RESUMO

Some plant species of the genus Cestrum L. (Solanaceae family) are known to cause poisoning in farming animals in Brazil, negatively affecting the livestock sector. In this context, this study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the Cestrum species that cause poisoning in ruminants in Brazil and to list the main phytochemicals involved in these toxic activities that have already been identified. Scientific documents were retrieved in Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO databases. After applying the inclusion criteria, a total of 38 articles published between 1920 and 2023 were included in the present study. Cestrum axillare Vell. [Syn. Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl.], Cestrum corymbosum Schltdl., Cestrum intermedium Sendtn., and Cestrum parqui L'Hér. were found to have reported cases of poisoning in the Northeast, Southeast, and South of Brazil. Natural poisonings in ruminants caused by these species have been recorded in ten Brazilian states, mostly in Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and Pernambuco. In general, Cestrum species cause liver damage and a clinical-pathological state characterized by acute liver failure of the poisoned animals. Cattle are more susceptible to poisoning by these plants, but there are reports of poisoning by C. axillare in goats and buffaloes as well. Several chemical constituents were identified in C. axillare and C. parqui, including some saponins and terpenoids that may be associated with the cases of poisoning. However, only one chemical compound has been identified in C. intermedium, and no phytochemical investigation has been carried out regarding toxic compounds in C. corymbosum. It is expected that future studies fill the gap in determining the toxic principles present in these species.

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Cestrum axillare poisoning causes significant economic losses in farms of ruminant production due to a fatal acute hepatic disease. The consumption of C. axillare occurs on farms or pastures with a scarcity of feed or with dry forage. Epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of poisoning outbreaks by C. axillare from 1953 to 2021 in grazing ruminants in southeastern Brazil are reported. A total of 68 bovines, two buffaloes, and two goats exhibited clinical signs and resulted in death due to C. axillare consumption, with 79% of the cases occurring during the dry period. Clinical signs were apathy, anorexia, ruminal arrest, arched back, and constipation with hard stools, sometimes with blood or mucus. Cases with neurological signs due to hepatic encephalopathy showed excitement, aggressiveness, drooling, staggering, and muscle tremors. The pathological findings included hepatocellular necrosis in the liver and microcavitations in the brain's white matter (status spongiosus). The hepatotoxins, carboxyparquin and parquin, were detected in C. axillare leaf samples collected from paddocks grazed by cattle in three southeastern Brazilian municipalities where outbreaks of C. axillare poisoning occurred. This is the first report of parquin and carboxyparquin in C. axillare.

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BACKGROUND: Cestrum species present large genomes (2 C = ~ 24 pg), a high occurrence of B chromosomes and great diversity in heterochromatin bands. Despite this diversity, karyotypes maintain the chromosome number 2n = 16 (except when they present B chromosomes), and a relative similarity in chromosome morphology and symmetry. To deepen our knowledge of the Cestrum genome composition, low-coverage sequencing data of C. strigilatum and C. elegans were compared, including cytogenomic analyses of seven species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses showed retrotransposons comprising more than 70% of the repetitive fraction, followed by DNA transposons (~ 17%), but FISH assays using retrotransposon probes revealed inconspicuous and scattered signals. The four satellite DNA families here analyzed represented approximately 2.48% of the C. strigilatum dataset, and these sequences were used as probes in FISH assays. Hybridization signals were colocalized with all AT- and GC-rich sequences associated with heterochromatin, including AT-rich Cold-Sensitive Regions (CSRs). Although satellite probes hybridized in almost all tested species, a satDNA family named CsSat49 was highlighted because it predominates in centromeric regions. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that the satDNA fraction is conserved in the genus, although there is variation in the number of FISH signals between karyotypes. Except to the absence of FISH signals with probes CsSat1 and CsSat72 in two species, the other satellites occurred in species of different phylogenetic clades. Some satDNA sequences have been detected in the B chromosomes, indicating that they are rich in preexisting sequences in the chromosomes of the A complement. This comparative study provides an important advance in the knowledge on genome organization and heterochromatin composition in Cestrum, especially on the distribution of satellite fractions between species and their importance for the B chromosome composition.

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Antifungal assay-guided fractionation of the methanolic crude extract of Cestrum nocturnum (Solanaceae), popular known as 'lady of the night', led the isolation and identification of the steroidal saponin named pennogenin tetraglycoside, which was identified for the first time in this plant species by spectroscopic means. The crude extract, fractions and pennogenin tetraglycoside exhibited mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium solani and F. kuroshium. F. solani is a cosmopolitan fungal phytopathogen that affects several economically important crops. However, we highlight the antifungal activity displayed by pennogenin tetraglycoside against F. kuroshium, since it is the first plant natural product identified as active for this phytopathogen. This fungus along with its insect symbiont known as Kuroshio shot hole borer (Euwallacea kuroshio) are the causal agents of the plant disease Fusarium dieback that affects more than 300 plant species including avocado (Persea americana) among others of ecological relevance. Scanning electron microscopy showed morphological alterations of the fungal hyphae after exposure with the active fractions and 12 phenolic compounds were also identified by mass spectrometry dereplication as part of potential active molecules present in C. nocturnum leaves.

