RESUMO
Nitric oxide synthase activity was recognized in rat renal cortex mitochondria (mtNOS) with nitric oxide (NO) production rates of 0.14-0.78 nmol/min/mg of protein. Rat pretreatment with enalapril (30 mg/kg/day i.p., up to 15 days) increased NO production in kidney, liver, and heart mitochondria. In kidney, mtNOS activity and mtNOS protein, measured by western blot densitometry, were 5 and 2.3 times increased, respectively. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis with the probe N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate/FeSO(4) detected NO production in mitochondria isolated from enalapril-treated rats, but not in control untreated animals. Polyclonal antibodies anti-iNOS and anti-nNOS detected kidney mtNOS in western blots and inhibited mtNOS biochemical activity. The enzymatic activity of kidney mtNOS generates intramitochondrial NO concentrations that regulate mitochondrial functions: state 3 respiration was decreased by 12-28%, and state 4 hydrogen peroxide production was increased 12-35%.
Assuntos
Córtex Renal/enzimologia , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos/farmacologia , Western Blotting , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Citocromos/análise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônica , Enalapril/farmacologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/análise , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Córtex Renal/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Cardíacas/enzimologia , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias Hepáticas/enzimologia , Óxido Nítrico/análise , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Ratos , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
A new gene, RHM1, required for normal production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was identified by a novel screening method. Ethyl methanesulfonate treatment of a fluorescent porphyric strain bearing the pop3-1 mutation produced nonfluorescent or weakly fluorescent mutants with defects in early stages of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Class I mutants defective in synthesis of 5-aminolevulinate regained fluorescence when grown on medium supplemented with 5-aminolevulinate, whereas class II mutants altered in later biosynthetic steps did not. Among six recessive class I mutants, at least three complementation groups were found. One mutant contained an allele of HEM1, the structural gene for 5-aminolevulinate synthase, and two mutants contained alleles of the regulatory gene CYC4. The remaining mutants contained genes complementary to both hem1 and cyc4. Mutant strain DA3-RS3/68 contained mutant gene rhm1, which segregated independently of hem1 and cyc4 during meiosis. 5-Aminolevulinate synthase activity of the rhm1 mutant was 35 to 40% of that of the parental pop3-1 strain, whereas intracellular 5-aminolevulinate concentration was only 3 to 4% of the parental value. Transformation of an rhm1 strain with a multicopy plasmid containing the cloned HEM1 gene restored normal levels of 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity, but intracellular 5-aminolevulinate was increased to only 9 to 10% of normal. We concluded that RHM1 could control either targeting of 5-aminolevulinate synthase to the mitochondrial matrix or the activity of the enzyme in vivo.
Assuntos
5-Aminolevulinato Sintetase/genética , Genes Fúngicos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimologia , Ácido Aminolevulínico/metabolismo , Citocromos/análise , Teste de Complementação Genética , Mutação , Plasmídeos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Transformação GenéticaRESUMO
Differential reduced minus oxidized (Red-Ox) or reduced. CO minus reduced (Red. CO-Red) spectra of Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes (Tulahuen strain), revealed the presence of cytochromes aa3, b, c5 5 8, o and possibly d (Fig. 1). Mitochondrial membranes from the epimastigote form of the parasite showed similar cytochrome spectra (Fig. 2A). Extraction of the mitochondrial membranes with guanidine and cholate, and spectroscopy of the cytochrome o -cyanide derivative proved that this cytochrome is an integral constituent of the mitochondrial membranes (Figs. 2B and 4, and Table 1). Contamination of the investigated samples with hemoglobin, peroxidase, catalase, cytochrome P-420, cytochrome P-450 or culture medium hemoproteins was ruled out by filtering the cells and mitochondrial membranes on Sephadex G-50, or by differential spectroscopy of pigments, or by differential centrifugations of samples. Investigation of pyridine-hemochromes revealed hemes A, B, C and D (Fig. 3), thus confirming the presence of the postulated cytochromes. Comparative spectroscopy of a series of T. cruzi stocks (including Tulahuen and Y strains), many of them obtained from acute or chronic forms of Chagas disease, revealed significant variability in the cytochrome content (Table 2). Taking cytochromes o and b as standard for comparison, the epimastigotes samples could be grouped as follows (in parenthesis number of passages through the culture medium): 1) stocks with a relatively high content of cytochromes b and o, prevailing the former (stocks Y (116), RA (114), AF, FN, TN and MG (14 y 16); 2) stocks with a relatively low content of both cytochromes: Y (119), AWP and UP; 3) stocks with a low content of cytochrome b, without cytochrome o: CA-I and CA-I (V); 4) stocks without cytochromes: Y(117 and 118) and RA(113). In some strains (e.g. Y and RA), significant variation of cytochrome content in different stocks of the same isolate was observed (Table 2), but the Tulahuen strain proved to be less variable. Comparison of cytochrome distribution and other properties of parasites, namely, lethality for mice and morphology, did not allow to establish positive correlations.
