RESUMO
The human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a serum esterase that has been associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity. Its activity is conditioned by alleles of BCHE gene and the CHE2 locus that codifies an unknown BChE-binding protein (C5 complex). The hypothesis that the CHE2 locus is the RAPH1 gene, which encodes lamellipodin (Lpd), was raised in a study that observed Lpd peptides released from denatured BChE tetramers. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by evaluating SNPs of RAPH1 gene (rs2246118:C > T, rs3814365:A > G and rs2465520:C > T) in 34 CHE2 C5+ and 92 CHE2 C5- individuals, corresponding to the presence and absence of C5 complex. The results showed association of two haplotypes (CAC and TGC) with CHE2 C5+ phenotype. RAPH1 haplotypes was also associated with intense (TGC) and faint (CAC) CHE2 C5+ phenotypes. BChE activity was higher in intense CHE2 C5+ than faint CHE2 C5+ phenotype. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that the RAPH1 gene is the CHE2 locus and suggest that the variable expressivity of the CHE2 C5+ phenotypes is, at least in part, due to its genetic heterogeneity, which is leading to increased BChE activity only in individuals with intense CHE2 C5+ phenotype.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Adulto , Colinesterases/genética , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Loci Gênicos , Haplótipos , Humanos , Masculino , FenótipoRESUMO
Triatoma patagonica Del Ponte (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), a vector of Chagas' disease, is widely distributed in Argentina and is found in sylvatic and peridomiciliary ecotopes, as well as occasionally in human dwellings after the chemical control of Triatoma infestans. Anti-cholinesteratic products can be applied in peridomiciliary areas and thus knowledge of cholinesterase activity during embryonic development in this species might contribute further information relevant to effective chemical control. Cholinesterase activity was characterized by reactions to eserine 10(-5) m, to increasing concentrations of substrate and to varying centrifugal speeds. Acetylcholinesterase activity was detected on day 4 and was significant from day 5. A reduction in cholinesterase activity towards acetylthiocholine (ATC) was observed on days 9 and 10 of development. Cholinesterase activity towards ATC and butyrylthiocholine (BTC) in homogenates of eggs was inhibited by eserine 10(-5) m. The shape of the curve indicating levels of inhibition at different concentrations of ATC was typical of acetylcholinesterase. Activity towards BTC did not appear to be inhibited by excess substrate, which parallels the behaviour of butyrylcholinesterases. Cholinesterase activity towards ATC was reduced in supernatant centrifuged at 15 000 g compared with supernatant centrifuged at 1100 g. The cholinesterase system that hydrolyzes mainly ATC seems to belong to the nervous system, as indicated by its behaviour towards the substrates assayed, its greater insolubility and the fact that it evolves parallel to the development of the nervous system. Knowledge of biochemical changes associated with the development and maturation of the nervous system during embryonic development would contribute to the better understanding of anti-cholinesteratic compounds with ovicidal action that might be used in control campaigns against vectors of Chagas' disease.
Assuntos
Colinesterases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/fisiologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Triatoma/embriologia , Triatoma/enzimologia , Animais , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Colinesterases/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fisostigmina/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (total and band specific) and diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: BChE activities (BChEA, AC(4/5), AC(OF) and RC(5)) were analyzed in 101 type 1 (DM1) and in 145 type 2 (DM2) diabetic patients, in relation to phenotype, weight and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in these patients. The C(4/5) and C(5) complex were separated from other molecular forms (C(OF)) using an acid agar gel. RESULTS: The BChE activity (BChEA) and the absolute activities of C(4/5) (AC(4/5)) and C(OF) (AC(OF)) showed a high positive correlation coefficient to weight in the CHE2 C5- group, while the relative activity of C5 complex (RC5) showed a negative correlation to weight. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the positive correlation of the BChE activities to diabetes mellitus and to insulin resistance may depend on the CHE2 locus variability. High values of BChE activities were associated with insulin resistance only in CHE2 C5- diabetic patients, while in CHE2 C5+ diabetic patients, the presence of C(5) complex, especially in a relatively high proportion, leads to less fat storage and better protection against metabolic syndrome.
