RESUMO
The current study was designed to investigate the effect of dried orange pulp inclusion (OP diet), natural zeolite addition (Z diet), or both (OPZ diet) compared to control (CON diet) on digestibility, growth performance, nitrogen utilization, blood biochemical, antioxidative status, and cecum microbiota of growing rabbits. Seventy-two V-line male rabbits (6 weeks old) were divided into 4 balanced experimental groups. Results showed that administration of dried orange pulp or zeolite especially the OPZ diet significantly improved nutrient digestibility and nutritive values. Rabbits fed the experimental diets (OP, Z, or OPZ) recorded significantly higher values of average daily gain, N-retention, and N-balance compared with those fed the CON diet. Data on blood biochemical, showed non-significant differences in globulin concentrations, and significant decreases in levels of cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoproteins), triglycerides, and MDA (malondialdehyde) as an antioxidant biomarker with OP, Z, or OPZ diets. Moreover, the incorporation of orange pulp or zeolite in diets significantly decreased the cecal count of E. coli, with no significant difference in total bacterial count among the experimental groups. It could be concluded that a combination between dried orange pulp and natural zeolite in the diet can enhance the growth performance, antioxidant and health status of rabbits.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Antioxidantes , Ceco , Citrus sinensis , Dieta , Nitrogênio , Zeolitas , Animais , Coelhos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Zeolitas/administração & dosagem , Zeolitas/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Citrus sinensis/química , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ceco/microbiologia , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Valor Nutritivo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rabbits are herbivores with a distinctive digestive strategy that differs significantly from other caecal fermenters (e.g., horses, guinea pigs) and ruminants. In view of this, the current study aimed to highlight distinctive histological and morphometric features of the caecal mucosa in adult rabbits that accentuate its major role in digestion. The caecal and jejunal samples were harvested from five 1-year-old domestic rabbits and processed by regular paraffin-embedding histological technique followed by Goldner's trichrome staining. A comprehensive morphological and morphometrical analysis of the jejunal mucosa vs. caecal mucosa was performed. RESULTS: Microscopically, as in the case of the jejunal mucosa, the caecal mucosa presents long and often branched finger-like villi covered by a simple columnar epithelium mostly made of enterocytes with a prominent microvillous brush border. Besides, the caecal villi include a lacteal along with the villous muscle. Statistically, except for villus length, all the parameters assessed in the caecal mucosa, including villus width, villus count, thickness of the brush border and enterocyte/goblet cells ratio, revealed a high grade of similarities with the jejunal villi. CONCLUSIONS: According to the obtained results, the caecal mucosa in adult domestic rabbits includes unique features, namely caecal villi, structures infrequently presented in the large intestine of other adult mammals. Those structures once more emphasize the major role of the caecum not only in fermentation but also subliminally in local absorption. To our knowledge, this is the first reliable microanatomical and morphometric report of caecal villi in adult domestic rabbits.
Assuntos
Ceco , Mucosa Intestinal , Jejuno , Animais , Coelhos/anatomia & histologia , Ceco/anatomia & histologia , Jejuno/anatomia & histologia , Mucosa Intestinal/anatomia & histologia , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dietary fibers can alter microbial metabolic output in support of healthy immune function; however, the impact of distinct fiber sources and immunomodulatory effects beyond short-chain fatty acid production are underexplored. In an effort to discern the effects of diverse fibers on host immunity, we employed five distinct rodent diets with varying fiber content and source in specific-pathogen-free, gnotobiotic (containing a 14-member synthetic human gut microbiota), and germ-free mice. RESULTS: Broad-scale metabolomics analysis of cecal contents revealed that fiber deprivation consistently reduced the concentrations of microbiota-produced B vitamins. This phenomenon was not always explained by reduced biosynthesis, rather, metatranscriptomic analyses pointed toward increased microbial usage of certain B vitamins under fiber-free conditions, ultimately resulting in a net reduction of host-available B vitamins. Broad immunophenotyping indicated that the local gut effector immune populations and activated T cells accumulate in a microbiota-dependent manner. Supplementation with the prebiotic inulin recovered the availability of microbially produced B vitamins and restored immune homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the potential to use defined fiber polysaccharides to boost microbiota-derived B vitamin availability in an animal model and to regulate local innate and adaptive immune populations of the host. Video abstract.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Complexo Vitamínico B , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Animais , Camundongos , Complexo Vitamínico B/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Vida Livre de Germes , Masculino , Ceco/microbiologia , Humanos , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/metabolismo , Metabolômica , PrebióticosRESUMO
