RESUMO
Poultry is commonly infected by different bacteria and parasites in the environment, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality, but immunostimulants have been enhancing non-specific defense mechanisms conferring laying hens' protection. For this purpose, the pulp of yellow (Pouteria campechiana), white (Casimiroa edulis), and black (Diospyros digyna) sapotes were nanoencapsulated (YWB-SN) and evaluated in laying hens' peripheral blood leukocytes to test their addition to the experimental diets at a concentration of 0.5% (5g/kg of dry food) for 1 month (with two samples at days 15 and 30). The YWB-SN were safe when exposed to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). The in vitro experiment showed that these nanocapsules enhanced reactive oxygen species production, and B-SN stimulated phagocytosis activity. Concerning the proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) transcription, this gene was upregulated after W-SN stimulation, while B-SN upregulated the IgG gene expression significantly. IgM was upregulated with any YBW-SN in PBLs after 24 h of stimulation. The in vivo study showed a notable B-SN immunostimulation in serum and an upregulation of TNF-α, IgM, and IgG mRNA transcription. Therefore, this study provides a new result of the yellow, white, and black sapote nanocapsules as a functional food for the poultry industry, highlighting the black sapote Diospyros digyna immunostimulant effect.
Assuntos
Casimiroa , Diospyros , Manilkara , Nanocápsulas , Pouteria , Animais , Feminino , Galinhas/fisiologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Dieta/veterinária , Aves Domésticas , Suplementos Nutricionais , Imunoglobulina G , Imunoglobulina M , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Leaf and seed decoctions of Casimiroa spp. are used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat high blood pressure. Previous researches showed as Casimiroa extracts are able to induce relaxation of rat aortic and caudal arteries. To study the influence of the aging, we determined the vascular effect induced by extracts of Casimiroa edulis and Casimiroa pubescens in arterial tissues from young and old rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The activity of Casimiroa edulis extracts: hexanic-leaf (Ce5), methanolic-leaf (Ce6), hexanic-seed (Ce7) and methanolic-seed (Ce8), and Casimiroa pubescens: hexanic-leaf (Cp9), methanolic-leaf (Cp10), hexanic-seed (Cp11) and methanolic-seed (Cp12) were investigated in precontracted caudal arteries of young (4 months) and old (20 months) rats. RESULTS: The Casimiroa extracts tested at 20 µg/ml induced vasorelaxation in phenylephrine-precontracted arterial tissues both in young and old arterial tissues. Methanolic seed extracts of Casimiroa edulis (Ce8) and Casimiroa pubescens (Cp12) caused a higher relaxation in young than in old arterial tissues. Nifedipine (0.01 µM) did not change the vasorelaxation induced by Casimiroa edulis extract either in young and old rat arterial tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The vasorelaxation induced by Casimiroa edulis and Casimiroa pubescens extracts is decreased from aging since the effects were higher in young than in old rat arterial tissues. However, the methanolic-seed extracts of both plant species induced a relevant vasorelaxation also in old arterial tissues. Thus the results support the traditional use of Casimiroa decoctions as antihypertensive, also in elderly.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Artérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Casimiroa , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatadores/farmacologia , Fatores Etários , Animais , Anti-Hipertensivos/química , Anti-Hipertensivos/isolamento & purificação , Casimiroa/química , Hexanóis/química , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional , Metanol/química , México , Nifedipino/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sementes , Solventes/química , Vasodilatadores/química , Vasodilatadores/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The leaf essential oil of Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae), collected from Monteverde, Costa Rica, has been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The leaf oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, predominately germacrene D (16-22%) and (E)-caryophyllene (16-17%), consistent with the traditional use of this plant as a sedative, sleep inducer and hypotensive.
Assuntos
Casimiroa/química , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Costa Rica , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The Casimiroa pringlei essential oil was analyzed to determine its chemical composition. Its effect on rat uterine smooth muscle was studied and compared with verapamil. Pure commercial piperitone, eucalyptol, and alpha-terpineol, the major constituents of C. pringlei essential oil, were tested on the uterine tonic contraction induced by high-potassium depolarizing solution (KCl 60 mM).
