecossistema , Meio Ambiente , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/história , Agricultura , Comércio/história , Secas , História Antiga , Humanos , México , ÁrvoresRESUMO
During the 1980s, a group of women from rural communities in the Mexican state of Sinaloa organized a grassroots social movement in order to gain legal access to the sale of shrimp. The movement reached its peak in 1984, with the formation of a shrimp traders union and the establishment of a shrimp marketplace in the tourist city of Mazatlán. Despite the long trajectory of the movement and the success of the shrimp market, these women and their work have been completely ignored by government agencies in charge of the development and management of the fishing industry. For the most part, one gets to read about the shrimp traders only in tourist-oriented brochures depicting them as a "local attraction," something to be seen while one is touring the city on a private charter bus en route to the Archaeological Museum or to the upscale jewelry shops in the Golden Zone. In this article, I examine how women used their gender and their identity as rural workers to defy the state and its policies, overcome poverty, and take control of the local marketing of shrimp. Another objective of this article is to show why and how women engaged in collective action so they could be legitimized as workers and how gender shaped their individual experiences.
Assuntos
Comércio , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Opinião Pública , Mudança Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Mulheres , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/história , Abastecimento de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Identidade de Gênero , História do Século XX , México/etnologia , Opinião Pública/história , Mudança Social/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Mulheres/educação , Mulheres/história , Mulheres/psicologia , Direitos da Mulher/economia , Direitos da Mulher/educação , Direitos da Mulher/história , Direitos da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Once the British transatlantic slave trade came under abolitionists' scrutiny in 1788, West Indian slaveholders had to consider alternative methods of obtaining well-needed laborers. This article examines changes in enslaved women's working lives as planters sought to increase birth rates to replenish declining laboring populations. By focusing more on variances in work assignment and degrees of punishment rather than their absence, this article establishes that enslaved women in Jamaica experienced a considerable shift in their work responsibilities and their subjection to discipline as slaveholders sought to capitalize on their abilities to reproduce. Enslaved women's reproductive capabilities were pivotal for slavery and the plantation economy's survival once legal supplies from Africa were discontinued.
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comércio , Grupos Populacionais , Problemas Sociais , Saúde da Mulher , Mulheres , África/etnologia , Coeficiente de Natalidade/etnologia , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Jamaica/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/história , Mudança Social/história , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologia , Reino Unido/etnologia , Mulheres/educação , Mulheres/história , Mulheres/psicologia , Saúde da Mulher/etnologia , Saúde da Mulher/história , Direitos da Mulher/economia , Direitos da Mulher/educação , Direitos da Mulher/história , Direitos da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudênciaAssuntos
Humanos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Comportamento Social/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Comércio/história , Trabalhadores Pobres/história , Categorias de Trabalhadores/história , Política , Resenhas de Livros como Assunto , Brasil , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Ambiente DomiciliarRESUMO
This article analyzes the impact of state policies since the 1970s on household food security in several Mapuche communities in the Araucanía region of Chile (Region IX). The author highlights key transformations in the national economy and food system and endeavors to link those to local phenomena, in particular the absorption of the local livelihood strategies and food systems into capitalist markets and the high incidences of food insecurity. The article concludes that a reconceptualization of macroeconomic and indigenous policies are required to rebuild the material and social foundations of rural Mapuche communities that provide the bases from which their inhabitants can reconstruct a mutually beneficial relationship with the broader Chilean society and avert the continued acceleration of tension and violence.
Assuntos
Comércio , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Grupos Populacionais , Características de Residência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Chile/etnologia , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , Redes Comunitárias/economia , Redes Comunitárias/história , Redes Comunitárias/legislação & jurisprudência , Economia/história , Economia/legislação & jurisprudência , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/educação , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/etnologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/história , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/legislação & jurisprudência , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/psicologia , Grupos Populacionais/educação , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/história , Grupos Populacionais/legislação & jurisprudência , Grupos Populacionais/psicologia , Características de Residência/história , Fatores Socioeconômicos/história , Violência/economia , Violência/etnologia , Violência/história , Violência/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência/psicologiaRESUMO
This paper examines 19th-century Peruvian heights from the early republican period to the end of the guano era (1820-1880). Analyzing male and female prisoner heights from the Lima penitentiary, we find that the physical stature of the lower classes stagnated throughout the period. In spite of the substantial profits generated by Peru's chief export product, guano, these revenues apparently did not filter down to benefit ordinary laborers.
