RESUMO
Most infant botulism cases worldwide are due to botulinum toxin types A and B. Rarely, Clostridium botulinum strains that produce two serotypes (Ab, Ba, and Bf) have also been isolated from infant botulism cases. This is the first reported case of infant botulism due to C. botulinum type Af worldwide.
Assuntos
Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/genética , Toxinas Botulínicas/genética , Botulismo/diagnóstico , Botulismo/patologia , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Toxinas Botulínicas/metabolismo , Toxinas Botulínicas Tipo A/metabolismo , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Infant botulism is the most common form of human botulism; however, its transmission has not been completely explained yet. Some of the most recognized potential sources of Clostridium botulinum spores are the soil, dust, honey and medicinal herbs. In Argentina, 456 cases of infant botulism were reported between 1982 and 2007. C. botulinum type A was identified in 455 of these cases whereas type B was identified in just one case. However, in Argentina, types A, B, E, F, G, and Af have been isolated from environmental sources. It is not clearly known if strains isolated from infant botulism cases have different characteristics from strains isolated from other sources. During this study, 46 C. botulinum strains isolated from infant botulism cases and from environmental sources were typified according to phenotypic characteristics. Biochemical tests, antimicrobial activity, and haemagglutinin-negative botulinum neurotoxin production showed uniformity among all these strains. Despite the variability observed in the botulinum neurotoxin's binding to cellular receptors, no correlation was found between these patterns and the source of the botulinum neurotoxin. However, an apparent geographical clustering was observed, since strains isolated from Argentina had similar characteristics to those isolated from Italy and Japan, but different to those isolated from the United States.
Assuntos
Botulismo/microbiologia , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Argentina/epidemiologia , Toxinas Botulínicas/isolamento & purificação , Toxinas Botulínicas/metabolismo , Botulismo/epidemiologia , Clostridium botulinum/química , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Microbiologia Ambiental , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Glicoesfingolipídeos/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactente , Itália , Japão , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fenótipo , Ligação Proteica , Sorotipagem , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Infant botulism is the most common form of human botulism; however, its transmission has not been completely explained yet. Some of the most recognized potential sources of Clostridium botulinum spores are the soil, dust, honey and medicinal herbs. In Argentina, 456 cases of infant botulism were reported between 1982 and 2007. C. botulinum type A was identified in 455 of these cases whereas type B was identified in just one case. However, in Argentina, types A, B, E, F, G, and Af have been isolated from environmental sources. It is not clearly known if strains isolated from infant botulism cases have different characteristics from strains isolated from other sources. During this study, 46 C. botulinum strains isolated from infant botulism cases and from environmental sources were typified according to phenotypic characteristics. Biochemical tests, antimicrobial activity, and haemagglutinin-negative botulinum neurotoxin production showed uniformity among all these strains. Despite the variability observed in the botulinum neurotoxin's binding to cellular receptors, no correlation was found between these patterns and the source of the botulinum neurotoxin. However, an apparent geographical clustering was observed, since strains isolated from Argentina had similar characteristics to those isolated from Italy and Japan, but different to those isolated from the United States.
