RESUMO
Background: The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is also known as the quaker parrot and belongs to the order Psittaciformes in the family Psittacidae. The cloaca is a posterior orifice common to reproductive, digestive and urinary systems and the cloacal prolapse is the displacement or inversion of its anatomic position. Nowadays, the non-conventional pet market in Brazil is rapidly growing, which demands more skills and competences from an avian veterinarian. This study case has as its main objective to present a 40-day-old monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) with cloacal prolapse, treated using the cloacoplasty technique. It is important to mention that the occurrence of cloacal prolapse in this species and in such an early age is uncommon. Case: The patient presented 1 day before the physical examination an increased volume in the cloacal region and hematochezia, and diagnosed as cloacal prolapse. For the treatment, wounds were washed using physiological saline solution, ice and sugar were applied in order to reduce the edema, and mineral oil was used for repositioning the cloacal mucosa. Finally, local anesthesia was applied and 2 isolated contralateral sutures were done with the objective of reducing the sphincter's diameter, without compromising the flow of urine and feces. The monk parakeet was treated with antibiotic Avitrin® [oxytetracycline hydrochloride - 8.1 mg/mL] and a vermifuge [mebendazole 50 mg/mL]. A sample of feces was also obtained and sent to the Laboratory of Avian Pathology Diagnosis. The patient was discharged after 7 days of the treatment, obtaining a favorable result with no further complications. Discussion: The results of the coproparasitological examination were negative for the samples analyzed; nevertheless, the possibility of a false negative result cannot be totally dismissed. Cloacal prolapse may be related to cases of hypersexual disorder or overexertion to defecate due to intestinal parasites, posture, polyps, enteritis, neoplasm or cloacal hyperplasia. Besides that, endoparasitism is common in captive birds. For the correct treatment, proceed with a cloacoplasty, in which 1 or 2 simple sutures are made separated laterally in both sides, promoting the narrowing of the orifice. The surgeries such as the cloacoplasty are currently being defended, but in most cases as an adjuvant therapy. Cloacal prolapse in birds is a disease considered as an intestinal emergency. The techniques presented in this work demand sedation or anesthesia for the patient, which were not authorized by the tutor due to the high risk involved. However, due to the characteristic of domestication and docile behavior of the bird, it was possible to perform the 2 sutures with a local anesthetic block only. Cloacal prolapse is relatively common in adult psittacine birds, but uncommon in monk parakeets and young birds. The treatment performed was effective for the monk-parakeet presented in this study case. The authors, however, would like to strongly reinforce the need to identify the cause of cloacal prolapse in order to properly treat it. The importance of correctly identifying the anatomy of a psittacine bird as well as applying precisely the suture techniques are the most important conclusions obtained, making both the identification of the problem and its solution through surgical intervention a simpler and successful process.