Assuntos
Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Colinesterases/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/enzimologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enzimologia , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Butirilcolinesterase/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (total and band specific) and diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: BChE activities (BChEA, AC 4/5, AC OF and RC5) were analyzed in 101 type 1 (DM1) and in 145 type 2 (DM2) diabetic patients, in relation to phenotype, weight and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in these patients. The C4/5 and C5 complex were separated from other molecular forms (C OF) using an acid agar gel. RESULTS: The BChE activity (BChEA) and the absolute activities of C4/5 (AC4/5) and C OF (AC OF) showed a high positive correlation coefficient to weight in the CHE2 C5- group, while the relative activity of C5 complex (RC5) showed a negative correlation to weight. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the positive correlation of the BChE activities to diabetes mellitus and to insulin resistance may depend on the CHE2 locus variability. High values of BChE activities were associated with insulin resistance only in CHE2 C5- diabetic patients, while in CHE2 C5+ diabetic patients, the presence of C5 complex, especially in a relatively high proportion, leads to less fat storage and better protection against metabolic syndrome.
OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre as atividades (total e banda específica) da butirilcolinesterase (BChE) e diabetes melito. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: As atividades da BChE (BChEA, AC4/5, AC OF e RC5) foram analisadas em 101 pacientes diabéticos do tipo 1 (DM1) e 145 do tipo 2 (DM2) em relação aos fenótipos, ao peso e à incidência da síndrome metabólica. Os complexos C4/5 e C5 foram separados das outras formas moleculares (C OF), usando gel de ágar ácido. RESULTADOS: A atividade da BChE (BChEA) e as atividades absolutas de C4/5 (AC4/5) e de C OF (AC OF) mostraram altos coeficientes de correlações positivos com peso no grupo de CHE2 C5-, enquanto a atividade relativa do complexo C5 (RC5) mostrou correlação negativa com o peso. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo sugere que as correlações positivas das atividades da BChE com diabetes melito e com a resistência à insulina podem depender da variabilidade do loco CHE2. Altos valores nas atividades da BChE estão associados com a resistência à insulina somente nos pacientes diabéticos CHE2 C5-, enquanto nos pacientes diabéticos CHE2 C5+ a presença do complexo C5, especialmente em alta proporção relativa, leva a um menor estoque de gordura e à maior proteção contra a síndrome metabólica.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Colinesterases/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/enzimologia , /enzimologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Butirilcolinesterase/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , /sangue , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Fenótipo , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
Total butyrylcholinesterase activity (EC 3.1.1.8) was previously suggested as a marker for metabolic syndrome. The present study examined total butyrylcholinesterase activity and the relative and absolute activities of two butyrylcholinesterase electrophoretic bands (C(4/5) and C(OF) in 99 obese individuals (body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2) presenting the CHE2 C5- phenotype of the CHE2 gene. Anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical variables already associated with metabolic syndrome were also examined. The data from these obese individuals of the CHE2 C5- phenotype show that total butyrylcholinesterase activity and the absolute activities of the C(4/5) and C(OF) electrophoretic bands are associated with metabolic syndrome and with variables related to it. These butyrylcholinesterase activities do not behave as independent risk factors for metabolic syndrome, but can be considered as secondary markers for this syndrome in obese individuals with the CHE2 C5- phenotype.
Assuntos
Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Butirilcolinesterase/genética , Colinesterases/genética , Variação Genética , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/genética , Fenótipo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities (total and band specific) and body mass index (BMI) in obese and nonobese individuals, considering other variables (anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal) and the leanness process. SUBJECTS: Obese (BMI> or =30 kg/m(2); N=181) and nonobese individuals (N=265), classified according to the CHE2 locus phenotypes, with the obese patients being followed-up when submitted to a weight-loss program. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric (weight, height, BMI, waist, waist/hip ratio-WHR, triceps and subscapular skinfolds, percentage of body fat and arterial pressures), hormonal (insulin, estradiol-E(2), triiodothyronine-T(3) and thyroxine-T(4)) and biochemical (glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, uric acid, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and BChE activities) variables. RESULTS: Although obese CHE2 C5- individuals presented higher mean BChE activities than their CHE2 C5- controls and diminished mean activities with leanness, similar comparisons did not show any difference in the CHE2 C5+ group. Furthermore, the mean serum potassium values of obese individuals were significantly higher in the CHE2 C5+ than in the CHE2 C5- phenotype. The BChE activities were less related to BMI in obese CHE2 C5- individuals than in their controls. In the CHE2 C5- obese group, significant regression coefficients were found between BChE activity variables and BMI (+), ethnic origin (higher in Euro-Brazilians), sex (higher in males), diastolic pressure (-), triceps skinfold (+), total cholesterol (+), T(3) (+) and E(2) (-). The main findings in the CHE2 C5+ obese group: mean insulin levels decreased with leanness and a significant correlation was detected between the C(5) complex activity and creatinine (+), insulin (-) and WHR (-); a significantly higher frequency of weight loss occurred compared to the CHE2 C5- group. CONCLUSION: In the present study, different relations between obesity and some of the studied variables were found when CHE2 C5+ and CHE2 C5- individuals were compared.