Colonoscopies are widely available, but there are cases where insertion can be difficult, even for experienced endoscopists. EC-760XP/L, a new ultrasmall-diameter long scope, may be useful in such cases. This single-center retrospective study included 39 cases where colonoscope insertion was difficult even when previously conducted by an experienced endoscopist. The primary outcome was the cecal intubation time using EC-760XP/L compared to the time used in a previous examination with a standard scope. The secondary outcomes were the cecum intubation rate, intestinal cleanliness level, adenoma detection rate, polyp detection rate, sedative use rate, occurrence of adverse events, and pain experience. A comparison of cecal intubation times between EC-760XP/L and the standard scope showed that insertion times were significantly lower with EC-760XP/L (9.5 min) compared to the standard scope (19 min) (p < 0.01). The standard scope achieved cecal intubation in 30 cases (76.9%), whereas EC-760XP/L reached the cecum in all cases (p < 0.01). Pain was observed in 3 cases (8.3%) with the EC-760XP/L, which was significantly lower than the 22 cases (56.4%) with the standard scope (p < 0.01). In conclusion, EC-760XP/L proved to be useful in cases where colonoscope insertion was difficult.
Assuntos
Ceco , Colonoscópios , Colonoscopia , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Feminino , Colonoscopia/métodos , Colonoscopia/instrumentação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Pólipos do ColoRESUMO
Background and Objectives: Sepsis and its related complications are associated with high morbidity and mortality, often leading to liver damage. Ozone, a molecule with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, may offer protective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic and protective impact of ozone on liver injury in a rat model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Material and Methods: A total of 36 rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (Group C), ozone (Group O), cecal ligation and perforation (Group CLP), ozone + cecal ligation and perforation (Group O+CLP), and cecal ligation and perforation + ozone (Group CLP+O). In the ozone groups, 4 mL of ozone (20 µ/mL) was injected intraperitoneally. Biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated in liver tissue samples obtained at the end of 24 h. Results: Polymorphonuclear leukocyte and monocyte infiltration and the total injury score were significantly reduced in the ozone-treated groups compared to the CLP group (p < 0.001). Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 10 levels in the rat liver tissue were significantly reduced in the O+CLP and CLP+O groups compared to the CLP group, with the O+CLP group showing a more substantial decrease than the CLP+O group (p < 0.001). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and glutathione s-transferase levels were significantly lower in the ozone-treated groups compared to the CLP group (p < 0.001). Catalase activity was significantly elevated in the O+CLP group compared to the CLP group (p < 0.001). Serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and total bilirubin were significantly increased in the CLP group and decreased in the ozone-treated groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.01, p < 0.001 respectively). Conclusions: Administering ozone to rats one hour before the CLP significantly mitigated liver damage, showing a more pronounced effect compared to administering ozone one hour after CLP. The results indicate that ozone could serve a protective function in managing sepsis-induced liver damage.
Assuntos
Ceco , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado , Ozônio , Sepse , Animais , Ozônio/uso terapêutico , Sepse/complicações , Sepse/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Ceco/lesões , Ratos Wistar , Perfuração Intestinal , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
Non-dairy creamer is a class of microencapsulated powdered fats and oils that are widely used in the food industry. However, the oils used in it are hydrogenated vegetable oils, which contain large amounts of saturated fatty acids and are extremely harmful to the human body. This study investigated the effects of replacing hydrogenated vegetable oil with walnut oil to prepare walnut non-dairy creamer on lipid levels and intestinal microorganisms in mice. The results show that low-dose walnut non-dairy creamer significantly decreased the contents of TC and TG in serum and increased the content of HDL-C (p < 0.01). The contents of MDA, ALT, and AST were significantly decreased, while the content of SOD was increased (p < 0.01). The abundance of Firmicutes in the walnut non-dairy creamer group decreased, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes (B/F) increased, which significantly increased the richness of Lactobacillus and Oscillospira (p < 0.01). Allobaculum richness was significantly decreased (p < 0.01). In conclusion, a low dose of walnut non-dairy creamer can effectively promote the metabolism of blood lipids in vivo, alleviate oxidative stress injury and lipid accumulation damage to mouse hepatocytes, and ameliorate the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the intestinal microbiota of mice. This study provides a theoretical basis for the replacement of traditional non-dairy creamer and the research and development of walnut deep processing.