El botulismo del lactante es la forma más común del botulismo humano; sin embargo, su forma de transmisión no ha sido totalmente explicada. El suelo, el polvo ambiental, la miel y algunas hierbas medicinales son potenciales fuentes de esporas de Clostridium botulinum. Entre 1982 y 2007 se informaron en Argentina 456 casos de botulismo del lactante, 455 casos debidos al serotipo A y uno al serotipo B. Sin embargo, los serotipos A, B, E, F, G y Af han sido aislados de suelos y otras fuentes en Argentina. No se conoce si las cepas aisladas de casos de botulismo del lactante poseen características diferentes de las cepas aisladas de otras fuentes. Durante este estudio se caracterizaron 46 cepas de C. botulinum. Las pruebas bioquímicas y de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos y la producción de neurotoxina botulínica hemaglutinina-negativa mostraron uniformidad entre estas cepas. A pesar de la variabilidad observada respecto de la unión de la neurotoxina a receptores celulares, no se observó una correlación entre estos patrones de unión y la fuente de aislamiento. Sin embargo, se observó una aparente agrupación geográfica, ya que las cepas aisladas en Argentina tuvieron características similares a las observadas en las cepas aisladas en Italia y Japón, pero diferentes de las que se registraron en las cepas aisladas en los Estados Unidos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Botulismo/microbiologia , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Argentina/epidemiologia , Toxinas Botulínicas/isolamento & purificação , Toxinas Botulínicas/metabolismo , Botulismo/epidemiologia , Clostridium botulinum/química , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Microbiologia Ambiental , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Glicoesfingolipídeos/metabolismo , Itália , Japão , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fenótipo , Ligação Proteica , Sorotipagem , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The cluster of genes encoding components of the progenitor botulinum neurotoxin complex has been mapped and cloned in Clostridium botulinum type G strain ATCC 27322. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the region has revealed open reading frames encoding nontoxic components of the complex, upstream of the gene encoding BoNT/G (botG). The arrangement of these genes differs from that in strains of other antigenic toxin types. Immediately upstream of botG lies a gene encoding a protein of 1198 amino acids, which shows homology with the nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin (NTNH) component of the progenitor complex. Further upstream there are genes encoding proteins with homology to hemagglutinin components (HA-17, HA-70) and a putative positive regulator of gene expression (P-21). Sequence comparison has shown that BoNT/G has highest homology with BoNT/B. The sequence of the BoNT-cluster of genes in non-proteolytic C. botulinum type B strain Eklund 17B has been extended to include the complete NTNH and HA-17, and partial HA-70 gene sequences. Comparison of NTNH/G with other NTNHs reveals that it shows highest homology with NTNH/B consistent with the genealogical affinity shown between BoNT/G and BoNT/B genes.
Assuntos
Toxinas Botulínicas/genética , Clostridium botulinum/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Família Multigênica , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Clonagem Molecular , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Evolução Molecular , Hemaglutininas/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
The serological identification of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) subtypes has shown to be elusive when current standard serologic tests are used. Based on (1) the in vivo response expected on quantitative BoNT-antitoxin systems and (2) the actual and the hypothetical antigenic makeup of BoNT subtypes, a comprehensive method for BoNTs typing is proposed.
Assuntos
Toxinas Botulínicas/classificação , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Clostridium botulinum/químicaRESUMO
En noviembre de 1994 se recibió, en el Laboratorio de Anaerobicos del Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, una muestra de deposición de una lactante de dos meses de edad con el diagnóstico presuntivo de botulismo infantil. La muestra fus sembrada en los medios de cultivo correspondientes y en atmósfera anaerobia hasta obtener un cultivo puro. Este fue sometido a diferentes pruebas bioquímicas, las cuales fueron coincidentes con Clostridium botulinum grupo I. POsteriormente se procedió a confirmar el diagnóstico realizando el test de patogenicidad y neutralización en ratones CF-1. En base a los resultados observados se concluyó que la cepa aislada correspondía a clostridium botulinum grupo I tipo A, lo cual fue confirmado por el Centers for Disease Control de Atlanta. Este fue el primer aislamiento de C. botulinum a partir de una muestra clínica en Chile
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , Camundongos , Animais , Botulismo/diagnóstico , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Toxinas Botulínicas/classificação , Antitoxina Botulínica , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Evolução Clínica , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Clostridium botulinum/patogenicidade , Meios de Cultura , Fezes/microbiologia , Testes de NeutralizaçãoRESUMO
Nesta revisäo bibliográfica säo apresentados, em ordem cronológica, as principais descobertas sobre o Clostridium botulinum, suas principais características, as manifestaçöes clínicas e o diagnóstico do botulismo, bem como o isolamento da bactéria. Também säo feitos comentários sobre os principais fatores no controle do desenvolvimento de Clostridium botulinum em alimentos
Assuntos
Botulismo/patologia , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Microbiologia de AlimentosRESUMO
On the basis of 686 analyses of 285 strains of Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium argentinense (formerly C. botulinum type G), and phenotypically related organisms, 14 cellular fatty acid (CFA) groups of toxic organisms and 6 CFA groups of nontoxic organisms were delineated. The CFA groups of toxic strains included two of type A, three of proteolytic strains of type B, two of proteolytic strains of type F, one each of nonproteolytic strains of types B, E, and F, and one each of types C alpha, C beta, and D and C. argentinense. The groups of phenotypically similar nontoxic strains included Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium putrificum, nontoxic strains with phenotypic characteristics similar to those of nonproteolytic strains of C. botulinum types B, E, and F (BEF-like), two groups of nontoxigenic organisms with phenotypic characteristics similar to those of C. botulinum types C and D and Clostridium novyi (CDN-like), and Clostridium subterminale, which has phenotypic characteristics similar to those of C. argentinense. Within the toxin types, 89 to 100% of the strains were correctly identified by CFA analysis, and 74 to 100% of the analyses were correct. Of 36 strains of C. sporogenes, 30 (83%) were correctly identified; 17% of the strains of C. sporogenes were incorrectly identified as C. botulinum type A or B. All analyses of C. putrificum and C. subterminale were correctly identified. There was no significant level of similarity between strains of C. botulinum and phenotypically similar organisms and 85 other species of clostridia or 407 other taxa of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the one strain each of Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum previously reported to produce C. botulinum toxin could be differentiated from C.botulinum types as well as from strains of C. baratii and C. butyricum that did not produce neurotoxin.