Assuntos
Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Colinesterases/genética , Obesidade/enzimologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Fenótipo , Análise de Regressão , Redução de PesoRESUMO
The butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) activities of two electrophoretic bands of the CHE2 C5+ phenotype--C5 and C(OF) (other forms)--were quantified by densitometry in 100 individuals. The activity data suggested that, in addition to determining C5, the CHE2*C5+ allele also increases the level of other BChE forms. Since the relative activity of C5 showed the highest correlation coefficient with weight when compared with the other BChE activity variables (total, absolute C5, and absolute C(OF)), its median activity level was used for the classification of CHE2 C5+ phenotypes (faint and intense). Mean body mass index (BMI) was compared among the CHE2 locus phenotypes-controlled by sex, age, and ethnic group. It was shown that the intense CHE2 C5+ phenotype presents a significantly lower (p < 0.001) mean BMI (23.2) than the other phenotypes (faint CHE2 C5+ = 25.2; CHE2 C5- = 25.4). It seems that the relative COF activity is positively associated with fat storage, since CHE2 C5- and faint CHE2 C5+ phenotypes showed higher mean BMI than the intense CHE2 C5+ phenotype. Our hypothesis is that the presence of C5 in a relatively high proportion leads to less fat storage.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Butirilcolinesterase/genética , Colinesterases/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Obesidade/genética , Magreza/genética , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Brasil/epidemiologia , Cromossomos Humanos Par 3/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Fenótipo , Análise de Regressão , Caracteres Sexuais , Magreza/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Farmers exposed to pesticides and classified as mildly poisoned and controls on the basis of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were examined for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) genetic variability. The mildly poisoned group showed a significantly higher frequency of non-usual phenotypes (13.1%) than the control group (1.7%). These phenotypes showed a relative risk (RR) of 8.8 of erythrocyte AChE inhibition when compared to the usual phenotype. Among the subjects with the usual phenotype, the CHF2 C5- phenotype was more frequent in the mildly poisoned group (94.3%) than in the control group (81.0%), leading to an RR of 3.9 when compared to the CHE2 C5+ phenotype. When the total sample was classified into two groups (usual CHE2 C5+ and other phenotypes), the usual CHE2 C5+ phenotype was found to be responsible for a preventive fraction of about 14% of the cases of mild poisoning. The present data suggest that BChE genetic variability offers differential protection against erythrocyte AChE inhibition.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/genética , Butirilcolinesterase/genética , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Eritrócitos/enzimologia , Variação Genética , Praguicidas/farmacologia , Acetilcolinesterase/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/induzido quimicamente , Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/enzimologia , Colinesterases/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
A 38 year old Asian Indian female with a history of prolonged succinylcholine-induced apnoea was shown to have negligible levels of serum cholinesterase as determined by the dibucaine number test and quantitative enzyme estimation by the modified Ellman method. Electrophoresis of the patients's serum on a 5-20 percent gradient gel stained with Fast Red TR and O-naphthyl acetate detected no cholinesterase inesterase gene in this individual. A family study was initiated to include 19 other members; a similar pattern of cholinesterase activity could be demonstrated in a sister of proband. Western blotting was performed on the sera of the two sisters and selected family members. The cholinesterase antigenic banding pattern of the sisters' sera expressing the 'silent' gene was similar to controls, with additional bands. The cholinesterase gene segregating in this family correspond to the Type II 'silent' gene was similar to controls, with additional bands. The cholinesterse gene segregating in this family correspond to the Type II 'silent' gene variant which has about 3 percent of usual enzyme activity (AU)
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Apneia/etiologia , Succinilcolina/efeitos adversos , Colinesterases/genética , Western Blotting , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
The relation between the level or the quality of serum cholinesterase and susceptibility to succinylcholine-induced apnea is significant because the abnormality resides in a low affinity variant rather than in a quantitative deficiency. A population study was undertaken in Trinidad to determine the pattern of the cholinesterase phenotype, using quantitative biochemical tests and the dibucaine number. Of 1290 subjects, 567 were African, 418 were Indian, 237 were of mixed lineage, and 68 belonged to the minority races. The dibucaine number did not differ between races or sexes. Of the population, 98.5% had normal enzyme characteristics. Indians had the highest values for the dibucaine number and the enzyme activity. Cholinesterase was significantly higher in African and mixed males. The homozygous atypical gene was not detected, but the frequency of the heterozygous "atypical" variant was highest in the minority races and lowest in Africans. Two sisters of Indian descent demonstrated the presence of the silent gene.