Assuntos
Ceco , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Juglans , Lipídeos , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Juglans/química , Camundongos , Ceco/microbiologia , Ceco/metabolismo , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/química , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The widespread use of antibiotics causes the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, which have a severe impact on poultry productivity and human health. As a result, research is continuing to develop safe natural antibiotic alternatives. In the current study, Bacillus pumilus SA388 was isolated from the chicken feces and confirmed to be a probiotic. The selected strain was tested for its antimutagenic and antioxidant capabilities before being employed as a probiotic food supplement and antibiotic alternative. The effect of B. pumilus SA388 impact on broiler chickens' growth performance, gut microbiome, blood biochemical markers, immunological response, and meat quality was also studied. B. pumilus SA388 showed significant bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumonia. A total of 200 chickens were used in the present study, divided equally among four experimental groups (ten birds per group with 5 replicates): group 1 (control, G1) received a basal diet without B. pumilus SA388, group 2 (G2) received a basal diet supplemented with 0.4 mg/kg of B. pumilus SA388, group 3 (G3) received a basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg of B. pumilus SA388, and group 4 (G4) received a basal diet supplemented with 1.6 mg/kg of B. pumilus SA388. Over 35 d, the B. pumilus SA388-supplemented groups outperformed the G1 in terms of body weight gain, performance index, and feed conversion ratio, with a preference for the G4 treatment. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing B. pumilus SA388 dosages compared to the control G1 group. Dietary supplementation of B. pumilus SA388 at 1.6 mg/kg (G4) significantly (P < 0.05) resulted in improved lipid profile, immunological response, thyroid function, and gut microbiota compared to the control group (G1). Compared to the broilers in the control treatment (G1), the addition of B. pumilus SA388 to broilers in G4 significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced juiciness, tenderness, aroma, and taste. Adding B. pumilus SA388 to chicken feed at different doses significantly (P < 0.05) decreased average feed intake while increasing economic and relative efficiency measures. In conclusion, B. pumilus SA388 has been proven to be an effective antibiotic and nutritional supplement.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Bacillus pumilus , Galinhas , Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Carne , Probióticos , Animais , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Galinhas/imunologia , Galinhas/fisiologia , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Carne/análise , Ceco/microbiologia , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Distribuição AleatóriaRESUMO
Coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease that has serious adverse effects on the global poultry industry. The mechanism by which the pathogenic factors of Eimeria tenella damage host cells is unknown. Some kinases from the rhoptry compartment can regulate apoptosis of host cells. This study focused on revealing the role and critical nodes of E. tenella rhoptry protein (EtROP) 38 in controlling the apoptosis of host cells via the P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The cells were treated with EtROP38 protein, siRNA p38MAPK, or both. The rate of infection, apoptosis, and the dynamic changes in the expression and activation of key factor genes of the P38MAPK signaling pathway in host cells infected with E. tenella were measured. The results showed that the addition of EtROP38 and/or knockdown of the host cells p38 gene reduced the apoptosis rate of cecal epithelial cells (CECS), decreased the mRNA expressions of p38, p53, c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun and increased the expression of p65, decreased the protein expressions of c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun, decreased the p38 protein phosphorylation level, and increased the p65 protein phosphorylation level in CECS. When E. tenella was inoculated for 4-96â¯h, the addition of Et ROP38 and/or host cell p38 knockdown both increased the infection rate of host cells, and this effect was more pronounced with the addition of EtROP38 with the host cell p38 knockdown. These observations indicate that E. tenella can inhibits the activation of the p38MAPK signaling pathway in host cells via EtROP38, which suppresses apoptosis in host cells.