Assuntos
Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Clostridium/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Toxinas Bacterianas/análise , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Clostridium/classificação , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Humanos , Peptídeo Hidrolases/análise , Fenótipo , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Se realizaron exámenes bacteriológicos en materiales de necropsia de cinco animales muertos con diagnóstico clínico de botulismo bovino, enfermedad enzoótica regional llamada Mal de Aguapey (Provincia de Corrientes). Se identificó C. botulinum tipo D o su toxina en todos los animales, alternativamente en contenidos de rumen, yeyuno, íleon y ciego, y en muestras obtenidas de bazo, riñon e hígado. C. botulinum tipo A fue identificado, respectivamente, en hígado y riñón de dos animales. En los cultivos de cien muestras de diferentes tipos de suelo tomados en el área enzoótica, se identificó toxina butulínica sólo del tipo A en tres y en ninguna tipo D. Estos resultados amplían y confirman los hallazgos previos realizados sobre la etiología botulínica del Mal de Aguapey
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Botulismo/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/etiologia , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Toxinas Botulínicas/análise , Argentina , Botulismo/patologia , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Fósforo/análise , Sorotipagem , Solo/análiseRESUMO
Se realizaron exámenes bacteriológicos en materiales de necropsia de cinco animales muertos con diagnóstico clínico de botulismo bovino, enfermedad enzoótica regional llamada Mal de Aguapey (Provincia de Corrientes). Se identificó C. botulinum tipo D o su toxina en todos los animales, alternativamente en contenidos de rumen, yeyuno, íleon y ciego, y en muestras obtenidas de bazo, riñon e hígado. C. botulinum tipo A fue identificado, respectivamente, en hígado y riñón de dos animales. En los cultivos de cien muestras de diferentes tipos de suelo tomados en el área enzoótica, se identificó toxina butulínica sólo del tipo A en tres y en ninguna tipo D. Estos resultados amplían y confirman los hallazgos previos realizados sobre la etiología botulínica del Mal de Aguapey (AU)
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Botulismo/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/etiologia , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Toxinas Botulínicas/análise , Solo/análise , Fósforo/análise , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Sorotipagem , Botulismo/patologia , ArgentinaRESUMO
Bacteriological studies were carried out on several necropsy samples from five animals whose deaths had been attributed to bovine botulism. This disease, regionally called Mal de Aguapey, enzootically affects animals from a wide area of the north-east of Argentina (Province of Corrientes) with a bovine population estimated at near to 2,500,000. Either C. botulinum type D, its toxin or both were identified in all animal samples, alternatively in contents of rumen, jejunum, ileum, caecum and in samples of spleen, liver and kidney (Table 1). C. botulinum type A was isolated respectively from the liver and the kidney of two animals. Cultures of 100 soil samples taken in the enzootic area were positive only for C. botulinum type A (3%). These results enlarge and confirm previous findings and lend support to the botulinic etiology of the Mal de Aguapey.
Assuntos
Toxinas Botulínicas/isolamento & purificação , Botulismo/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Argentina , Autopsia , Botulismo/microbiologia , Bovinos , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
Twenty-three strains of Clostridium argentinense, C. subterminale, C. hastiforme, and other phenotypically similar asaccharolytic clostridia recently placed in seven DNA hybridization groups were compared by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. The three nontoxigenic strains of C. argentinense were most closely related to the toxigenic strains of this species. All nine toxigenic strains of C. argentinense belonging to a single DNA hybridization group had identical enzyme types on the basis of nine enzymes. All other strains except for two derived from the type strain of C. subterminale were differentiable. Overall, there was excellent agreement between DNA relatedness and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis results.