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The mechanisms controlling evolutionary shifts between dry and fleshy fruits in angiosperms are poorly understood. In Solanaceae, Cestrum and Brugmansia represent cases of convergent evolution of fleshy and dry fruits, respectively. Here we study the anatomical and genetic bases of the independent origin of fleshy fruits in Cestrum and the reversion to dry dehiscent fruits in Brugmansia. We also characterize the expression of candidate fruit development genes, including ALCATRAZ/SPATULA, FRUITFULL, HECATE1/2/3, REPLUMLESS and SHATTERPROOF. We identify anatomical changes to establish developmental stages in the ovary-to-fruit transition in Cestrum nocturnum and Brugmansia suaveolens. We generate reference transcriptomes for both species, isolate homologs for all genes in the fruit genetic regulatory network (GRN) and perform gene expression analyses for ALC/SPT, FUL, HEC1/2/3, RPL and SHP throughout fruit development. Finally, we compare our results to expression patterns found in typical capsules of Nicotiana tabacum and berries of Solanum lycopersicum available in public repositories. We have identified homologous, homoplasious and unique anatomical features in C. nocturnum and B. suaveolens fruits, resulting in their final appearance. Expression patterns suggest that FUL, SHP and SPT might control homologous characteristics, while ALC and RPL likely contribute to homoplasious anatomical features. The fruit GRN changes considerably in these genera when compared to typical capsules and berries of Solanaceae, particularly in B. suaveolens, where expression of FUL2 and RPL1 is lacking.

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Acute hepatotoxicity caused by plants poisoning is responsible for economic losses in farm animals in Brazil. Reports of Cestrum intermedium natural poisoning in cattle are not commonly described in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to document an outbreak of spontaneous C. intermedium poisoning in dairy cattle in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS. Three nine-month-old Holstein and Jersey heifers were affected after they were placed in a small paddock with shortage forage. In this area, specimens of C. intermedium Sendtn with signs of consumption were observed. Morbidity and lethality rates were 100% and clinical courses ranged from 9 to 12 hours. At post mortem examination of the three heifers, there was predominance of acute liver lesions. The liver was moderately enlarged and on the cut surface there was a marked accentuation of the lobular pattern and hemorrhage. Inside the rumen, partially digested C. intermedium Sendtn leaves were observed. The histological aspects of the liver were mostly centrilobular coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage, frequently extended to the midzonal region. The immunohistochemistry technique was performed, in which the polyclonal antibody caspase 3 was used in liver fragments. Moderate to marked immunolabeling was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hepatocytes, predominantly on the periphery of areas of hepatic necrosis indicating cell apoptosis. The diagnosis of C. intermedium Sendtn poisoning in dairy cattle in this study was based on epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings. Since the C. intermedium poisoning is uncommon in dairy cattle, we are describing it for the first time in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS, and represents a differential diagnosis of other acute toxic liver diseases in cattle.(AU)

Intoxicações por plantas que causam hepatotoxicidade aguda são responsáveis por prejuízos econômicos em animais de produção no Brasil. Relatos de intoxicações naturais por Cestrum intermedium em bovinos não são comumente descritos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Este trabalho teve como objetivo documentar um surto de intoxicação espontânea por C. intermedium em bovinos leiteiros ocorrido na região Centro-Oriental do RS. Três bovinos com nove meses de idade, das raças Holandês e Jersey, foram acometidos depois de serem introduzidos em um pequeno piquete com escassez de forragem. Nessa área foram observados exemplares de Cestrum intermedium Sendtn com sinais de consumo. As taxas de morbidade e letalidade foram de 100% e os cursos clínicos variaram de 9 a 12 horas. Na necropsia dos três bovinos, observou-se predomínio de lesões hepáticas agudas. O fígado dos animais acometidos estava moderadamente aumentado de tamanho e na superfície de corte havia marcada acentuação do padrão lobular e hemorragia. Na abertura do rúmen, foram observadas folhas de Cestrum intermedium Sendtn parcialmente digeridas. Histologicamente, o fígado apresentava necrose coagulativa centrolobular e hemorragia. Frequentemente, essas alterações se estendiam para a região mediozonal. Foi realizada a técnica de imuno-histoquímica, na qual utilizou-se o anticorpo policlonal caspase 3 em fragmentos de fígado. Notou-se marcação moderada a acentuada em citoplasma e núcleo de hepatócitos, predominantemente na periferia das áreas de necrose hepática indicando apoptose celular. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por Cestrum intermedium Sendtn nos bovinos leiteiros desse estudo, foi realizado com base nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos. A intoxicação por C. intermedium é incomum em bovinos leiteiros, sendo descrita pela primeira vez na região centro oriental do RS e representa um diagnóstico diferencial de outras hepatopatias tóxicas agudas.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Acute hepatotoxicity caused by plants poisoning is responsible for economic losses in farm animals in Brazil. Reports of Cestrum intermedium natural poisoning in cattle are not commonly described in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to document an outbreak of spontaneous C. intermedium poisoning in dairy cattle in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS. Three nine-month-old Holstein and Jersey heifers were affected after they were placed in a small paddock with shortage forage. In this area, specimens of C. intermedium Sendtn with signs of consumption were observed. Morbidity and lethality rates were 100% and clinical courses ranged from 9 to 12 hours. At post mortem examination of the three heifers, there was predominance of acute liver lesions. The liver was moderately enlarged and on the cut surface there was a marked accentuation of the lobular pattern and hemorrhage. Inside the rumen, partially digested C. intermedium Sendtn leaves were observed. The histological aspects of the liver were mostly centrilobular coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage, frequently extended to the midzonal region. The immunohistochemistry technique was performed, in which the polyclonal antibody caspase 3 was used in liver fragments. Moderate to marked immunolabeling was observed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of hepatocytes, predominantly on the periphery of areas of hepatic necrosis indicating cell apoptosis. The diagnosis of C. intermedium Sendtn poisoning in dairy cattle in this study was based on epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings. Since the C. intermedium poisoning is uncommon in dairy cattle, we are describing it for the first time in the Central-Eastern Mesoregion of RS, and represents a differential diagnosis of other acute toxic liver diseases in cattle.(AU)