Assuntos
Apoptose , Galinhas , Eimeria tenella , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno , Eimeria tenella/fisiologia , Animais , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismo , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Células Epiteliais/parasitologia , Ceco/parasitologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Currently, phage biocontrol is increasingly used as a green and natural technology for treating Salmonella and other infections, but phages exhibit instability and activity loss during storage. Therefore, in this study, the effects of lyophilization on the activity and stability of phage cocktails for the control of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in broiler chickens were determined. Eight serotypes of Salmonella were isolated and identified from broiler chicken farms, and bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimrium and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis were isolated. The bacteriophage cocktail was prepared and lyophilized, and it was subjected to in vitro and in vivo examinations. A reconstituted lyophilized bacteriophage cocktail was used for the oral treatment of chicks before and after challenge with multidrug-resistant S. Kentucky. The colonization of cecum by S. Kentucky was detected by using real-time PCR, and the serum levels of IgM, IgA and IL-4 and pathological changes in the different groups were detected. Three Caudovirales phages families were identified including Autographiviridae, Straboviridae and Drexlerviridae against multidrug-resistant S. Kentucky, S. Typhimrium and S. Enteritidis. The groups treated with the bacteriophage cocktail showed no clinical signs, no postmortem lesions, and a mortality rate of 0%, which improved the growth performance parameters. Additionally, the estimated serum levels of IgM, IgA and IL-4 were significantly greater in the bacteriophage cocktail-treated groups. Lyophilization effectively preserves the long-term storage stability of phages. Therefore, lyophilized bacteriophage cocktail therapy is a valuable approach for controlling multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections in broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Liofilização , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Salmonelose Animal , Fagos de Salmonella , Salmonella , Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Liofilização/métodos , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/terapia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/terapia , Salmonella/virologia , Fagos de Salmonella/fisiologia , Ceco/microbiologia , Ceco/virologia , Terapia por Fagos/métodos , Bacteriófagos/genética , Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Bacteriófagos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The chicken immune system and microbiota play vital roles in maintaining gut homeostasis and protecting against pathogens. In mammals, XCR1+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are located in the gut-draining lymph nodes and play a major role in gut homeostasis. These cDCs sample antigens in the gut luminal contents and limit the inflammatory response to gut commensal microbes by generating appropriate regulatory and effector T-cell responses. We hypothesized that these cells play similar roles in sustaining gut homeostasis in chickens, and that chickens lacking XCR1 were likely to contain a dysbiotic caecal microbiota. Here we compare the caecal microbiota of chickens that were either heterozygous or homozygous XCR1 knockouts, that had or had not been vaccinated for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). We used short-read (Illumina) and long-read (PacBio HiFi) metagenomic sequencing to reconstruct 670 high-quality, strain-level metagenome assembled genomes. We found no significant differences between alpha diversity or the abundance of specific microbial taxa between genotypes. However, IBV vaccination was found to correlate with significant differences in the richness and beta diversity of the microbiota, and to the abundance of 40 bacterial genera. In conclusion, we found that a lack of XCR1 was not correlated with significant changes in the chicken microbiota, but IBV vaccination was.