Assuntos
Estatura , Desenvolvimento Econômico/história , Classe Social/história , Comércio/história , Emprego/economia , Emprego/história , Etnicidade/etnologia , Etnicidade/história , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Masculino , Peru , Prisioneiros/história , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise de Regressão , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
In the half century since the 1959 Cuban Revolution, El Habano remains the premium cigar the world over; but both before and since 1959, the seed, agricultural and industrial know-how, and human capital have been transplanted to replicate that cigar in a process accentuated by upheavals and out-migration. The focus here is on a little-known facet of the interconnected island and offshore Havana cigar history, linking Cuba with Connecticut and Indonesia: from when tobacco was taken from the Americas to Indonesia and gave rise to the famed Sumatra cigar wrapper leaf; through the rise and demise of its sister shade wrapper in Connecticut, with Cuban and Sumatra seed, ultimately overshadowed by Indonesia; and the resulting challenges facing Cuba today. The article highlights the role of Dutch, U.S., British, and Swedish capital to explain why in 2009 the two major global cigar corporations, British Imperial Tobacco and Swedish Match, were lobbying Washington, respectively, for and against the embargo on Cuba. As the antismoking, antitobacco lobby gains ground internationally, the intriguing final question is whether the future lies with El Habano or smokeless Swedish snus.
Assuntos
Comércio , Nicotiana , Saúde Pública , Fumar , Indústria do Tabaco , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , Connecticut/etnologia , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Produtos Agrícolas/história , Cuba/etnologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Indonésia/etnologia , Folhas de Planta , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Opinião Pública/história , Fumar/economia , Fumar/etnologia , Fumar/história , Indústria do Tabaco/economia , Indústria do Tabaco/educação , Indústria do Tabaco/históriaRESUMO
Slavery was a commerce controlled by foreigners, like physician Robert Proust, pharmacist Gaspar Duprel, and Slave trader Juan. B. Saubot in Ponce. The trading of negroes is evidence since 1816 but intensified in 1824. By 1825, Ponce was full of slaves. It continued fiercely until 1830 supported by local revenue and investments, however, never developed its own. Slavery grew parallel to the development of the "hacienda", and as such, to the wealth of the foreign businessman. These are considered the first golden years of Ponce's and Puerto Rico's economic development, which stimulated overall progress, and social well-being.
Assuntos
Comércio/história , Farmacêuticos/história , Médicos/história , Problemas Sociais/história , África , Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/história , Comércio/economia , Comércio/organização & administração , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Porto Rico , Saccharum , Sociedades/históriaRESUMO
This literature review reports the history and the current market of oral home-care products. It provides information extending from the products used by our ancestors to those currently available, as well as on the changes in the supply and consumption of these products. Although the scientific knowledge about oral diseases has improved greatly in recent years, our ancestors had already been concerned with cleaning their teeth. A variety of rudimentary products and devices were used since before recorded history, like chewing sticks, tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones, tooth powder and home-made mouth rinses. Today, due to technological improvements of the cosmetic industry and market competition, home-use oral care products available in the marketplace offer a great variety of options. An increase in the consumption of oral care products has been observed in the last decades. Estimates show that Latin America observed a 12% increase in hygiene and beauty products sales between 2002 and 2003, whereas the observed global rate was approximately 2%. A significant increase in the per capita consumption of toothpaste, toothbrush, mouthrinse and dental floss has been estimated from 1992 to 2002, respectively at rates of 38.3%, 138.3%, 618.8% and 177.2%. Pertaining to this increased supply and consumption of oral care products, some related questions remain unanswered, like the occurrence of changes in disease behavior due to the use of new compounds, their actual efficacy and correct indications, and the extent of the benefits to oral health derived from consuming more products.
Assuntos
Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar/história , Antissépticos Bucais/história , Higiene Bucal/história , Cremes Dentais/história , Comércio/história , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Cosméticos/provisão & distribuição , Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar/estatística & dados numéricos , Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar/provisão & distribuição , Indústria Farmacêutica/história , Indústria Farmacêutica/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Antissépticos Bucais/provisão & distribuição , Saúde Bucal , Higiene Bucal/estatística & dados numéricos , Escovação Dentária/história , Escovação Dentária/estatística & dados numéricos , Cremes Dentais/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
Despite their success in boosting cereals production overall, the Green Revolution programs of the 1950s and 1960s were often criticized for failing to achieve their declared aim of alleviating world hunger. Most critics argued that the programs had produced a technology unsuited to the needs of small peasant farmers. This paper explores why such inappropriate technology might have been developed, focusing on the early years of the Rockefeller Foundation's Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP). It shows that some foundation officers as well as agricultural advisors had prior experience of the problems faced by small farmers in the United States and elsewhere. Moreover, the foundation's expressed concern for rural poverty does not appear to have been mere posturing by an organization anxious to be seen as an agent of philanthropy. Furthermore, the program's early work in maize-breeding was well tailored to the conditions of Mexican agriculture. Once the MAP was up and running, however, it became apparent that the task of getting new varieties and cultivation practices to small farmers was going to be difficult. Needing to make some kind of impact quickly, MAP staff chose to concentrate upon projects that were likely to find a rapid uptake. This meant setting aside the needs of peasant farmers to develop high-yielding varieties suited to large commercial farms.