Assuntos
Citocromos/análise , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzimologia , Animais , Membranas Intracelulares/enzimologia , Proteínas de Membrana/análise , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Oxirredução , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Los espectros diferenciales de muestras "reducida menos oxidada" (Red-Ox) y "reducida. CO menos reducida" (Re. CO-Red) de tripomastigotes metacíclicos del Trypanosoma cruzi (cepa Tulahuen) revelaron la presencia de los citocrómos aa3, b, c555 y o. Espectros concordantes se obtuvieron con la fracción mitocondrial de la forma epimastigote de la misma cepa, después de filtrar las membranas por Sephadex G-50 para excluir hemoproteínas espúreas provenientes del medio de cultivo o hemoproteínas solubles (hemoglobina, peroxidasa, catalasa, etc.), o citocrómos P-420 y P-450. El tratamiento de la fracción mitocondrial cruda con guanidina y colato de Na y la formación de complejos con cianuro, revelaron que el citocrómo o es un constituyente integral de esas membranas. El análisis de los piridinahemocrómos provenientes de los citocrómos mitocondriales demostró la presencia de los hemos A, B y C. Una banda espectral a 625 nm en los espectros de los tripomastigotes, en las membranas mitocondriales, y en los piridina-hemocrómos indicó la presencia de un citocrómo d. Un examen comparativo del contenido en citocrómos o y b de una serie de poblaciones de T. cruzi, provenientes originariamente en su mayoría de pacientes con formas agudas o crónicas de la enfermedad de Chagas, demostró variabilidad en el contenido en citocrómos y falta de correlación de este parámetro con las propiedades biológicas del parásito, en particular con la letalidad para el ratón
Assuntos
Animais , Citocromos/análise , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzimologiaRESUMO
Los espectros diferenciales de muestras "reducida menos oxidada" (Red-Ox) y "reducida. CO menos reducida" (Re. CO-Red) de tripomastigotes metacíclicos del Trypanosoma cruzi (cepa Tulahuen) revelaron la presencia de los citocrómos aa3, b, c555 y o. Espectros concordantes se obtuvieron con la fracción mitocondrial de la forma epimastigote de la misma cepa, después de filtrar las membranas por Sephadex G-50 para excluir hemoproteínas espúreas provenientes del medio de cultivo o hemoproteínas solubles (hemoglobina, peroxidasa, catalasa, etc.), o citocrómos P-420 y P-450. El tratamiento de la fracción mitocondrial cruda con guanidina y colato de Na y la formación de complejos con cianuro, revelaron que el citocrómo o es un constituyente integral de esas membranas. El análisis de los piridinahemocrómos provenientes de los citocrómos mitocondriales demostró la presencia de los hemos A, B y C. Una banda espectral a 625 nm en los espectros de los tripomastigotes, en las membranas mitocondriales, y en los piridina-hemocrómos indicó la presencia de un citocrómo d. Un examen comparativo del contenido en citocrómos o y b de una serie de poblaciones de T. cruzi, provenientes originariamente en su mayoría de pacientes con formas agudas o crónicas de la enfermedad de Chagas, demostró variabilidad en el contenido en citocrómos y falta de correlación de este parámetro con las propiedades biológicas del parásito, en particular con la letalidad para el ratón (AU)