Assuntos
Animais , Periquitos/cirurgia , Prolapso , Suturas/veterinária , Cloaca/cirurgia , Cloaca/patologia , ParasitosRESUMO
Psittacid herpesvirus (PsHV) was isolated from 41 birds kept in captivity in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais/Brazil using chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) cell cultures. For this study, leukocytes or cloacal swabs of live birds were used. Also, portions of liver, spleen or kidney from birds collected at necropsy were utilized for these tests. PCR tests confirmed the presence of PsHV in 100% of samples. Thirty-three of the PCR products were sequenced and the results disclosed a 99% and 100% identity when compared with other sequences PsHV-1 (AY372243.1 and AF261756.1), previously deposited in GenBank. In addition, histopathology was performed and 19 of the 29 birds contained random multifocal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis with necrotic foci, suggestive of viral infection. Three samples were examined by electron microscopy to visualize the viral particles obtained from cell culture. The viral structures measured 269 nm in average, had envelopes with an icosahedral capsid and tegument, consistent with herpesvirus. Thus, a total of 41 isolates were obtained from PsHV cell cultivation in CEF, confirming the circulation of the virus between parrots kept in captivity in Belo Horizonte, and affirming the importance of further studies in this area.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/virologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária , Herpesviridae/isolamento & purificação , Leucócitos/virologia , Papagaios/virologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Brasil , Células Cultivadas , Embrião de Galinha , Cloaca/patologia , Cloaca/virologia , DNA Viral/genética , Fibroblastos/virologia , Herpesviridae/genética , Herpesviridae/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Leucócitos/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/virologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Baço/patologia , Baço/virologiaRESUMO
Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de Campylobacter em granjas e abatedouro avícolas, foram coletadas, em três granjas avícolas, 120 amostras de swab cloacal (n=30), de cama de frango (n=30), de ração (n=30) e de água dos bebedouros (n=30). Também colheram-se, em um abatedouro, 126 amostras de água (n=36), de pele do conjunto peito/pescoço (n=30), de fígado (n=30) e de moela (n=30). Isolou-se Campylobacter em 40 (33,3%) amostras das granjas. Em análise das frequências dos isolados de Campylobacter nas granjas, observou-se que 29 (96,6%) amostras de swab cloacal, dez (33,3%) amostras de cama e uma (3,3%) amostra de água foram positivas para Campylobacter. Identifiou-se Campylobacter jejuni em 33 (82,5%) cepas isoladas nas granjas. No abatedouro, as onze (8,73%) cepas isoladas foram identificadas como C. jejuni. Em análise das frequências dos isolados de C. jejuni no abatedouro, observou-se que dez (27,8%) amostras de água provenientes da calha de evisceração foram positivas para C. jejuni, seguida pela moela, com uma (3,3%) amostra positiva. As principais fontes de contaminação nas granjas foram as fezes, a cama e, em menor escala, a água. Os principais pontos críticos observados no abatedouro foram a água proveniente da calha de evisceração, seguida pela moela coletada no minitanque de resfriamento.(AU)
The aim of the present study was to observe the occurrence of Campylobacter in chicken farms and in a slaughterhouse. A total of 120 samples were collected in three chicken farms: cloacal swabs (n=30), poultry litter (n=30), feed (n=30) and water (n=30) samples. In the slaughterhouse, 126 samples were collected: water samples (n=36), neck and chest skins (n=30), livers (n=30) and gizzards (n=30). Campylobacter was isolated in 40 (33.33%) chicken farm samples: 29 (96.6%) cloacal swabs, ten (33.3%) poultry litter and one (3.3%) water sample. Campylobacter jejuni was identified in 33 (82.5%) strains from chicken farms. In the slaugtherhouse, all the eleven (8.73%) isolated strains were identified as C. jejuni: ten (27.8%) water samples and one (3.3%) gizzard sample. The main contamination sources in chicken farms were the cloacal swabs, the poultry litter and, in small proportion, the water. In the slaughterhouse, the main critical points were the water from poultry evisceration and the gizzard collected from the small cooling tank.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Campylobacter/patogenicidade , Aves Domésticas/classificação , Matadouros/classificação , Virulência , Cloaca/patologia , Amostras de ÁguaRESUMO
Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de Campylobacter em granjas e abatedouro avícolas, foram coletadas, em três granjas avícolas, 120 amostras de swab cloacal (n=30), de cama de frango (n=30), de ração (n=30) e de água dos bebedouros (n=30). Também colheram-se, em um abatedouro, 126 amostras de água (n=36), de pele do conjunto peito/pescoço (n=30), de fígado (n=30) e de moela (n=30). Isolou-se Campylobacter em 40 (33,3%) amostras das granjas. Em análise das frequências dos isolados de Campylobacter nas granjas, observou-se que 29 (96,6%) amostras de swab cloacal, dez (33,3%) amostras de cama e uma (3,3%) amostra de água foram positivas para Campylobacter. Identifiou-se Campylobacter jejuni em 33 (82,5%) cepas isoladas nas granjas. No abatedouro, as onze (8,73%) cepas isoladas foram identificadas como C. jejuni. Em análise das frequências dos isolados de C. jejuni no abatedouro, observou-se que dez (27,8%) amostras de água provenientes da calha de evisceração foram positivas para C. jejuni, seguida pela moela, com uma (3,3%) amostra positiva. As principais fontes de contaminação nas granjas foram as fezes, a cama e, em menor escala, a água. Os principais pontos críticos observados no abatedouro foram a água proveniente da calha de evisceração, seguida pela moela coletada no minitanque de resfriamento.
