RESUMO
Aluminum (Al) is widely used for water purification, cooking pots, cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations, toothpaste tubes, and food processing industries. Although the transport in the digestive tract is very poor but if the load is high, it can be absorbed and accumulated. About 50-70% of Al accumulates in the bones and can have an impact on human health. Resveratrol (RES), isolated from tempeh as an Indonesian food ingredient, can increase cell viability and has promising cytoprotective effects. RES has the capacity to interact with oxidative stress, so it has the potential as a therapy in bone repair. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of RES on the number of osteocytes and bone marrow cells in Al-induced mice. Swiss Webster mice were divided into four groups: (1) untreated groups, (2) AlCl3 -treated groups, (3) Al+Res5 treated groups, and (4) Al+Res10 treated groups. Al dose 200 mg/kg body weight was administered intraperitoneally. RES was given one hour after administration of Al, with doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg Body Weight. Al and RES administration is carried out for one month. All mice were sacrificed, and mouse bones were isolated for histological preparations and a half for genotoxic assays. Bone marrow cells were collected and stained with My Grunwald. The number of micronuclei polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) was examined in 1,000 PCEs per animal. The number of PCEs is counted by at least 200 erythrocytes (PCE + NCE) per animal. The results showed that the administration of Al significantly increased the number of micronuclei (MN) but after administration of RES at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg Body Weight significantly reduced the number of MN in bone marrow cells. A dose of RES 10 mg/kg BW stimulates proliferation and increases the number of osteocytes in bone significantly. It can be concluded that Al can cause genotoxicity in bone marrow cells and RES is anti-genotoxic and can stimulate osteocyte proliferation.
O alumínio (Al) é amplamente utilizado para purificação de água, panelas, preparações cosméticas e farmacêuticas, tubos de pasta de dente e indústrias de processamento de alimentos. Embora o transporte no trato digestivo seja escasso, se a carga for alta, pode ser, todavia, absorvida e acumulada. Cerca de 50-70% do Al se acumula nos ossos e pode ter impacto na saúde humana. O resveratrol (RES), isolado do tempê indonésio como ingrediente alimentar, pode aumentar a viabilidade celular e tem efeitos citoprotetores promissores. O RES possui a capacidade de interagir com o estresse oxidativo, e por essa razão pode ser utilizado como terapia no reparo ósseo. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do RES no número de osteócitos e células da medula óssea em camundongos induzidos por Al. Camundongos Swiss Webster (SW) foram divididos em quatro grupos: (1) grupos não tratados, (2) grupos tratados com AlCl3 , (3) grupos tratados com Al+Res5 e (4) grupos tratados com Al+Res10. Uma dose de 200 mg/kg de peso corporal foi administrada por via intraperitoneal. O RES foi administrado uma hora após a administração do Al, nas doses de 5 e 10 mg/kg de peso corporal. A administração de Al e RES foi realizada por um mês. Todos os camundongos foram sacrificados, e os ossos dos camundongos foram isolados para preparações histológicas e meio para ensaios genotóxicos. As células da medula óssea foram coletadas e coradas com My Grunwald. O número de eritrócitos policromáticos micronúcleos (MNPCE) foi examinado em 1.000 PCEs por animal. O número de PCEs foi contado por pelo menos 200 eritrócitos (PCE + NCE) por animal. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de Al aumentou significativamente o número de micronúcleos (MN), mas após a administração de RES nas doses de 5 e 10 mg/kg de peso corporal reduziu significativamente o número de MN nas células da medula óssea. Uma dose de RES de 10 mg/kg BW estimula a proliferação e aumenta significativamente o número de osteócitos no osso. Dessa forma, pôde-se concluir que o Al pode causar genotoxicidade em células da medula óssea e o RES é antigenotóxico e pode estimular a proliferação de osteócitos.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Osteócitos , Células da Medula Óssea/ultraestrutura , Resveratrol , Cloreto de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Testes de MutagenicidadeRESUMO
Aluminum (Al) is a neurotoxicant agent implicated in several behavioral, neuropathological and neurochemical changes associated with cognitive impairments. Nevertheless, mechanisms of damage and safety concentrations are still very discussed. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate whether two aluminum low doses were able to produce deleterious effects on cognition of adult rats, including oxidative stress in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, two important areas for cognition. For this, thirty adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Al1 (8.3 mg/kg/day), Al2 (32 mg/kg/day) and Control (Ultrapure Water), in which all three groups received their solutions containing or not AlCl3 by intragastric gavage for 60 days. After the experimental period, the short- and long-term memories were assessed by the object recognition test and step-down inhibitory avoidance. After euthanizing, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus samples were dissected for Al levels measurement and evaluation of oxidative biochemistry. Only Al2 increased Al levels in hippocampal parenchyma significantly; both concentrations did not impair short-term memory, while long-term memory was affected in Al1 and Al2. In addition, oxidative stress was observed in prefrontal and hippocampus in Al1 and Al2. Our results indicate that, in a translational perspective, humans are subjected to deleterious effects of Al over cognition even when exposed to low concentrations, by triggering oxidative stress and poor long-term memory performance.