Assuntos
Ceco , Galinhas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa , Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/imunologia , Vírus da Bronquite Infecciosa/genética , Ceco/microbiologia , Vacinação , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Metagenoma , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , MetagenômicaRESUMO
Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is thought to contribute to insulin resistance, which involves the gut microbiota. Our previous studies have demonstrated that ingestion of 1-kestose can alter the gut microbiota composition, increase cecal butyrate levels, and improve insulin resistance in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Additionally, we found that 1-kestose supplementation ameliorated insulin resistance in obese rat models fed a high-fat diet (HFD), although the effects of 1-kestose on the abundance of inflammation-related gene in adipose tissue and gut microbiota composition in these rats were not explored. This study aimed to investigate the impact of 1-kestose on these parameters in HFD-fed rats, compared to OLETF rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two dietary groups, control or HFD, for 19 wk. Each group was further subdivided to receive either tap water or tap water supplemented with 2% (w/v) 1-kestose throughout the study. We evaluated gene expression in adipose tissue, as well as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels and microbial composition in the cecum contents. 1-Kestose intake restored the increased relative abundance of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf) mRNA in adipose tissue and the reduced level of butyrate in the cecum contents of HFD-fed rats to those observed in control diet-fed rats. Additionally, 1-kestose consumption changed the composition of the gut microbiota, increasing Butyricicoccus spp., decreasing UGC-005 and Streptococcus spp., in the cecum contents of HFD-fed rats. Our findings suggest that 1-kestose supplementation reduces adipose tissue inflammation and increases butyrate levels in the gut of HFD-fed rats, associated with changes in the gut microbiota composition, distinct from those seen in OLETF rats.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo , Ceco , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Inflamação , RNA Mensageiro , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Ceco/microbiologia , Ceco/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina , Ratos Endogâmicos OLETF , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/microbiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Butiratos/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Inflammation in the central nervous system plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. This study aims to explore the effects of maresin 1 (MaR1), an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator, on sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. METHODS: Mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups: A sham group (sham operation+vehicle), a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group (CLP operation+vehicle), a MaR1-LD group (CLP operation+1 ng MaR1), and a MaR1-HD group (CLP operation+10 ng MaR1). MaR1 or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered starting 1 h before CLP operation, then every other day for 7 days. Survival rates were monitored, and serum inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6] were measured 24 h after operation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cognitive function was assessed 7 days after operation using the Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition (NOR) task. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-4, IL-10, and arginase 1 (Arg1) in cortical and hippocampal tissues was determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of iNOS, Arg1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and phosphorylated STAT6 (p-STAT6) in hippocampal tissue. Microglia activation was visualized via immunofluorescence. Mice were also treated with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 to confirm the involvement of this pathway in MaR1's effects. RESULTS: CLP increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, and reduced body weight and survival rates (all P<0.05). Both 1 ng and 10 ng doses of MaR1 significantly reduced serum TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels, improved body weight, and increased survival rates (all P<0.05). No significant difference in efficacy was observed between the 2 doses (all P>0.05). MWM test and NOR task indicated that CLP impaired spatial learning, which MaR1 mitigated. However, GW9662 partially reversed MaR1's protective effects. Real-time RT-PCR results demonstrated that, compared to the sham group, mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and iNOS significantly increased in hippocampal tissues following CLP (all P<0.05), while IL-4, IL-10, and Arg1 showed a slight decrease, though the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Compared to the CLP group, both 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 decreased TNF-α, IL-1ß, and iNOS mRNA expression in hippocampal tissues and increased IL-4, IL-10, and Arg1 mRNA expression (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence results indicated a significant increase in Iba1-positive microglia in the hippocampus after CLP compared to the sham group (P<0.05). Administration of 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 reduced the percentage area of Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampus compared to the CLP group (both P<0.05). Western blotting results showed that, compared to the CLP group, both 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 down-regulated the iNOS expression, while up-regulated the expression of Arg1, PPARγ, and p-STAT6 (all P<0.05). However, the inclusion of GW9662 counteracted the MaR1-induced upregulation of Arg1 and PPARγ compared to the MaR1-LD group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MaR1 inhibits the classical activation of hippocampal microglia, promotes alternative activation, reduces sepsis-induced neuroinflammation, and improves cognitive decline.
Assuntos
Ceco , Disfunção Cognitiva , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos , Sepse , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Animais , Camundongos , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Sepse/complicações , Sepse/metabolismo , Ligadura , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/uso terapêutico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Ceco/cirurgia , Masculino , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/etiologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/genética , Arginase/metabolismo , Punções/efeitos adversos , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologiaRESUMO
Christensenella minuta DSM 22607 has recently been suggested as a potential microbiome-based therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because it displays strong anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we aimed to decipher the mechanism(s) underlying the DSM 22607-mediated beneficial effects on the host in a mouse model of chemically induced acute colitis. We observed that C. minuta plays a key role in the preservation of the epithelial barrier and the management of DNBS-induced inflammation by inhibiting interleukin (IL)-33 and Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 (Tnfrsf8) gene expression. We also showed that DSM 22607 abundance was positively correlated with Akkermansia sp. and Dubosiella sp. and modulated microbial metabolites in the cecum. These results offer new insights into the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of C. minuta DSM 22607 by protecting the intestinal barrier integrity and regulating inflammation.