The aim of the present study was to observe the occurrence of Campylobacter in chicken farms and in a slaughterhouse. A total of 120 samples were collected in three chicken farms: cloacal swabs (n=30), poultry litter (n=30), feed (n=30) and water (n=30) samples. In the slaughterhouse, 126 samples were collected: water samples (n=36), neck and chest skins (n=30), livers (n=30) and gizzards (n=30). Campylobacter was isolated in 40 (33.33%) chicken farm samples: 29 (96.6%) cloacal swabs, ten (33.3%) poultry litter and one (3.3%) water sample. Campylobacter jejuni was identified in 33 (82.5%) strains from chicken farms. In the slaugtherhouse, all the eleven (8.73%) isolated strains were identified as C. jejuni: ten (27.8%) water samples and one (3.3%) gizzard sample. The main contamination sources in chicken farms were the cloacal swabs, the poultry litter and, in small proportion, the water. In the slaughterhouse, the main critical points were the water from poultry evisceration and the gizzard collected from the small cooling tank.
Assuntos
Animais , Aves Domésticas/classificação , Campylobacter/patogenicidade , Matadouros/classificação , Amostras de Água , Cloaca/patologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Cause of mortality was studied in waterfowl in hypersaline playa lakes of southeast New Mexico during spring and fall migration. Mortality was not common in wild ducks resting on the playas during good weather. However, when birds remained on the lakes for prolonged periods of time, such as during experimental trials and stormy weather, a heavy layer of salt precipitated on their feathers. Sodium toxicity was the cause of death for all experimental mallards housed on playa water and for 50% of the wild waterfowl found moribund or dead during the spring of 1995. Gross lesions included heavy salt precipitation on the feathers, ocular lens opacities, deeply congested brains, and dilated, thin-walled, fluid-filled cloacae. Microscopic lesions in the more severely affected birds included liquefaction of ocular lens cortex with lens fiber swelling and multifocal to diffuse ulcerative conjunctivitis with severe granulocytic inflammation, edema, and granulocytic vasculitis resulting in thrombosis. Inflammation similar to that seen in the conjunctiva occasionally involved the mucosa of the mouth, pharynx, nasal turbinates, cloaca, and bursa. Transcorneal movement of water in response to the hypersaline conditions on the playa lakes or direct contact with salt crystals could induce anterior segment dehydration of the aqueous humor and increased osmotic pressure on the lens, leading to cataract formation.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/mortalidade , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Patos , Exposição Ambiental , Sódio/toxicidade , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Encéfalo/patologia , Cloaca/patologia , Conjuntivite/patologia , Conjuntivite/veterinária , Clima Desértico , Plumas/patologia , Água Doce , Geografia , Cristalino/patologia , New MexicoRESUMO
Ninety-five (97%) of 98 black siskins (Carduelis atrata) died within 2 months of arrival in Italy from South America with the following clinical sings: rapid weight loss, breast muscle atrophy, congested and distended abdomen, diarrhea, and lethargy. Macroscopically we observed hepato-splenomegaly, pulmonary congestion, and thickening of the interstinal wall. Histologically, lymphomonocytic transmural enteritis, interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates in the lungs and in the liver, as well as activation of splenic follicles were common features. Large numbers of protozoa belonging to Isospora sp. were observed in various stages of their life-cycle in the intestinal epithelium, and some zoites were found in the extra-intestinal cellular infiltrate as well. No viral or bacterial pathogens were found.