Assuntos
Colinesterases/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colinesterases/sangue , Dibucaína , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio con el objeto de determinar las alteraciones en los niveles de Acetilcolinesterasa Eritrocitaria (AChE) ante la exposición crónica a plaguicidas organofosforados (OF) en la población de la Colonia Tovar. El grupo experimental se constituyó con 55 pobladores, 44 mujeres y 11 hombres, asintomáticos con más de 10 años de residencia en la zona y sin contacto laboral ni doméstico con plaguicidas OF en ese tiempo. El grupo control fue conformado por 28 individuos, 17 hombres y 11 mujeres, residentes de Caracas; sin exposición a plaguicidas y asintomáticos. En ambos grupos se determinó la actividad de AChE y el análisis estadístico arrojó los siguientes resultados: los valores de AChE del grupo experimental fue de 11.713,64 ñ 1.175,09 U/l y para el grupo control fue de 10.812,57 U/l. Los resultados del grupo experimental fueron significativamente mayores que los del grupo control, lo cual contrasta con los hallazgos esperados. Para explicar estos resultados se propone un mecanismo de regulación genética que ha de funcionar como factor de la exposición repetida a agentes anticolinesterasa y se deja la puerta abierta para investigaciones más especializadas
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Colinesterases/genética , Colinesterases/fisiologia , Eritrócitos/fisiologia , Praguicidas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Esterase profiles were examined for over 40 populations of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, obtained from native and cultivated plant hosts worldwide. Twelve unique electromorphs were identified from distinct populations concentrated largely in Central America, Africa, and India. One electromorph, type B, has recently been proposed as a separated species, Bemisia argentifolii, and has recently spread throughout much of the world. When considered with evidence from mating studies and the ability to induce phytotoxic disorders (squash silverleaf disorder), our data suggest that the single taxon Bemisia tabaci may actually represent a species complex.
Assuntos
Esterases/química , Insetos/enzimologia , Alelos , Animais , Ásia , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/análise , Hidrolases de Éster Carboxílico/genética , Colinesterases/análise , Colinesterases/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Esterases/genética , Esterases/metabolismo , Insetos/classificação , Insetos/genética , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Oriente Médio , Fenótipo , Filogenia , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , América do SulRESUMO
This paper reports on the rarity of the atypical cholinesterase gene Ea in the Jamaican population, via experimentally observed specific activities and percentage inhibition by dibucaine.. Homozygotes for the abnormal enzyme may develop prolonged apnoea when the muscle relaxant suxamethonium is administered prior to surgery. A total of 499 subjects were studied; of these 240 had normal serum cholinesterase activity (2669 ñ 514 mU/ml of serum) and normal dibucaine number 88. The remaining 259 subjects had lower than normal activity (1422 ñ 259 mU/ml) but normal dibucaine number 87. Homozygous carriage of the atypical gene is associated with dibucaine numbers below 20. Based upon these findings, the ensuing apnoea often caused by the abnormal enzyme (Ea) is therefore expected to be very rare among Jamaicans: 25 percent of our 17 subjects who underwent suxamenthonium administration had low cholinesterase activity (1479 ñ 210 mU/ml) but had normal dibucaine number 89 and suffered prolonged apnoea, lasting from 30 to 78 minutes. These preliminary results suggest that the determination of cholinesterase activity and dibucaine numbers may not always be the most reliable criteria to differentiate the suxamenthonium-sensitive and -insensitive subjects (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Colinesterases/genética , Apneia/etiologia , SuccinilcolinaRESUMO