Assuntos
Colite , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Mucosa Intestinal , Animais , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Camundongos , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Clostridiales , Inflamação , Ceco/microbiologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Dinitrofluorbenzeno/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
We investigated the effects of a single and simultaneous intake of allitol and d-allulose on body fat accumulation and cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and accurately assessed the contribution of rare sugars to body fat in rats fed a high-fat diet that led to obesity. Thirty-two male 3-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, allitol, d-allulose, and allitol + d-allulose. The rats were fed experimental diets and water ad libitum for 11 weeks. High doses of allitol or d-allulose can induce diarrhea in rat; hence, each group of rats was acclimated to 1-5% allitol and d-allulose incrementally for the initial 20 days. After the feeding period, all rats were euthanized and collected tissues. Perirenal, mesenteric, and total intra-abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly reduced by dietary d-allulose, whereas dietary allitol tended to decrease these adipose tissue weights. Both allitol and d-allulose significantly decreased carcass and total body fat mass. We confirmed that both dietary allitol and d-allulose inhibited body fat accumulation; however, d-allulose did not inhibit hepatic lipogenesis and no synergy was observed between dietary allitol and d-allulose in terms of anti-obesity effects. Dietary allitol significantly increased cecal SCFA levels and these effects were more potent than those of dietary d-allulose. The antiobesity effect of allitol may be due to the action of SCFAs, especially butyric acid, produced by the gut microbiota. Many of the effects of allitol as an alternative sweetener remain unknown, and further research is required.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo , Ceco , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Frutose , Ratos Wistar , Álcoois Açúcares , Animais , Masculino , Ceco/metabolismo , Ceco/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Frutose/administração & dosagem , Álcoois Açúcares/farmacologia , Álcoois Açúcares/administração & dosagem , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/etiologia , Ratos , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Salmonella translocate to the gut epithelium via microfold cells lining the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). How Salmonella localize to the FAE is not well characterized. Here we use live imaging and competitive assays between wild-type and chemotaxis-deficient mutants to show that Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) localize to the FAE independently of chemotaxis in an ex vivo mouse caecum infection model. Electrical recordings revealed polarized FAE with sustained outward current and small transepithelial potential, while the surrounding villus is depolarized with inward current and large transepithelial potential. The distinct electrical potentials attracted S. Typhimurium to the FAE while Escherichia coli (E. coli) localized to the villi, through a process called galvanotaxis. Chloride flux involving the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) generated the ionic currents around the FAE. Pharmacological inhibition of CFTR decreased S. Typhimurium FAE localization but increased E. coli recruitment. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that bioelectric cues contribute to S. Typhimurium targeting of specific gut epithelial locations, with potential implications for other enteric bacterial infections.
Assuntos
Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística , Escherichia coli , Mucosa Intestinal , Salmonella typhimurium , Animais , Camundongos , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiologia , Salmonella typhimurium/metabolismo , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/fisiologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Quimiotaxia , Ceco/microbiologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Feminino , Modelos Animais de Doenças , HumanosRESUMO
The consumption of poultry products contaminated with Salmonella species is one of the most common causes of Salmonella infections. In vivo studies demonstrated the potential application of peanut skins (PS) as an antimicrobial poultry feed additive to help mitigate the proliferation of Salmonella in poultry environments. Tons of PS, a waste by-product of the peanut industry, are generated and disposed in U.S. landfills annually. Peanut skins and extracts have been shown to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Hence, we aimed to determine the effect of PS as a feed additive on the gut microbiota of broilers fed a control or PS supplemented (4% inclusion) diet and inoculated with or without Salmonella enterica Enteritidis (SE). At hatch 160 male broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: 1) CON-control diet without SE, 2) PS-PS diet without SE, 3) CONSE-control diet with SE, 4) PSSE-PS diet with SE. On d 3, birds from CONSE and PSSE treatments were inoculated with 4.2 × 109 CFU/mL SE. At termination (4 wk), 10 birds/treatment were euthanized and ileal and cecal contents were collected for 16S rRNA analysis using standard methodologies. Sequencing data were analyzed using QIIME2. No effect of PS or SE was observed on ileal alpha and beta diversity, while evenness, richness, number of amplicon sequence variants (ASV) and Shannon, as well as beta diversity were significantly (P < 0.05) affected in ceca. Similarly, more differentially abundant taxa between treatment groups were identified in ceca than in ileum. However, more microbiota functional changes, based on the PICRUST2 prediction, were observed in ileum. Overall, relatively minor changes in microbiota were observed during SE infection and PS treatment, suggesting that PS addition may not attenuate the SE proliferation, as shown previously, through modulation of microbiota in gastrointestinal tract. However, while further studies are warranted, these results suggest that PS may potentially serve as a functional feed additive for poultry for improvement of animal health.