Intoxicações por plantas que causam hepatotoxicidade aguda são responsáveis por prejuízos econômicos em animais de produção no Brasil. Relatos de intoxicações naturais por Cestrum intermedium em bovinos não são comumente descritos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Este trabalho teve como objetivo documentar um surto de intoxicação espontânea por C. intermedium em bovinos leiteiros ocorrido na região Centro-Oriental do RS. Três bovinos com nove meses de idade, das raças Holandês e Jersey, foram acometidos depois de serem introduzidos em um pequeno piquete com escassez de forragem. Nessa área foram observados exemplares de Cestrum intermedium Sendtn com sinais de consumo. As taxas de morbidade e letalidade foram de 100% e os cursos clínicos variaram de 9 a 12 horas. Na necropsia dos três bovinos, observou-se predomínio de lesões hepáticas agudas. O fígado dos animais acometidos estava moderadamente aumentado de tamanho e na superfície de corte havia marcada acentuação do padrão lobular e hemorragia. Na abertura do rúmen, foram observadas folhas de Cestrum intermedium Sendtn parcialmente digeridas. Histologicamente, o fígado apresentava necrose coagulativa centrolobular e hemorragia. Frequentemente, essas alterações se estendiam para a região mediozonal. Foi realizada a técnica de imuno-histoquímica, na qual utilizou-se o anticorpo policlonal caspase 3 em fragmentos de fígado. Notou-se marcação moderada a acentuada em citoplasma e núcleo de hepatócitos, predominantemente na periferia das áreas de necrose hepática indicando apoptose celular. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por Cestrum intermedium Sendtn nos bovinos leiteiros desse estudo, foi realizado com base nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos. A intoxicação por C. intermedium é incomum em bovinos leiteiros, sendo descrita pela primeira vez na região centro oriental do RS e representa um diagnóstico diferencial de outras hepatopatias tóxicas agudas.(AU)

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RESUMO

The 35S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) organized in thousands of copies in genomes, have been widely used in numerous comparative cytogenetic studies. Nevertheless, several questions related to the diversity and organization of regulatory motifs in 5S rDNA remain to be addressed. The 5S rDNA unit is composed of a conserved 120 bp length coding region and an intergenic spacer (IGS) containing potential regulatory motifs (Poly-T, AT-rich and GC-rich) differing in number, redundancy and position along the IGS. The Cestrum species (Solanaceae) have large genomes (about 10 pg/1C) and conserved 2n = 16 karyotypes. Strikingly, these genomes show high diversity of heterochromatin distribution, variability in 35S rDNA loci and the occurrence of B chromosomes. However, the 5S rDNA loci are highly conserved in the proximal region of chromosome 8. Comparison of seventy-one IGS sequences in plants revealed several conserved motifs with potential regulatory function. The AT- and GC-rich domains appeared highly conserved in Cestrum chromosomes. The 5S genic and the GC-rich IGS probe produced FISH signals in both A (pair 8) and B chromosomes. The GC-rich domain presented a strong potential for regulation because it may be associated with CpG islands organization, as well as to hairpin and loop organization. Another interesting aspect was the ability of AT- and GC-rich motifs to produce non-heterochromatic CMA/DAPI signals. While the length of the 5S rDNA IGS region varied in size between the Cestrum species, the individual sequence motifs seem to be conserved suggesting their regulatory function. The most striking feature was the conserved GC-rich domain in Cestrum, which is recognized as a signature trait of the proximal region of chromosome pair 8.

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RESUMO

Cestrum axillare Vell. (formerly Cestrum laevigatum Schltd.), family Solanaceae, is the most important hepatotoxic plant in Brazil that causes acute poisoning. It occurs in the Southeast and Center-West regions and in coastal areas of the Northeast Brazil. Spontaneous poisoning was described in cattle, goats and sheep, with clinical signs evidenced within 24 hours after ingestion of the leaves and death within 48 hours after signs onset. The clinical signs observed in acute poisoning are apathy, anorexia, ruminal arrest, arched back, constipation with feces in small spheres, sometimes covered with mucus and blood streaks, muscle tremors, staggering gait and sometimes sialorrhoea. Neurological signs may be observed, due to interference in the urea cycle due to hepatic insufficiency resulting in hyperammonemia (hepatic encephalopathy). The main pathological finding is centrilobular hepatic necrosis. The toxic principle present in C. axillare was not yet definitively proven, but some authors attribute the toxicity of the plant to the presence of saponins gitogenin and digitogenin. However, it has not been determined whether the saponins present in C. axillare are responsible for the hepatotoxic effect of the plant. Thus, the objective of this work is to determine if the saponins are the compounds responsible for the hepatotoxic effects produced by the ingestion of the leaves of C axillare, using goats as experimental model. For this, the effects of the administration of the leaves were compared with those produced by the saponins isolated from the leaves in goats. Six goats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups that received [1] dry leaves of C. axillare (animals A1 and A2), [2] saponins extract from leaves (animals S1 and S2) or [3] control group (animals C1 and C2). For goats receiving the dry leaves the administered dose of plant was 10g/kg for one animal (A1) and 5g/kg for the other one (A2). For animals receiving the saponins extract, administration was done at a dose equivalent to 20g/kg repeated after 24 hours. The dry leaves administered at a dose of 10g/kg to a goat produced toxic effects, with alterations in biochemistry (indicating hepatic lesion) and histopathology showing centrilobular hepatic necrosis. At the dose of 5 g/kg of dry leaves, clinical signs of poisoning were not observed, but hepatic necrosis was found; after 15 days after the last administration, the hepatic parenchyma of this animal was already normal, with only hemorrhagic areas, demonstrating full regeneration. The administration of extracts of saponins containing gitogenin and digitogenin to goats did not produce significant toxic effects, proving that these compounds are not responsible for intoxication. In addition, goats are a good experimental model for studies of this intoxication.(AU)