Assuntos
Casimiroa , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Parassimpatolíticos/farmacologia , Contração Uterina/efeitos dos fármacos , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Variância , Animais , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Casimiroa/química , Cromatografia Gasosa , Feminino , Espectrometria de Massas , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Parassimpatolíticos/química , Parassimpatolíticos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Cloreto de Potássio/farmacologia , Ratos , Verapamil/farmacologiaRESUMO
The behavioral and electrophysiological responses of nonirradiated male and female Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to white sapote, Casimiroa edulis Oerst. (Rutaceae), volatiles were investigated. Females flew upwind and landed more often on fruit than on artificial fruit in wind tunnel bioassays. Males flew upwind (but not landed) more frequently on fruit than on artificial fruit. Porapak Q volatile extracts of white sapote also elicited upwind flight and landing on artificial fruit for both sexes. Gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection analysis of white sapote extracts revealed that antennae of both sexes responded to eight compounds. Two peaks were unidentified because they did not separate from the solvent. Subsequent peaks were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as styrene, myrcene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,8-cineole, and linalool in a proportion of 50: 21: 0.5: 27: 1.5, respectively. Eight peaks were tentatively identified as beta-trans-ocimene. The number of A. ludens captured in multilure traps baited with the synthetic white sapote blend was higher than the flies captured by the multilure unbaited traps (control) in field cages. However, the number of flies captured by traps baited with the white sapote blend was not different from that of flies captured by traps baited with hydrolyzed protein. Using standard chemical ecology techniques, we found potential attractants from wild sapote fruit for monitoring and management of A. ludens population.
Assuntos
Casimiroa/química , Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Tephritidae/fisiologia , Animais , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
The Maya of the Yucatán peninsula commonly use the leaves of Casimiroa tetrameria for treating gastrointestinal disorders, notably diarrhoea and dysentery, as well as gastrointestinal cramps. The phytochemical investigation resulted in the isolation of 13 compounds: eight polymethoxylated flavonoids (two as minor components with a main constituent), four flavonoid glycosides and one furanocoumarin. In this study we used two well-established models in order to assess the gastrointestinal effects of C. tetrameria extracts and isolated compounds: the USSING-chamber, a pharmacological model for diarrhoea, and the isolated guinea pig ileum, a model for modulatory effects on ileum contraction. Extracts and the class of polymethoxylated flavonoids showed strong inhibitory effects in both models, which provides ex-vivo evidence for the use of this botanical drug in the treatment of several gastrointestinal problems, most notably diarrhoea. The crude extract, polymethoxylated flavonoid-rich fractions and the polymethoxylated flavonoids tested showed prominent antisecretory activity. Polymethoxylated flavonoid-rich fractions also inhibited the histamine-induced contractions in the guinea pig model. The effects are not due to a single compound, but to a large number of structurally related compounds that all contribute to the effect.
Assuntos
Antidiarreicos/farmacologia , Casimiroa , Doenças do Sistema Digestório/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Tradicional , Parassimpatolíticos/farmacologia , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais/química , Animais , Antidiarreicos/química , Antidiarreicos/isolamento & purificação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Etanol/química , Etanol/farmacologia , Ácido Gástrico/metabolismo , Cobaias , Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Helicobacter pylori/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Íleo/efeitos dos fármacos , Íleo/patologia , México/etnologia , Relaxamento Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relaxamento Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Liso/efeitos dos fármacos , Parassimpatolíticos/química , Parassimpatolíticos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
As part of an ongoing study of the medicinal plants of the Yucatec Maya, Casimiroa tetrameria was investigated for its phytochemistry. From an ethyl acetate partition of an ethanol extract of the leaves, eight flavonoids and a furanocoumarin were isolated and characterised as 5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,2',3',6'-pentamethoxyflavone and 5-methoxy-8-(3''-hydroxymethyl-but-2''-enyloxy)-psoralen using a combination of 1H, 13C NMR and NOESY spectroscopy.