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Arachis , Ceco , Galinhas , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Íleo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Salmonelose Animal , Salmonella enteritidis , Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Salmonella enteritidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enteritidis/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ceco/microbiologia , Masculino , Arachis/química , Arachis/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/prevenção & controle , Íleo/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Distribuição Aleatória , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análiseRESUMO
Spray-dried plasma (SDP) is a functional feed additive that has been established to improve performance and health of livestock. Understanding the effect of SDP in immune response modulation is essential to optimize its use for controlling Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection in chickens. This study was conducted to determine the levels of expression of selected cytokine genes in the ileum and cecal tonsil of SE-challenged broiler chicks. In a floor-pen housing, 320 broilers chicks were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups: CX (unmedicated corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal without SDP), MX (unmedicated corn-SBM basal with antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) added at 0.055g/kg diet), PCX (unmedicated corn-SBM basal with SDP added at 30g/kg diet). Treatments SE, MSE, and PSE consisted of chicks inoculated with 7.46 × 108 CFU SE /mL at 1 d of age and given diets similar to CX, MX, and PCX, respectively. Samples of cecal tonsils and ileum were collected on d 3, 7 and 14 post infection for qRT-PCR analysis to determine the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-13, IL-17, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß genes. In the ceca tonsils, expression of IFN-γ was not affected by the interaction of Day and Treatment (P > 0.05). The level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-13 was lower in MX and PCX on d 7 whereas high levels were expressed (P < 0.05) in MSE and PSE. In the ileum, expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in PSE and MSE, but only PSE expressed lower IL-6 comparable to unchallenged treatments. On d 28 postchallenge, concentrations of anti-SE IgY and IL-6 protein were higher (P < 0.05) in the SE-challenged treatments compared to the unchallenged treatments. Overall, these results suggest that dietary SDP showed similar potency to BMD in modulating intestinal cytokine response against intestinal SE colonization in broiler chicks and therefore can be considered suitable alternative replacement for antibiotics in broiler production.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Citocinas , Dieta , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Salmonelose Animal , Salmonella enteritidis , Animais , Galinhas/imunologia , Ração Animal/análise , Salmonella enteritidis/fisiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Dieta/veterinária , Salmonelose Animal/imunologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Íleo/imunologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Masculino , Ceco/microbiologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasma/química , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Salmonella enteretidis (SE) has a great propensity to translocate from the cecum into internal organs such as the spleen and liver. However, a major concern is the ability of SE to colonize the ovaries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to control the Salmonella load in the ceca and ovaries of commercial layer pullets. Ten-week-old layer pullets were divided into 2 groups: one group was fed a control diet with commercial feed without additives, and another group was fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5 kg/metric ton of yeast cell walls (YCWs). At 16 wk of age, the birds in both groups were challenged with 3.0 × 109 CFU/mL SE by oral gavage. The birds were euthanized on d 7 and 14 postchallenge to collect the ceca and ovaries for Salmonella load determination. The results demonstrated that there were no statistical differences in ovary SE infection rates. The trend in the prevalence of SE positivity in the ovaries was similar at 14 d, with 2.1% (YCW pullets) to 4.2% positive for the ovaries of the nontreated pullets. There was also no significant difference in the SE log10 MPN/gram between the YCW and the control groups. In the ceca, the high level of SE (3.0 × 109 cfu/pullet), which results in ovarian transmission, causes high intestinal tract inflammation. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of SE in the ceca at 7 d postchallenge but not at 14 d postchallenge. In conclusion, the reduction in Salmonella load observed in the ceca on d 7 in this study shows the potential of YCW supplementation for reducing Salmonella colonization in poultry.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Ceco , Parede Celular , Galinhas , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ovário , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Salmonelose Animal , Animais , Feminino , Ração Animal/análise , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Ovário/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/prevenção & controle , Ceco/microbiologia , Parede Celular/química , Dieta/veterinária , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Carga Bacteriana/veterináriaRESUMO