Cestrum axillare Vell. (anteriormente C. laevigatum Schltd.), família Solanaceae, é a mais importante planta hepatotóxica do Brasil que causa intoxicação aguda. Tem ocorrência nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste e em áreas litorâneas do Nordeste. A intoxicação natural foi descrita em bovinos, caprinos e ovinos, com sinais clínicos evidenciados em até 24 horas após a ingestão das folhas e morte em até 48 horas após o início da sintomatologia. Os sinais clínicos observados na intoxicação aguda são apatia, anorexia, parada ruminal, dorso arqueado, constipação com fezes em formas de pequenas esferas, por vezes recobertas com muco e com estrias de sangue, tremores musculares, andar cambaleante e, às vezes, sialorreia. Podem ser observados sinais neurológicos, devido à interferência no ciclo da ureia pela insuficiência hepática resultando em hiperamonemia (encefalopatia hepática). O principal achado patológico é a necrose hepática centrolobular. O princípio tóxico presente no C. axillare ainda não está definitivamente comprovado, mas alguns autores atribuem a toxicidade da planta à presença das saponinas gitogenina e digitogenina. No entanto, ainda não foi determinado se as saponinas presentes em C. axillare são as responsáveis pelo efeito hepatotóxico da planta. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é determinar se as saponinas são os compostos responsáveis pelos efeitos hepatotóxicos produzidos pela ingestão das folhas de C. axillare, usando caprinos como modelo experimental. Para isto, foram comparados os efeitos da administração das folhas com os produzidos pelas saponinas isoladas destas folhas em caprinos. Foram utilizados seis caprinos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais que receberam [1] folhas secas de C. axillare (Caprinos A1 e A2), [2] extrato de saponinas das folhas (Caprinos S1 e S2), e [3] grupo controle (Caprinos C1 e C2). Para os caprinos que receberam as folhas secas a dose administrada de planta foi de 10g/kg para um animal (A1) e de 5g/kg para outro (A2). Para os animais que receberam o extrato de saponinas, a administração foi feita na dose equivalente a 20g/kg, repetida após 24 horas. Foi verificado que as folhas secas, quando administradas na dose de 10g/kg a um caprino, produziram efeitos tóxicos, com alterações na bioquímica (indicando lesão hepática) e histopatológica apresentando necrose hepática centrolobular. Na dose de 5g/kg de folhas secas, não foi observado sintomatologia clínica da intoxicação, mas houve necrose hepática; 15 dias após a última administração, o parênquima hepático deste animal já se encontrava normal, apenas com áreas hemorrágicas, demonstrando plena regeneração. A administração do extrato de saponinas contendo gitogenina e digitogenina a caprinos não produziu efeitos tóxicos significantes, comprovando não serem estes compostos os responsáveis pela intoxicação. Além disto, a espécie caprina é um bom modelo experimental para estudos desta intoxicação.(AU)

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RESUMO

Cestrum axillare Vell. (formerly Cestrum laevigatum Schltd.), family Solanaceae, is the most important hepatotoxic plant in Brazil that causes acute poisoning. It occurs in the Southeast and Center-West regions and in coastal areas of the Northeast Brazil. Spontaneous poisoning was described in cattle, goats and sheep, with clinical signs evidenced within 24 hours after ingestion of the leaves and death within 48 hours after signs onset. The clinical signs observed in acute poisoning are apathy, anorexia, ruminal arrest, arched back, constipation with feces in small spheres, sometimes covered with mucus and blood streaks, muscle tremors, staggering gait and sometimes sialorrhoea. Neurological signs may be observed, due to interference in the urea cycle due to hepatic insufficiency resulting in hyperammonemia (hepatic encephalopathy). The main pathological finding is centrilobular hepatic necrosis. The toxic principle present in C. axillare was not yet definitively proven, but some authors attribute the toxicity of the plant to the presence of saponins gitogenin and digitogenin. However, it has not been determined whether the saponins present in C. axillare are responsible for the hepatotoxic effect of the plant. Thus, the objective of this work is to determine if the saponins are the compounds responsible for the hepatotoxic effects produced by the ingestion of the leaves of C axillare, using goats as experimental model. For this, the effects of the administration of the leaves were compared with those produced by the saponins isolated from the leaves in goats. Six goats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups that received [1] dry leaves of C. axillare (animals A1 and A2), [2] saponins extract from leaves (animals S1 and S2) or [3] control group (animals C1 and C2). For goats receiving the dry leaves the administered dose of plant was 10g/kg for one animal (A1) and 5g/kg for the other one (A2)...(AU)

Cestrum axillare Vell. (anteriormente C. laevigatum Schltd.), família Solanaceae, é a mais importante planta hepatotóxica do Brasil que causa intoxicação aguda. Tem ocorrência nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste e em áreas litorâneas do Nordeste. A intoxicação natural foi descrita em bovinos, caprinos e ovinos, com sinais clínicos evidenciados em até 24 horas após a ingestão das folhas e morte em até 48 horas após o início da sintomatologia. Os sinais clínicos observados na intoxicação aguda são apatia, anorexia, parada ruminal, dorso arqueado, constipação com fezes em formas de pequenas esferas, por vezes recobertas com muco e com estrias de sangue, tremores musculares, andar cambaleante e, às vezes, sialorreia. Podem ser observados sinais neurológicos, devido à interferência no ciclo da ureia pela insuficiência hepática resultando em hiperamonemia (encefalopatia hepática). O principal achado patológico é a necrose hepática centrolobular. O princípio tóxico presente no C. axillare ainda não está definitivamente comprovado, mas alguns autores atribuem a toxicidade da planta à presença das saponinas gitogenina e digitogenina. No entanto, ainda não foi determinado se as saponinas presentes em C. axillare são as responsáveis pelo efeito hepatotóxico da planta. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é determinar se as saponinas são os compostos responsáveis pelos efeitos hepatotóxicos produzidos pela ingestão das folhas de C. axillare, usando caprinos como modelo experimental. Para isto, foram comparados os efeitos da administração das folhas com os produzidos pelas saponinas isoladas destas folhas em caprinos. Foram utilizados seis caprinos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais que receberam [1] folhas secas de C. axillare (Caprinos A1 e A2), [2] extrato de saponinas das folhas (Caprinos S1 e S2), e [3] grupo controle (Caprinos C1 e C2). Para os caprinos que receberam as folhas secas a dose administrada...(AU)

