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La nariz es estructuralmente compleja, y esta complejidad da como resultado variaciones de forma nasal. El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las desviaciones septales nasales que ocurren en relación con las deformidades nasales externas. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el departamento de oído, nariz y garganta, en nuestro hospital. Todos los individuos que tienen desviación septal con deformidad nasal externa de noviembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018. Esos pacientes serán evaluados mediante un examen clínico integral de la oreja, la nariz y la garganta. Los síntomas del paciente se clasifican con el cuestionario de prueba china nasal -22. Las deformidades septales se clasificaron utilizando la clasificación Mladina modificada. Las deformidades nasales externas se clasificaron empleando la clasificación de Yong Jo Jang. Aproximadamente, el 43% eran hombres y el 57% eran mujeres. Alrededor del 90% de los pacientes de 21 años a 50 años. Alrededor del 58% de los pacientes eran sintomáticos, mientras que el resto del 42% no tenía síntomas. Al correlacionar los síntomas con el tipo de desviación, se encontró significativamente asociación (P = 0.05). La mayoría de las personas se encuentran en el grupo de mediana edad. Tipo II y IV son los tipos más comunes de NSD, mientras que el tipo I es un final común. El encuentro notable de nuestro estudio es que los pacientes no tenían deformidad

The nose is structurally complex, and this complexity results in nasal shape variations. The study aimed to determine the nasal septal deviations occurrence in relation to external nasal deformities. A crosssectional study was conducted in Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, in our hospital. All the individuals having septal deviation with external nasal deformity from November 2017 to November 2018. Those patients be evaluated by comprehensive clinical examination of ear, nose and throat. Patient's symptoms are rated with Sino-Nasal Test -22 questionnaire. Septal deformities were classified using Mladina classification modified. External nasal deformities were classified employing Yong Jo Jang's classification. Approximately, 43% were males and 57% were females. About 90% of patients aged from 21 years to 50 years. About 58% of patients were symptomatic while the rest 42% were without symptoms. On correlating the symptoms with the type of deviation it was found significantly association (P=0.05). Majority of individuals are in the middle age group. Type II and IV are the most common types of NSD whereas type I is a common END. Noteworthy finding of our study is patients had no deformity.

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Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la presentación y el manejo de la aplasia congénita unilateral del cartílago alar. En este informe, presentamos el caso de un paciente sometido a rinoseptoplastia abierta primaria que presenta aplasia congénita del cartílago alar izquierdo que se repara con cartílago septal. Se discute el manejo de casos y se revisa la literatura. Las anomalías nasales congénitas son poco frecuentes. La ausencia aislada de cualquier estructura nasal específica es aún más rara. El diagnóstico preoperatorio en una nariz hispana es difícil, pero cuando se encuentra este defecto congénito, puede repararse con cartílago septal u otros tipos de cartílago, dependiendo de la disponibilidad del injerto, con buenos resultados. Se recomienda un enfoque abierto para este tipo de patología. La aplasia unilateral del cartílago alar podría reconstruirse con éxito utilizando el cartílago septal a través de un abordaje abierto.

Abstract The objective of this work is discussing the presentation and management of unilateral congenital aplasia of the alar cartilage. In this report, we present the case of a patient undergoing primary open rhinoseptoplasty presenting congenital aplasia of the left alar cartilage that is repaired with septal cartilage. Case management is discussed, and the literature is reviewed. Congenital nasal abnormalities are rare. The isolated absence of any specific nasal structure is even more rare. Preoperative diagnosis in a Hispanic nose is difficult, but when this deformed congenital is found, it can be repaired with septal cartilage or other types of cartilage, depending on the availability of the graft, with good results. An open approach is recommended for this type of pathology. Unilateral alar cartilage aplasia could be successfully reconstructed using septal cartilage through and open approach.

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Introdução: O aumento da projeção da ponta nasal às vezes se torna necessário para a obtenção de uma boa proporção entre ela e o dorso. Inúmeras técnicas e táticas são descritas com essa finalidade utilizando enxertos cartilaginosos obtidos do septo nasal, concha auricular e cartilagem costal. Quando esse aumento deve ser discreto é proposto o uso dos excedentes de cartilagens alares laterais em forma de "pseudo-retalhos". Métodos: Em rinoplastias abertas primárias os excedentes das cartilagens alares, geralmente removidas, são utilizados como "pseudo-retalhos", dobrados sobre si mesmos, em forma de "suspensório de soldado francês", sobre o domus das cartilagens alares, tendo como acolchoamento de apoio os tecidos moles delas próprias, e o tecido mole interdomal, geralmente desprezado, que é liberado, e elevado para sobre os domus. Ele é mantido, descolado e deslocado para a ponta nasal, e fica contido pelos "pseudo-retalhos" das cartilagens alares ali suturados ou cobrindo o extremo do enxerto estrutural da columela. Foram operados com essa tática 36 pacientes. Resultados: 35 com bons resultados e um apresentou um abcesso de ponta nasal, provocado pela exposição endonasal de um fio de sutura não absorvível, que foi removido. Houve necessidade de uma segunda intervenção, utilizando novo enxerto auricular, ainda com resultado insatisfatório. O método é relativamente simples para quem opera narizes. Conclusão: A ponta nasal pode ser discretamente mais projetada utilizando os excessos de cartilagens alares, "pediculadas" no domus.

