RESUMO
Air pollution is a serious environmental issue worldwide in developing countries' megacities, affecting the population's health, including the ocular surface, by predisposing or exacerbating other ocular diseases. Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The primary or recurring infection in the ocular site causes progressive corneal scarring that may result in visual impairment. The present study was designed to study the immunopathological changes of acute HSK under urban polluted air, using the acute HSK model combined with an experimental urban polluted air exposure from Buenos Aires City. We evaluated the corneal clinical outcomes, viral DNA and pro-inflammatory cytokines by RT-PCR and ELISA assays, respectively. Then, we determined the innate and adaptive immune responses in both cornea and local lymph nodes after HSV-1 corneal by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Our results showed that mice exposed to polluted air develop a severe form of HSK with increased corneal opacity, neovascularization, HSV-1 DNA and production of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IFN-γ, and CCL2. A high number of corneal resident immune cells, including activated dendritic cells, was observed in mice exposed to polluted air; with a further significant influx of bone marrow-derived cells including GR1+ cells (neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes), CD11c+ cells (dendritic cells), and CD3+ (T cells) during acute corneal HSK. Moreover, mice exposed to polluted air showed a predominant Th1 type T cell response over Tregs in local lymph nodes during acute HSK with decreased corneal Tregs. These findings provide strong evidence that urban polluted air might trigger a local imbalance of innate and adaptive immune responses that exacerbate HSK severity. Taking this study into account, urban air pollution should be considered a key factor in developing ocular inflammatory diseases.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Ceratite Herpética/etiologia , Ceratite Herpética/patologia , Animais , Biomarcadores , Córnea/imunologia , Córnea/metabolismo , Córnea/patologia , Opacidade da Córnea/diagnóstico por imagem , Opacidade da Córnea/etiologia , Opacidade da Córnea/metabolismo , Opacidade da Córnea/patologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Imunofluorescência , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Ceratite Herpética/diagnóstico por imagem , Ceratite Herpética/metabolismo , Camundongos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
La queratitis por Acanthamoeba es una infección corneal de baja incidencia, condicionada por varios factores, pero con manifestación clínica variada y sintomatología típica. En su fase epitelial debe ser diferenciada de otras queratitis, específicamente de la queratitis por herpes simple, por la similitud entre ambas en cuanto a las características de la lesión corneal. La microscopia confocal in vivo constituye una alternativa diagnóstica. Es una biopsia fotográfica en cuyas imágenes podemos describir los quistes y trofozoítos de Acanthamoeba desde etapas iniciales, que nos ayudan a diferenciarla de otros tipos de queratitis e iniciar el tratamiento precoz. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados, con el objetivo de mostrar las imágenes por microscopia confocal de la fase epitelial de la infección corneal por Acanthamoeba y herpes simple. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud(AU)
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a low-incidence corneal infection caused by several factors and characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations and typical symptoms. In its epithelial phase, it should be differentiated from other keratitis, particularly from herpes simplex keratitis, due to the similar characteristics of the corneal lesion. In vivo confocal microscopy is a diagnostic alternative consisting in a photographic biopsy showing images of Acanthamoeba cysts and trophozoites since their initial stages, thus allowing differentiation from other types of keratitis and the initiation of early treatment. A search was conducted of published papers with the purpose of showing confocal microscopy images of the epithelial phase of Acanthamoeba and herpes simplex corneal infection. Use was made of the platform Infomed, specifically the Virtual Health Library(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Ceratite por Acanthamoeba/epidemiologia , Ceratite Herpética/diagnóstico por imagem , Microscopia Confocal/métodos , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Bases de Dados BibliográficasAssuntos
Ceratite Herpética/diagnóstico por imagem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Dexametasona/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/efeitos adversos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiologia , Humanos , Ceratite Herpética/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Microscopia com Lâmpada de Fenda , Ativação ViralRESUMO
Piezoelectric inkjet 3D bioprinting technology is a viable technique for ophthalmological applications. It provides versatility, high sensibility and accuracy, required in ophthalmological procedures. A process flow for biofabrication was described in detail and validated, using piezoelectric inkjet technology, for ophthalmological applications, in vitro and in situ, based on complex images. Ophthalmological problems were documented by diagnostic examinations and were fed to the flow as complex images. The Concept Mapping methodology and the Conceptual Design approach were utilized to elaborate the 3D bioprinting process flow. It was developed a bioink with corneal epithelial cells. To simulate an in situ bioprinting process, eyes of pigs were selected as the substrate to print the cells. Print scripts used the digitally treated images. In order to print on predefined locations, alignment devices and sample holders were built. The proposed process flow has shown to be a potential tool for the biofabrication of ophthalmological solutions.