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RESUMO

An outbreak of natural poisoning by Cestrum laevigatum was reported among cattle in the Agreste region of Paraíba, which affected six out of 20 animals. Four animals were found dead and two presented clinical signs, including, dyspnea, drooling, jugular vein engorgement, muscle tremors and ataxia, which subsequently progressed to recumbence and death. An experimental poisoning was performed in two bovines who were administered single doses of 35 g kg-1 and 50 g kg-1 body weight (BW), respectively, of fresh leaves and fruits. The animal that received 35 g kg-1 BW had mild clinical signs, consisting of apathy, salivation and reduced ruminal movements with recovery 30 hours after the onset of initial signs. The animal that received 50 g kg-1 BW showed apathy, dry stool, drooling, hyperexcitability, head pressing, opisthotonos, nystagmus, miosis, jugular and episcleral vessel engorgement, ruminal atony, muscle tremors, ataxia, falling, seizures, and sternal recumbence, followed by lateral recumbence, with death occurring 21 hours and 37 minutes after ingestion. The enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the serum increased significantly 18 hours after the administration of the plant. The primary gross lesions in the natural and experimental cases were enlarged livers, with rounded edges and accentuation of the lobular pattern on the capsular and cut surfaces.Histopathology revealed diffuse centrilobular coagulative necrosis with hemorrhages and congestion,and the presence of degenerated hepatocytes in the midzonal regions. Based on the epidemiologicaland clinicopathological data, we concluded that C. laevigatum was responsible for an acute hepatotoxicdisease among cattle in the Agreste region of Paraíba.(AU)

Relata-se um surto de intoxicação natural por Cestrum laevigatum em bovinos na Região Agreste da Paraíba que acometeu seis bovinos de um grupo de 20. Quatro animais foram encontrados mortos e dois apresentando sinais clínicos, com dispneia, hipersalivação, ingurgitamento das jugulares, tremores musculares e incoordenação, evoluindo para decúbito e morte, sendo posteriormente submetidos à necropsia. Foi realizada a intoxicação experimental em dois bovinos que receberam doses únicas, correspondente a 35g kg-1 e 50g kg-1 de peso corporal (PC) de folhas e frutos frescos. O bovino que recebeu 35g kg-1 PC apresentou alterações clínicas leves, que consistiam em apatia, salivação e redução dos movimentos ruminais com recuperação 30 horas após o início dos sinais. Já no bovino que recebeu 50g kg-1 PC observou-se apatia, ressecamento das fezes, hipersalivação, hiperexcitabilidade, pressão da cabeça contra objetos, opistótono, nistagmo, miose, ingurgitamento das jugulares e dos vasos episclerais, atonia ruminal, tremores musculares, quedas, incoordenação, convulsões e decúbito esternal, seguido de decúbito lateral com morte 21h e 37min após a administração da planta. As atividades séricas de aspartato aminotransferase e gama-glutamiltransferase começaram a apresentar alterações significativas 18 horas após a administração da planta. As principais alterações macroscópicas nos animais naturalmente eexperimentalmente intoxicados foram observadas no fígado, caracterizando-se por aumento de volumedo órgão, com bordas arredondadas e com acentuação do padrão lobular na superfície capsular e decorte. A avaliação histopatológica revelou necrose de coagulação centrolobular difusa, associada ahemorragias e congestão, com degeneração dos hepatócitos das regiões mediozonais. Com base nosdados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos, conclui-se que C. laevigatum é responsável por doençahepatotóxica aguda em bovinos no Agreste da Paraíba.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

An outbreak of natural poisoning by Cestrum laevigatum was reported among cattle in the Agreste region of Paraíba, which affected six out of 20 animals. Four animals were found dead and two presented clinical signs, including, dyspnea, drooling, jugular vein engorgement, muscle tremors and ataxia, which subsequently progressed to recumbence and death. An experimental poisoning was performed in two bovines who were administered single doses of 35 g kg-1 and 50 g kg-1 body weight (BW), respectively, of fresh leaves and fruits. The animal that received 35 g kg-1 BW had mild clinical signs, consisting of apathy, salivation and reduced ruminal movements with recovery 30 hours after the onset of initial signs. The animal that received 50 g kg-1 BW showed apathy, dry stool, drooling, hyperexcitability, head pressing, opisthotonos, nystagmus, miosis, jugular and episcleral vessel engorgement, ruminal atony, muscle tremors, ataxia, falling, seizures, and sternal recumbence, followed by lateral recumbence, with death occurring 21 hours and 37 minutes after ingestion. The enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the serum increased significantly 18 hours after the administration of the plant. The primary gross lesions in the natural and experimental cases were enlarged livers, with rounded edges and accentuation of the lobular pattern on the capsular and cut surfaces.Histopathology revealed diffuse centrilobular coagulative necrosis with hemorrhages and congestion,and the presence of degenerated hepatocytes in the midzonal regions. Based on the epidemiologicaland clinicopathological data, we concluded that C. laevigatum was responsible for an acute hepatotoxicdisease among cattle in the Agreste region of Paraíba.