Introduction: An increased nasal tip projection is sometimes necessary to achieve an appropriate proportion between nasal tip and dorsum. Numerous techniques and tactics have been described for this purpose using cartilaginous grafts obtained from the nasal septum, auricular concha, and costal cartilage. When this increased projection must be discrete, the use of excess lateral alar cartilage in the form of "pseudo-flaps" is proposed. Methods: In primary open rhinoplasty, excess alar cartilage, which is generally removed, was used to produce "pseudo-flaps". The cartilages were folded over themselves in the form of a "French soldier's suspender" over the domes of the alar cartilage and supported by interdomal soft tissue padding raised over the domus. It was kept detached, and relocated to the nasal tip and was contained by "pseudoflaps" of the alar cartilages sutured there or covering the columella's structural graft. Thirty-six patients underwent surgery using this technique. Results: Thirty-five had good results and one had a nasal tip abscess, caused by endonasal exposure to a non-absorbable suture, which was removed. A second intervention was then performed using a new auricular graft, but the result was still unsatisfactory. The "pseudoflaps" method is relatively simple for those performing nasal surgery. Conclusion: The nasal tip can be projected discretely using the excess of alar cartilage "pedicled" in the domus.

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INTRODUCTION: The position of the lower lateral cartilages (LLC) is closely related to the function of the external nasal valve (ENV). When there is a cephalic malposition of these cartilages, the nasal alae have inadequate support, which leads to ENV insufficiency during deep inspiration. METHODS: Retrospective study with 60 patients evaluated: the positioning of the LLC and the occurrence of ENV insufficiency; the effectiveness of structuring the medial and lateral walls of the ENV; and the frequency of the grafts used for structuring it. RESULTS: Of the 60 operated cases, 37 patients (62%) had ENV insufficiency, in 23 cases there was cephalic malposition of the LLC, and in the latter group 17 patients (74%) presented this insufficiency. A structured ENV was effective in the treatment of this insufficiency (p = 0.001). A lateral crural strut graft was performed in 24 cases (40%) of 60 patients operated. The alar contour graft was performed from 2013 to 2015 in 4 patients (22%) of 18 cases operated, and between 2016 and 2018 it was performed in 29 patients (69%) out of 42 cases. The columellar strut was routinely used from 2013 to mid-2016 in 33 cases (100%), and after that period until the present day the tongue-in-groove technique was performed in 11 cases (41%) and in the remaining 16 cases (59%) the caudal septal extension graft was performed. CONCLUSION: Cephalic malposition of the LLC is an important red flag of ENV insufficiency. This insufficiency should be treated by structuring the walls of the ENV. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

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Introdução: O dorso reto tem sido sempre um ideal na rinoplastia estética. A simples remoção da giba tem sido o método clássico e mais utilizado, mas pode ter consequências estéticas e funcionais adversas. Ainda existe grande resistência a procedimentos de aumento, porque a maioria dos pacientes solicitam redução e porque os benefícios de melhoria do equilíbrio nasal pelo aumento não são intuitivos. Um nariz aumentado pode parecer menor, o que é um benefício em particular em pacientes com pele espessa ou com o aspecto de terço inferior grande. Por outro lado, a percepção de redução com o aumento do radix e da ponta é muito comum, embora nunca tenha sido medida. Métodos: Esse estudo cria intervenções gráficas e reais para criar um dorso reto por meio do aumento do radix e da ponta e analisa como os pacientes e observadores independentes percebem as modificações. Analisou-se uma amostra de 42 casos consecutivos de rinoplastia. Desses, foram incluídos os que tinham dorso convexo e eram cirurgias primárias, restando 9 casos. Resultados: Houve aumento médio de 6,5% no tamanho do nariz na após a modificação gráfica, enquanto houve percepção de redução do nariz (p = 0,004). Houve aumento médio de 1% após a rinoplastia, enquanto houve percepção de redução. Conclusão: A retificação do dorso nasal pelo aumento do radix e da ponta causa percepção de redução do nariz.

Introduction: A straight bridge has always been the aesthetic ideal. Simple hump removal, the classical and most commonly applied method, can have aesthetic and functional consequences. However, great resistance to augmentation procedures persists because most patients request reduction and the benefits of improving nasal balance are counterintuitive. An augmented nose can look smaller, a particular benefit in patients with thick, inelastic skin or a large lower nose. On the other hand, decreased size perception after raising of the radix and tip is very common but has not been measured to date. Methods: This study created graphic and real interventions to achieve a straight bridge through radix and tip raising and analyzed how patients and independent observers perceive these changes. A sample of 42 sequential rhinoplasty patients was analyzed, including nine cases of primary surgery and dorsal convexity. Results: There was a 6.5% mean augmentation after graphic computing intervention but a perception of size reduction (p = 0.004). There was a 1% mean augmentation after rhinoplasty and an overall size reduction perception. Conclusion: Correction of the nasal dorsum, making a straight bridge through slightly increasing radix and tip, creates the perception of a decreased nose size.