A sample of 251 Whites and 818 Non-Whites, from Curitiba (southern Brazil), was typed with a new method with the aim of estimating the frequency of the CHE1*F allele. The frequency of this allele did not differ between Whites (0.60 +/- 0.34%) and Non-Whites (0.49 +/- 0.17%), being estimated as 0.51 +/- 0.15% for the whole sample. The use of the inhibitors DL-propranolol and RO2-0683 with alpha-naphthylacetate as substrate (at 37 degrees C) was efficient for discriminating between the CHE1 U and CHE1 UF phenotypes.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Colinesterases/genética , Frequência do Gene/genética , População Branca/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Inibidores da Colinesterase/farmacologia , Colinesterases/sangue , Feminino , Técnicas Genéticas , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Naftóis , Fenótipo , Propranolol/farmacologia , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/farmacologiaRESUMO
Uma amostra de 689 doadores de sangue foi examinada com o objetivo de se avaliar a relaçäo entre o loco CHE2 da colinesterase do soro e o peso do adulto. Foi observada uma feqüência de 6,82% do fenótipo CH2 C5+. Os dados mostraram que a distribuiçäo do peso está positivamente correlacionada com a da atividade da colinesterase do soro em um dos fenótipos (CH2C5-), mostrando-se independente desta no outro (CHE2C5+)
Assuntos
Peso Corporal/genética , Colinesterases/genética , Fenótipo , Doadores de Sangue , Brasil , Colinesterases/sangueRESUMO
The frequency of the CHE1*K allele was estimated as 2.04 +/- 2.02% in a population sample from Southern Brazil. Previously reported estimates refer to the British population and are significantly higher than the present one. Our hypothesis is that the British frequencies may represent overestimates due to ascertainment conditions.
Assuntos
Colinesterases/genética , Frequência do Gene , Alelos , Brasil , Colinesterases/sangue , HumanosRESUMO
A distribuiçäo das variantes atípica e C5 da colinesterase do soro foi estudada em uma amostra de 127 indígenas Wayana-Apalai. O alelo CHE1*A näo foi detectado, e a freqüência do fenótipo C5+ foi estimada em 7,9%. Esses resultados säo comparados com os observados para outras populaçöes ameríndias
Assuntos
Humanos , Colinesterases/sangue , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Colinesterases/genética , Indígenas Norte-Americanos , América LatinaRESUMO
Frequencies of the CHE1*A allele were estimated in 84 Whites and 772 Negroids from a random sample of Salvador, Bahia. The overall frequency of this gene in Negroids was estimated as 0.842 +/- 0.233%. This indicates that this sample presents around 50 +/- 17% of White admixture and that the estimate of the risk of developing prolonged apnoea in individuals submitted to suxamethonium is around 0.035%, that is about 1 out of 2,900.
Assuntos
População Negra , Colinesterases/genética , População Branca , Alelos , Apneia/induzido quimicamente , Brasil , Colinesterases/sangue , Colinesterases/deficiência , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Gravidez , Risco , Succinilcolina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Frequencies of the CHE1*A allele were estimated on the basis of a sample of 999 Caucasians (1.5%) and 1,015 Negroids (0.84%) from Curitiba, Brazil. The frequency found in the Negroid subsample allows an estimate of 50 +/- 15% of Caucasoid admixture and an average gene flow in the white-black direction of the order of 5.6% per generation.
Assuntos
População Negra , Colinesterases/genética , População Branca , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Brasil , Criança , Colinesterases/sangue , Colinesterases/deficiência , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo Genético , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, N-acetyltransferase variation and the polymorphisms of alpha 1-antitrypsin, serum cholinesterase, paraoxonase, and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase were investigated in 180 Atacameño Indians from the North of Chile. The genetic predisposition of these individuals for possible atypical reactions against environmental agents and drugs, as well as general implications of these findings, are discussed.