Relata-se um surto de intoxicação natural por Cestrum laevigatum em bovinos na Região Agreste da Paraíba que acometeu seis bovinos de um grupo de 20. Quatro animais foram encontrados mortos e dois apresentando sinais clínicos, com dispneia, hipersalivação, ingurgitamento das jugulares, tremores musculares e incoordenação, evoluindo para decúbito e morte, sendo posteriormente submetidos à necropsia. Foi realizada a intoxicação experimental em dois bovinos que receberam doses únicas, correspondente a 35g kg-1 e 50g kg-1 de peso corporal (PC) de folhas e frutos frescos. O bovino que recebeu 35g kg-1 PC apresentou alterações clínicas leves, que consistiam em apatia, salivação e redução dos movimentos ruminais com recuperação 30 horas após o início dos sinais. Já no bovino que recebeu 50g kg-1 PC observou-se apatia, ressecamento das fezes, hipersalivação, hiperexcitabilidade, pressão da cabeça contra objetos, opistótono, nistagmo, miose, ingurgitamento das jugulares e dos vasos episclerais, atonia ruminal, tremores musculares, quedas, incoordenação, convulsões e decúbito esternal, seguido de decúbito lateral com morte 21h e 37min após a administração da planta. As atividades séricas de aspartato aminotransferase e gama-glutamiltransferase começaram a apresentar alterações significativas 18 horas após a administração da planta. As principais alterações macroscópicas nos animais naturalmente eexperimentalmente intoxicados foram observadas no fígado, caracterizando-se por aumento de volumedo órgão, com bordas arredondadas e com acentuação do padrão lobular na superfície capsular e decorte. A avaliação histopatológica revelou necrose de coagulação centrolobular difusa, associada ahemorragias e congestão, com degeneração dos hepatócitos das regiões mediozonais. Com base nosdados epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos, conclui-se que C. laevigatum é responsável por doençahepatotóxica aguda em bovinos no Agreste da Paraíba.

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Desde la medicina oficial se desconoce y subestima el uso de otras formas de atención, por lo que este trabajo tiene como objetivos caracterizar el conocimiento sobre uso de hierbas medicinales en la zona sudeste de la ciudad de Salta; identificar cuáles se utilizan para tratar problemas de salud; y valorar su frecuencia de uso. Se realizó una investigación cuali-cuantitativa, entrevistando a informantes claves y grupos focales. Se confeccionaron listas de hierbas medicinales, y sus usos se categorizaron por problemas de salud. Se realizó una encuesta sobre frecuencia de usos medicinales. Se mencionaron 59 hierbas medicinales con una media de 2,3 usos por planta. Con un "Nivel de importancia Significativo" se encuentran quimpe, tusca, paico, coca, molle, ruda y hediondilla. El "coqueo" se encontró en 54% de las familias. El 52% utiliza alguna hierba para afecciones gastrointestinales, el 45% para problemas de la piel, el 40 % para afecciones respiratorias, el 33% para "empacho" y 17% para problemas renales, sin diferencias significativas en los usos por grupo etáreo. La población tiene amplio conocimiento sobre hierbas medicinales. La medicina formal debe legitimar estos conocimientos e incluirlos en su práctica.

Traditional health professionals underestimate and fail to recognize the use of other forms of health care, therefore this research has the objective of characterizing knowledge about the use of medicinal herbs in the southeastern area of Salta city; to identify which herbs are used to treat health problems; and to assess its frequency of use. Qualitative and quantitative research was conducted by interviewing key informants and focus groups. Lists of medicinal herbs and uses were created and categorized by health problems. Finally, a closed survey on frequency of use was carried out. Fifty-nine herbs were mentioned with an average of 2.3 uses per plant. quimpe, tusca , paico, coca, molle, ruda and hediondillawere herbs marked as “with a Significant Level of Impotanse”. The use of coca was found in 54% of the families interviewed. Fifty-two percent used some herb for gastrointestinal disorders, 45% for skin problems, 40% for respiratory conditions, 33% for indigestion and 17% for kidney problems, with no significant differences in uses according toage groups. Population has a good knowledge of medicinal herbs. Formal medicine should legitimize this knowledge and include it in its practice.

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Two new steroidal saponins, (25R)-spirost-5-ene-3ß,26ß-diol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-[(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (25R)-spirost-6-ene-3ß,5ß-diol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-[(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with the known diosgenin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), chonglouoside SL-5 (4) and Paris saponin Pb (5) were isolated from the leaves of Cestrum laevigatum. The structures of the compounds were determined using spectroscopic analyses including HRESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR data, followed by comparison with data from the literature. Among them, two are particularly unique, compound 1 is the first (6)Δ-spirostanol saponin and compound 2 has an unusual C-26 hydroxyl in the (5)Δ-spirostanol skeleton. Antifungal testing showed a potent activity to formosanin C against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity indicated that compound 1 has a moderate activity against HL-60 and SF-295 cell lines, while compound 2 were active only against HL-60.

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Cestrum parqui L'Herit (n.v. palqui) es una planta originaria de Sudamérica cuyos efectos benéficos descritos incluyen acción antipirética y sudorífica, tratamiento de diversas afecciones a la piel como quemaduras, eczema, impétigo y herpes. Hasta hoy, sólo se ha podido establecer científicamente su efecto antiinflamatorio y un discreto efecto antipirético. Sin embargo, se han descrito intoxicaciones agudas en bovinos y ovinos asociadas al consumo de palqui. Los efectos tóxicos incluyen necrosis hepática severa y hemorragia generalizada en los animales. Los estudios científicos relacionados con los efectos benéficos y tóxicos de esta planta son escasos. Es por ello, que en este trabajo se caracterizaron dos extractos, uno hidroalcohólico y el otro acuoso, de hojas y tallos de la parte aérea de Cestrum parqui L'Herit respecto de su capacidad antioxidante y surfactante. Ambos extractos previnieron en distinta magnitud, la oxidación de los lípidos y los tioles proteicos microsómicos, fenómenos inducidos por el sistema Fe3+/ascorbato. El extracto hidroalcohólico resultó ser el mejor antioxidante, aunque su concentración de polifenoles fue 4,2 veces menor que la del extracto acuoso. Asimismo, el extracto hidroalcohólico fue 8,5 veces más potente en causar la liberación de hemoglobina eritrocitaria, por lo tanto, el de mayor actividad surfactante. Estos resultados indicarían que las diferencias en las actividades estudiadas dependen no sólo de la concentración de antioxidantes, sino además, de otras variables. Así, la calidad y cantidad de los principios activos extraídos desde la droga vegetal dependen principalmente del solvente utilizado. Al final del manuscrito, los resultados se discuten desde el punto de vista farmacológico