Assuntos
Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Clostridium/classificação , Enzimas/genética , Clostridium/enzimologia , Clostridium/genética , Clostridium botulinum/enzimologia , Clostridium botulinum/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido/métodos , FenótipoRESUMO
The production of a protein insoluble at low temperature ("cryoprotein"), by cultures of Clostridium botulinum type G has been shown to be a metabolic characteristic also shared by C. botulinum type C and by C. subterminale. These new cryoproteins have been purified and some of their chemical and immunological properties studied. It was found that both proteins were chemically very similar among themselves and to the cryoprotein isolated from C. botulinum type G. All these proteins are formed by a single polypeptide chain of approximately Mr = 180,000, with closely related amino acid compositions, isoelectric points and do not contain either free cysteine or disulfide bridges. Homologous and heterologous radioimmunoassays established the existence of an antigenic similitude among the cryoproteins from C. botulinum type G and C. subterminale thus becoming the first purified antigens which relate both bacterial species. If the production of cryoproteins can be shown to be a generalized phenomenon within the genus Clostridium these substances would provide an important tool to examine immunological and genetical relatedness between strains in this bacterial group.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Proteínas de Bactérias , Clostridium botulinum/metabolismo , Clostridium/metabolismo , Crioglobulinas/biossíntese , Aminoácidos/análise , Antígenos de Bactérias/biossíntese , Antígenos de Bactérias/imunologia , Cromatografia em Gel , Clostridium/classificação , Clostridium/imunologia , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Clostridium botulinum/imunologia , Reações Cruzadas , Crioglobulinas/imunologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Testes de Neutralização , Radioimunoensaio , SolubilidadeRESUMO
In December 1982 an outbreak of foodborne botulism presumably produced by the ingestion of home-made pickled trout occurred in San Rafael, province of Mendoza, Argentina. The toxin detected in blood serum and feces samples of the sole affected patient was preliminarily typed as a plain type A. A strain of Clostridium botulinum was isolated from feces which, after culture by the dialysis method, produced 1 x 10(7) LD50/mouse per ml. Quantitative neutralization tests carried out at different levels of toxin concentration, showed that this toxin consists of a major type A antigenic component (about 99% of the complex) and a minor type F component, defining its identity as a subtype Af. A rabbit antiserum obtained from this toxin neutralizes A and F reference toxins. Despite the antitoxic and supportive treatment, the patient died as a consequence of the poisoning. The polyvalent antiserum administered contained A, B and E antitoxins. Death could be due to the lethal effect of the A fraction, the F fraction or to a combined effect of both toxic components of the toxin. This is the first detection of an outbreak produced by C. botulinum subtype Af, serotype described in Argentina fifteen years ago, and not detected until now in other parts of the world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Botulismo/microbiologia , Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Adulto , Argentina , Toxinas Botulínicas/análise , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Strain 657 has been described as a toxin variant of Clostridium botulinum type B. Toxin neutralization tests performed with types B and A botulinum antitoxins of known potency, avidity and specificity at 20, 200, 2.000 and 20.000 DL50/mouse level of testing have shown that 657 toxin is a mixture of B (90 to 99% of the complex) and A antigenic fractions. The possibility of a cross contamination between A and B serotypes has been, in principle, ruled out through the serologic screening of 33 toxin samples coming one each from 33 well isolated colonies taken from two colony variants of this strain. Strain 657 produces a new complex toxin and is proposed as the candidate for the prototype of a new C. botulinum serotype: subtype Ba.
Assuntos
Clostridium botulinum/classificação , Animais , Antitoxina Botulínica , Toxinas Botulínicas/análise , Clostridium botulinum/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Testes de Neutralização , Sorotipagem , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Two new strains of Clostridium botulinum subtype Af have been isolated from soil samples of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Some serological and other biological properties of these new isolates have been studied in comparison with the prototype 84-SC2 strain. No differences in morphology and biochemical activities were found among these three so far known strains of this subtype. Neither serologic differences have been recorded, suggesting that the bispecificity and the type A to type F serologic ratio (A:F) is a stable genetic trait of subtype Af. The three strains were found in well separated areas. None of the type A strains isolated either from soil samples or from human botulism outbreaks in Mendoza have shown such a high degree of toxigenicity as that shown by Af strains. All these facts suggest that this peculiar type is not the product of a recent genetic relationship between types A and F. Rather, it represents a stable type in nature.