This study investigated the diet-additive interactions of a Lactobacilli-based probiotic (Pro) and postbiotic (Post) on immune parameters and cecal microbiota composition, with subsequent effects on the metabolome in broilers. A completely randomized block design was employed with 2 diets [standard (SD), and challenge (CD)] and 3 additive conditions (Control, Pro, Post) involving 1,368 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers equally distributed among 36 pens in a 42 d study. Diets were formulated to contain identical nutrient levels, with CD higher than SD in non-starch polysaccharide content by including rye and barley. Total non-specific serum Ig A, M and G concentrations were determined weekly from d14 to 35. Following vaccination, titres of specific antibodies binding Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were measured. Microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing at d14 and 35, and α- and ß-diversity indexes (Observed, Chao1, Bray, Jaccard) were calculated. Cecal short-chain fatty acids and the semi-polar metabolome were determined in the Control SD and all CD groups at d35. At d35, a diet-additive interaction was observed on cecal microbiota composition. Within SD, Pro and Post did not affect operational taxonomic units (OTU) abundance (adjusted-P > 0.05) and diversity indexes (P > 0.05). Within CD, Pro and Post affected the relative abundances of 37 and 44 OTUs, respectively (adjusted-P < 0.05), with Post but not Pro affecting ß-diversity indexes (P = 0.041 and 0.064 for Bray and Jaccard, respectively). Within CD, Post increased cecal acetate (21%; P = 0.007) and butyrate (41%; P = 0.002) concentration and affected the concentration of 2 metabolites (adjusted-P < 0.05), while Pro affected 240 metabolites (adjusted-P < 0.05). No diet-additive interactions were observed on serum Ig (P > 0.05), except for IgM at d14 (P = 0.004). Diet composition, but not the additives, affected immune status parameters. The Pro and Post affected cecal microbiota composition only under dietary challenging conditions as previously reported for growth.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Probióticos , Animais , Galinhas/imunologia , Dieta/veterinária , Ração Animal/análise , Masculino , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/farmacologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ceco/microbiologia , Vírus da Doença Infecciosa da Bursa/fisiologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/imunologia , Infecções por Birnaviridae/veterinária , Lactobacillus , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Doença de Newcastle/imunologiaRESUMO
Poultry is a ubiquitous and highly sought-after protein source valued for its accessibility, notable protein content, and lack of religious constraints. However, the demand for poultry has resulted in a surge in intensive production practices. The transition from subsistence agricultural practices to intensive food production resulted in the widespread adoption of antibiotics for both therapeutic and economic purposes. These interventions were intended to enhance meat yield, promote bird health, and enhance cost-effectiveness of production. However, this inadvertently contributed to the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, the need to explore alternative approaches to mitigate the problems associated with AMR has become increasingly pressing. In response, metal-based compounds have emerged as a promising substitute to conventional antibiotics. In this study, the effects of a water soluble metallo-antimicrobial supplement, ferric sillen core-linked polymer (FSCLP), on body weight gain, feed conversion, water intake, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, cecal microbiome and intestinal morphology in broilers was examined. The findings of this study suggested that the addition of the FSCLP resulted in better bird performance, even during a period of heat stress. Volatile fatty acids analysis of cecal contents indicated that there were significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of butyric and valeric acids. Cecal microbiome analysis confirmed significantly lower abundance (p < 0.05) of Proteobacteria (e.g., E. coli) and a significantly greater abundance of VFA-producing bacteria such as Intestinimonas butyriciproducens, Blautia and Lachnospiraceae. The intestinal morphology data showed supplementation with the FSCLP at 80 ppm resulted in a significantly higher (p < 0.05) villus height of the jejunum. This study emphasises the potential of FSCLP as a feasible solution to the issues faced by AMR in chicken production, providing insights into its beneficial impacts on performance, microbial composition, and intestinal health.