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Este trabalho teve por objetivo relatar um surto de intoxicação natural por Cestrum laevigatum em um rebanho leiteiro no Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco. Foram resgatadas informações epidemiológicas e clínicas. De um lote de 60 vacas, oito adoeceram e, dessas, quatro vieram a óbito e duas foram necropsiadas onde fragmentos de sistema nervoso central, fígado, vesícula biliar, baço e rim foram coletados para análise histopatológica. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para realização de provas hematológicas e de bioquímica clínica. Os animais apresentavam apatia, tremores musculares, diminuição do apetite, desidratação em graus variados, comprometimento da dinâmica reticuloruminal, além de fezes em quantidade reduzida, ressecadas com presença de muco e estrias de sangue. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram aumento da atividade sérica da aspartatoaminotransferase e da gamaglutamiltransferase, além de hipoalbuminemia. Na necropsia evidenciou-se fígado aumentado de volume e superfície de corte com aspecto de noz-moscada além de áreas de hemorragias no coração, traqueia, abomaso, baço, intestino e bexiga; na microscopia observou-se necrose hepática centrolobular associada à hemorragia acentuada. Tais achados caracterizaram o quadro de intoxicação por Cestrum laevigatum e deram subsídios para adoção das medidas de controle e prevenção.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to report an outbreak of natural poisoning by Cestrum laevigatum in dairy cattle in the "Agreste" region of Pernambuco state, Brazil. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. Among a lot of 60 cows, eight became ill and four died. Two cows underwent necropsy, during which fragments of the central nervous system, liver, gall bladder, spleen and kidney were collected for histopathlogical analysis. Blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical tests. The animals exhibited apathy, muscle tremors, reduced appetite, different degrees of dehydration and compromised reticulorumen dynamics as well as a small quantity of dry feces with the presence of mucus and blood. The laboratory exams revealed an increase in serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase as well as hypoalbuminemia. The necropsy revealed an enlarged liver and cutting surface with a nutmeg aspect as well as areas of hemorrhaging in the heart, trachea, abomasum, spleen, intestine and bladder. The microscopic analysis revealed centrilobular hepatic necrosis associated to accentuated hemorrhaging. These findings characterized poisoning by Cestrum laevigatum and led to the adoption of control and prevention measures.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este trabalho teve por objetivo relatar um surto de intoxicação natural por Cestrum laevigatum em um rebanho leiteiro no Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco. Foram resgatadas informações epidemiológicas e clínicas. De um lote de 60 vacas, oito adoeceram e, dessas, quatro vieram a óbito e duas foram necropsiadas onde fragmentos de sistema nervoso central, fígado, vesícula biliar, baço e rim foram coletados para análise histopatológica. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para realização de provas hematológicas e de bioquímica clínica. Os animais apresentavam apatia, tremores musculares, diminuição do apetite, desidratação em graus variados, comprometimento da dinâmica reticuloruminal, além de fezes em quantidade reduzida, ressecadas com presença de muco e estrias de sangue. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram aumento da atividade sérica da aspartatoaminotransferase e da gamaglutamiltransferase, além de hipoalbuminemia. Na necropsia evidenciou-se fígado aumentado de volume e superfície de corte com aspecto de noz-moscada além de áreas de hemorragias no coração, traqueia, abomaso, baço, intestino e bexiga; na microscopia observou-se necrose hepática centrolobular associada à hemorragia acentuada. Tais achados caracterizaram o quadro de intoxicação por Cestrum laevigatum e deram subsídios para adoção das medidas de controle e prevenção.

The aim of the present study was to report an outbreak of natural poisoning by Cestrum laevigatum in dairy cattle in the "Agreste" region of Pernambuco state, Brazil. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. Among a lot of 60 cows, eight became ill and four died. Two cows underwent necropsy, during which fragments of the central nervous system, liver, gall bladder, spleen and kidney were collected for histopathlogical analysis. Blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical tests. The animals exhibited apathy, muscle tremors, reduced appetite, different degrees of dehydration and compromised reticulorumen dynamics as well as a small quantity of dry feces with the presence of mucus and blood. The laboratory exams revealed an increase in serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyltransferase as well as hypoalbuminemia. The necropsy revealed an enlarged liver and cutting surface with a nutmeg aspect as well as areas of hemorrhaging in the heart, trachea, abomasum, spleen, intestine and bladder. The microscopic analysis revealed centrilobular hepatic necrosis associated to accentuated hemorrhaging. These findings characterized poisoning by Cestrum laevigatum and led to the adoption of control and prevention measures.