Assuntos
Cloreto de Alumínio/toxicidade , Alumínio/toxicidade , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndromes Neurotóxicas , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Alumínio/análise , Cloreto de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Cloreto de Alumínio/análise , Animais , Hipocampo/química , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Memória de Longo Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/metabolismo , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/fisiopatologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Introduction: Aluminium, a ubiquitous metal implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases is linked to activation of free oxygen species. The antioxidant-rich plants, Moringa oleifera (MO) is reported to protect against Aluminium activities. This study investigated the actions of MO leaf extract (MOLE) against Aluminium chloride (AlCl3)- induced hippocampal cellular changes and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in adult Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar rats weighing between 150 g and 220 g were grouped (n=5) into; 1-control (5 mL/kg distilled water), 2-AlCl3 (100 mg/kg), 3-low dose MOLE (250 mg/kg), 4-high dose MOLE (1,000 mg/kg), 5-concurrent AlCl3 and low dose MOLE, and 6-concurrent AlCl3 and high dose MOLE. All administrations were by oral gavages for 21 days. On day 22, following deep anaesthesia and cardiac puncture, blood was obtained for serum enzyme analysis, and the brain perfusion fixed, harvested and processed for histological study.Results: Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher ALP level in the AlCl3 group compared with the control, as well as the other test groups. However, there was no significant (p > 0.05) AST and ALT levels. The hippocampal CA3 of the AlCl3 group showed hypertrophic cells, with some of the cells having karyorrhectic features. The concurrent AlCl3 and low and high doses, MOLE groups showed less of these adverse features.Conclusion: These results suggest that MOLE may protect enzymatic activities against Aluminium chloride. However, its action on hippocampus is still subject to further investigation.
Introducción: El aluminio, un metal presente en diversos lugares implicado en algunas enfermedades neurodegenerativas, está relacionado con la activación de especies reactivas de oxígeno. Se informa que las plantas ricas en antioxidantes, Moringa oleifera (MO) protegen contra la acción del aluminio. Este estudio investigó las acciones del extracto de hoja de MO (MOLE) en los cambios celulares del hipocampo inducidos por el cloruro de aluminio (AlCl3) y los niveles séricos de fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), aspartato transaminasa (AST) y alanina transaminasa (ALT) en ratas Wistar adultas.Materiales y métodos: SE utilizaron treinta ratas Wistar divididas en 5 grupos, los animales pesaban entre 150 gy 220 g; 1 control (5 ml / kg de agua destilada), 2-AlCl3 (100 mg / kg), 3 MOLE de dosis baja (250 mg / kg), 4 MOLE de dosis alta (1000 mg / kg), 5 AlCl3 concurrente y MOLE de dosis baja, y MOLE 6-concurrente y MOLE de dosis alta. Todas las administraciones fueron por sonda oral durante 21 días. El día 22, después de la anestesia profunda y la punción cardíaca, se obtuvo sangre para el análisis de las enzimas séricas y la perfusión cerebral se fijó, recogió y procesó para el estudio histológico.Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un nivel de ALP significativamente (p <0.05) más alto en el grupo AlCl3 en comparación con el control, así como en los otros grupos de prueba. Sin embargo, no hubo niveles significativos (p> 0.05) de AST y ALT. El hipocampo CA3 del grupo AlCl3 mostró células hipertróficas, y algunas de las células tenían características cariorrecticas. Los grupos de AlCl3 concurrentes y dosis bajas y altas, MOLE mostraron menos de estas características adversas.Conclusión: Estos resultados sugieren que MOLE puede proteger las actividades enzimáticas contra el cloruro de aluminio. Sin embargo, su acción sobre el hipocampo aún está sujeta a más investigaciones.
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Moringa oleifera/anatomia & histologia , Cloreto de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Hipocampo/anatomia & histologia , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Topical application of aluminum-chloride phthalocyanine (AlClPc) is a challenge because of the drug's extremely low solubility, which prevents its absorption into deeper skin layers and causes molecule aggregation, reducing the photophysical effect. The goal of this study was to obtain a formulation applied in a certain condition that would allow homogeneous accumulation of AlClPc in cutaneous tissues, meaning a safer and non-invasive topical treatment for skin tumors based on photodynamic therapy. We first prepared and characterized AlClPc complexes with cyclodextrin to increase the photosensitizing agent solubility. The inclusion complex of AlClPc with hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ßCD) amplified its loading dose in aqueous medium and maintained its photosensitizing properties in terms of reactive oxygen species production. Assays to determine the complex's in vitro cytotoxicity against murine melanoma skin cancer cells showed that when irradiated, the complex significantly reduced cell viability, whereas the absence of irradiation did not affect cell viability. Three physical techniques for permeation enhancement (i.e., tape-stripping abrasion, microneedle pretreatment and iontophoresis) were then evaluated. When applied in impaired skin, the complex could not increase drug penetration. The skin penetration of AlClPc, however, increased 2.3-fold following iontophoresis application in a shorter period compared to passive permeation. Therefore, these results suggest the administration of complexed AlClPc mediated by iontophoresis, followed by application of photodynamic therapy, might be an effective and non-invasive alternative for topical treatment of cutaneous tumors.