Assuntos
Cruzamento , Produtos Agrícolas , Grão Comestível , Tecnologia de Alimentos , Fundações , Áreas de Pobreza , População Rural , Mudança Social , Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/educação , Agricultura/história , Cruzamento/economia , Cruzamento/história , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Produtos Agrícolas/história , Economia/história , Grão Comestível/economia , Grão Comestível/história , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/história , Tecnologia de Alimentos/economia , Tecnologia de Alimentos/educação , Tecnologia de Alimentos/história , Fundações/economia , Fundações/história , Obtenção de Fundos/economia , Obtenção de Fundos/história , História do Século XX , México/etnologia , Saúde da População Rural/história , População Rural/história , Mudança Social/históriaRESUMO
Despite extensive literature both supporting and critiquing the Green Revolution, surprisingly little attention has been paid to synthetic fertilizers' health and environmental effects or indigenous farmers' perspectives. The introduction of agrochemicals in the mid-twentieth century was a watershed event for many Mayan farmers in Guatemala. While some Maya hailed synthetic fertilizers' immediate effectiveness as a relief from famines and migrant labor, other lamented the long-term deterioration of their public health, soil quality, and economic autonomy. Since the rising cost of agrochemicals compelled Maya to return to plantation labor in the 1970s, synthetic fertilizers simply shifted, rather than alleviated, Mayan dependency on the cash economy. By highlighting Mayan farmers' historical narratives and delineating the relationship between agricultural science and postwar geopolitics, the constraints on agriculturists' agency become clear. In the end, politics, more than technology or agricultural performance, influenced guatemala's shift toward the Green Revolution.
Assuntos
Agroquímicos , Produtos Agrícolas , Emprego , Geografia , Indígenas Centro-Americanos , Saúde Pública , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/educação , Agricultura/história , Agroquímicos/economia , Agroquímicos/história , Comércio/economia , Comércio/educação , Comércio/história , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/história , Produtos Agrícolas/economia , Produtos Agrícolas/história , Emprego/economia , Emprego/história , Emprego/psicologia , Fertilizantes/economia , Fertilizantes/história , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/história , Geografia/economia , Geografia/educação , Geografia/história , Química Verde/economia , Química Verde/educação , Química Verde/história , Guatemala/etnologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/educação , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/etnologia , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/história , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/legislação & jurisprudência , Indígenas Centro-Americanos/psicologia , Venenos/economia , Venenos/história , Política , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/históriaRESUMO
This literature review reports the history and the current market of oral home-care products. It provides information extending from the products used by our ancestors to those currently available, as well as on the changes in the supply and consumption of these products. Although the scientific knowledge about oral diseases has improved greatly in recent years, our ancestors had already been concerned with cleaning their teeth. A variety of rudimentary products and devices were used since before recorded history, like chewing sticks, tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones, tooth powder and home-made mouth rinses. Today, due to technological improvements of the cosmetic industry and market competition, home-use oral care products available in the marketplace offer a great variety of options. An increase in the consumption of oral care products has been observed in the last decades. Estimates show that Latin America observed a 12 percent increase in hygiene and beauty products sales between 2002 and 2003, whereas the observed global rate was approximately 2 percent. A significant increase in the per capita consumption of toothpaste, toothbrush, mouthrinse and dental floss has been estimated from 1992 to 2002, respectively at rates of 38.3 percent, 138.3 percent, 618.8 percent and 177.2 percent. Pertaining to this increased supply and consumption of oral care products, some related questions remain unanswered, like the occurrence of changes in disease behavior due to the use of new compounds, their actual efficacy and correct indications, and the extent of the benefits to oral health derived from consuming more products.
Assuntos
História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar/história , Antissépticos Bucais/história , Higiene Bucal/história , Cremes Dentais/história , Comércio/história , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Cosméticos/provisão & distribuição , Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar/provisão & distribuição , Dispositivos para o Cuidado Bucal Domiciliar , Indústria Farmacêutica/história , Indústria Farmacêutica/estatística & dados numéricos , Antissépticos Bucais/provisão & distribuição , Saúde Bucal , Higiene Bucal , Escovação Dentária/história , Escovação Dentária , Cremes Dentais/provisão & distribuiçãoRESUMO
O objetivo do presente artigo é o de refletir, nas dimensões do mundo atlântico sobretudo do século XVIII, sobre as inter-relações históricas entre saber médico e questões relativas ao trato e ao comércio de escravos e indicar a possibilidade de elaboração de conhecimentos associados às dinâmicas da escravidão (AU)