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A importância econômica, epidemiologia e controle das intoxicações por plantas em animais domésticos no Brasil são revisadas. Com os dados dos laboratórios de diagnóstico de diferentes regiões do país, as perdas anuais por mortes de animais foram estimadas em 820.761 a 1.755.763 bovinos, 399.800 a 445.309 ovinos, 52.675 a 63.292 caprinos e 38.559 equinos. No Brasil, atualmente, o número de plantas tóxicas é de 131 espécies e 79 gêneros e aumenta permanentemente. No entanto, a maioria das perdas são causadas por poucas plantas, incluindo Palicourea marcgravii, Amorimia spp., Senecio spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Ateleia glazioviana e Cestrum laevigatum em bovinos, Brachiaria spp em bovinos e ovinos, Nierembergia veitchii, Mimosa tenuiflora e Ipomoea asarifolia em ovinos, plantas que contêm swainsonina (Ipomoea carnea, Turbina cordata e Sida carpinifolia) em caprinos e Brachiaria humidicola e Crotalaria retusa em equinos. Os principais fatores epidemiológicos relacionados às intoxicações por plantas incluem palatabilidade, fome, sede, facilitação social, desconhecimento da planta, acesso a plantas tóxicas, dose tóxica, período de ingestão, variações de toxicidade e resistência/susceptibilidade dos animais às intoxicações. Quanto aos métodos de controle e profilaxia descrevem-se os resultados obtidos no Brasil com métodos recentemente desenvolvidos, incluindo controle biológico, aversão alimentar condicionada, utilização de variedades não tóxicas de forrageiras, utilização de animais resistentes às intoxicações e técnicas de indução de resistência.

The economic impact, epidemiology and control of plant poisonings in Brazil are reviewed. With the data obtained from diagnostic laboratories from different Brazilian regions, annual losses due to animal deaths are estimated in approximately 820.761 to 1.755.763 cattle, 399.800 to 445.309 sheep, 52.675 to 63.292 goats, and 38.559 horses. In Brazil toxic plants include 131 species within 79 genera, but this number is increasing continuously. However, most economic losses are caused by few plants including Palicourea marcgravii, Amorimia spp., Senecio spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Ateleia glazioviana and Cestrum laevigatum in cattle, Brachiaria spp. in cattle and sheep, Nierembergia veitchii, Mimosa tenuiflora and Ipomoea asarifolia in sheep, swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea carnea, Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) in goats, and Brachiaria humidicola and Crotalaria retusa in horses. The main factors that determine the occurrence and frequency of plant poisoning include palatability, hunger, thirst, social facilitation, unawareness of the plant, access to toxic plants, toxic dose, ingestion period, variations in toxicity, and animal resistance/susceptibility. The results obtained in Brazil with the use of biological control, conditioned food aversion, selection of non-toxic varieties of forages, use of resistant animals to poisoning, and techniques to induce resistance are described.

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RESUMO

A importância econômica, epidemiologia e controle das intoxicações por plantas em animais domésticos no Brasil são revisadas. Com os dados dos laboratórios de diagnóstico de diferentes regiões do país, as perdas anuais por mortes de animais foram estimadas em 820.761 a 1.755.763 bovinos, 399.800 a 445.309 ovinos, 52.675 a 63.292 caprinos e 38.559 equinos. No Brasil, atualmente, o número de plantas tóxicas é de 131 espécies e 79 gêneros e aumenta permanentemente. No entanto, a maioria das perdas são causadas por poucas plantas, incluindo Palicourea marcgravii, Amorimia spp., Senecio spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Ateleia glazioviana e Cestrum laevigatum em bovinos, Brachiaria spp em bovinos e ovinos, Nierembergia veitchii, Mimosa tenuiflora e Ipomoea asarifolia em ovinos, plantas que contêm swainsonina (Ipomoea carnea, Turbina cordata e Sida carpinifolia) em caprinos e Brachiaria humidicola e Crotalaria retusa em equinos. Os principais fatores epidemiológicos relacionados às intoxicações por plantas incluem palatabilidade, fome, sede, facilitação social, desconhecimento da planta, acesso a plantas tóxicas, dose tóxica, período de ingestão, variações de toxicidade e resistência/susceptibilidade dos animais às intoxicações. Quanto aos métodos de controle e profilaxia descrevem-se os resultados obtidos no Brasil com métodos recentemente desenvolvidos, incluindo controle biológico, aversão alimentar condicionada, utilização de variedades não tóxicas de forrageiras, utilização de animais resistentes às intoxicações e técnicas de indução de resistência.(AU)

The economic impact, epidemiology and control of plant poisonings in Brazil are reviewed. With the data obtained from diagnostic laboratories from different Brazilian regions, annual losses due to animal deaths are estimated in approximately 820.761 to 1.755.763 cattle, 399.800 to 445.309 sheep, 52.675 to 63.292 goats, and 38.559 horses. In Brazil toxic plants include 131 species within 79 genera, but this number is increasing continuously. However, most economic losses are caused by few plants including Palicourea marcgravii, Amorimia spp., Senecio spp., Pteridium aquilinum, Ateleia glazioviana and Cestrum laevigatum in cattle, Brachiaria spp. in cattle and sheep, Nierembergia veitchii, Mimosa tenuiflora and Ipomoea asarifolia in sheep, swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea carnea, Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) in goats, and Brachiaria humidicola and Crotalaria retusa in horses. The main factors that determine the occurrence and frequency of plant poisoning include palatability, hunger, thirst, social facilitation, unawareness of the plant, access to toxic plants, toxic dose, ingestion period, variations in toxicity, and animal resistance/susceptibility. The results obtained in Brazil with the use of biological control, conditioned food aversion, selection of non-toxic varieties of forages, use of resistant animals to poisoning, and techniques to induce resistance are described.(AU)

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The D. flavopilosa group encompasses an ecologically restricted set of species strictly adapted to hosting flowers of Cestrum (Solanaceae). This group presents potential to be used as a model to the study of different questions regarding ecologically restricted species macro and microevolutionary responses, geographical vs. ecological speciation and intra and interspecific competition. This review aims to revisit and reanalyze the patterns and processes that are subjacent to the interesting ecological and evolutionary properties of these species. Biotic and abiotic niche properties of some species were reanalyzed in face of ecological niche modeling approaches in order to get some insights into their ecological evolution. A test of the potential of DNA-Barcoding provided evidences that this technology may be a way of overcoming difficulties related to cryptic species differentiation. The new focus replenishes the scenario with new questions, presenting a case where neither geographical nor ecological speciation may be as yet suggested.

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