Assuntos
Casimiroa/química , Ficusina/isolamento & purificação , Flavonas/isolamento & purificação , México , Estrutura Molecular , Folhas de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais/químicaRESUMO
In order to evaluate the effects produced by the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves from Casimiroa edulis on the central nervous system, different behavioral tests and animal models of depression and anxiety were performed. The extract was administered intraperitoneally in male and female rats and tested on spontaneous motor activity, locomotor activity, exploration of an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and in the forced swimming test (FST). In addition, the extract was administered orally in male and female mice and evaluated in the following tests: general observation, pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, EPM, rota-rod, hole-board, and marble-burying. The results revealed that, in rats, the extract caused considerable reduction of locomotor and exploratory activities and increased the exploration of the EPM open arms in a similar way that diazepam. In the FST, the extract was as effective as fluoxetine in inducing shortening of immobility, along with a significant increase on climbing duration. On the other hand, in mice, the extract prolonged pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, increased exploration of the EPM open arms and partially protected from the pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions. No significant effect was evident on motor coordination, hole-board and marble-burying tests. These results suggest that the hydroalcoholic extract of Casimiroa edulis may contain sedative principles with potential anxiolytic and antidepressant properties, which need further investigation.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Casimiroa , Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Ansiolíticos/isolamento & purificação , Etnofarmacologia , Feminino , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , NataçãoRESUMO
The vasorelaxing activity of the aqueous extracts of Casimiroa edulis seeds F(AECe) on mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) of rats was studied. MAB precontracted with methoxamine was mounted on a tissue bath and exposed to plant extracts (bolus 50, 500, 2500 and 5000 microg). The bolus injections of AECe significantly inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, the maximal contractile response induced by methoxamine (30 microm) in MAB. After endothelium removal, the vascular ability of Casimiroa edulis aqueous extract was significantly changed. Treatment with an inhibitor of NO synthase (L-NOA, 10 microM) also modified the AECe effect. The guanilate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (MB, 100 microM) inhibited the AECe-induced vasodilatation. These results suggest the involvement of NO of endothelial source (or related factors) in this vasodilator effect.
Assuntos
Casimiroa , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Artérias Mesentéricas/efeitos dos fármacos , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Endotélio Vascular/fisiologia , Liofilização/métodos , Masculino , Artérias Mesentéricas/fisiologia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sementes , Vasodilatação/fisiologia , Água/farmacologiaRESUMO
Anxiolytic-like actions of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Casimiroa edulis (Ce) La Llave ex Lex. (Rutaceae) were studied in male Wistar rats in the elevated plus-maze test, whether effect on locomotion were studied in the open-field task, and its possible antidepressant-like actions in the forced swimming task. In the elevated plus-maze test, diazepam (Dz) (1.30 mg/kg; P < 0.05) and Casimiroa edulis (25.0 mg/kg, P < 0.05; 35.0 mg/kg, P < 0.05) increased open arms exploration (i.e., anxiolytic-like action). Doses of 45.0 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and 55.0 mg/kg (P < 0.05) of Casimiroa edulis reduced locomotion in the elevated plus-maze test and in the open-field test. In the forced swimming task, desipramine (dmi) (32.0 mg/kg; P < 0.05) reduced immobility (i.e., antidepressant-like action). Conversely, as compared to control rats, neither diazepam (Dz) (1.30 mg/kg) nor Casimiroa edulis (25.0 mg/kg) modified immobility in the forced swimming task. However, diazepam (P < 0.05) or Casimiroa edulis (P < 0.05), when co-administered, canceled the antiimmobility actions of desipramine. In conclusion, the leaves of Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae) produced anxiolytic-like actions in male Wistar rats, with several side actions, namely, reduced locomotion and neutralization of the antidepressant-like actions of desipramine.