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Introdução: A rinoplastia de aumento em muitos casos torna-se mais difícil que a rinoplastia de redução. Enxertos dorsais sólidos realizados com cartilagem costal têm sido muito utilizados para aumento dorsal, porém estão associados com altos índices de revisão, por isso, muitos autores passaram a utilizar cartilagem em cubos envoltos por fáscia. A fáscia da mastoide, conectada ao pericôndrio da cartilagem conchal auricular, pode formar um enxerto composto para o aumento do dorso nasal, sendo também uma opção de tratamento. O objetivo é demonstrar a possibilidade do uso de cartilagem da concha auricular fragmentada fixa ao seu pericôndrio, e envoltos na fáscia da mastoide, formando um enxerto composto para aumento do dorso nasal. Métodos: Tratase de um estudo retrospectivo de 9 pacientes operados entre 2012 e 2016 no Hospital de Base da Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, em que foi realizado aumento do dorso nasal com cartilagem conchal fragmentada fixa ao seu pericôndrio e envolto à fáscia da mastoide. Resultados: Os pacientes foram acompanhados de 6 a 48 meses. Foram questionados quanto à satisfação do procedimento nasal e sensibilidade auricular, com avaliação positiva dos pacientes e cirurgiões. Conclusão: A cartilagem conchal parece ser uma alternativa de grande valia para procedimentos de aumento de dorso nasal. Esta cartilagem envolta com fáscia da mastoide parece ser uma alternativa vantajosa em comparação ao uso de outras fáscias, com baixa morbidade e taxa de complicações, podendo ser uma grande opção para tratamento do nariz em sela.

Introduction: In many cases, augmentation rhinoplasty is more difficult than reduction rhinoplasty. Solid dorsal grafts performed with costal cartilage have been widely used for dorsal augmentation; however, they are associated with high rates of revision. Thus, many authors began to use cartilage cut into cubes wrapped in fascia. The mastoid fascia, connected to the perichondrium of the auricular conchal cartilage can form a composite graft to augment the nasal dorsum, which is also a treatment option. The objective is to demonstrate the possibility of using fragmented auricular conchal cartilage fixed to its perichondrium and wrapped in mastoid fascia to form a composite graft for augmentation of the nasal dorsum. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 9 patients who underwent operation between 2012 and 2016 at the Base Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, in which the nasal dorsum was augmented with fragmented conchal cartilage fixed to its perichondrium and wrapped in the mastoid fascia. Results: The patients were followed up for up 6 to 48 months. They were questioned about their satisfaction with the nasal procedure and hearing sensitivity, and provided a positive evaluation of the surgeons. Conclusion: The conchal cartilage seems a highly valuable alternative graft for nasal dorsum augmentation procedures. The technique of using cartilage wrapped in mastoid fascia seems to be an advantageous alternative when compared with those using cartilage wrapped in other fasciae: it has low morbidity and complications rates and can be a great option for saddle nose treatment.

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Introdução: Sheen descreveu pela primeira vez uma má posição cefálica das cartilagens alares como a «deformidade em forma de parênteses¼. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os resultados do tratamento desta deformidade pela rotação caudal da cruz lateral. Método: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, com 49 casos, operados entre Julho 2011 e Janeiro 2013 na 2ª Enfermaria da Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro e em uma clínica particular. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes (76% dos casos) tinha a forma severa desta deformidade, os outros apresentavam uma forma moderada (24% dos casos). Cinquenta e sete por cento dos pacientes tinham um "boxy tip" e um piçamento alar inicial, 61% apresentavam uma retração alar e 8% um colapso da válvula externa. O «boxy tip" foi corrigido em 100% dos casos, a retração alar inicial foi corrigida em 97% dos casos, o pinçamento alar em 96% e o colapso da válvula externa foi tratado em 100% dos casos. Os 3 casos de recidiva unilateral foram corrigidos pela mesma técnica durante uma segunda rinoplastia. Conclusões: Este trabalho mostra que a rotação caudal da cruz lateral permite tratar a deformidade descrita por Sheen com poucas recidivas e sem complicações graves.

Introduction: Alar cartilage cephalic malposition was first described as a parenthesis- shaped deformity by Sheen. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of treatment by caudal rotation of the lateral crus for this deformity. Method: A retrospective study was conducted with 49 cases, operated on between July 2011 and January 2013 at the 2nd Infirmary of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia in Rio de Janeiro and at a private clinic. Results: Most of the patients (76% of cases) had a severe form of this deformity. All others presented with a moderate form (24% of cases). Fifty seven percent of the patients (57%) had a "boxy tip" and an initial alar pinching, 61% showed alar retraction and 8%, external valve collapse. The "boxy tip" was corrected in 100% of cases; initial alar retraction, 97%; alar pinching, 96%; and external valve collapse, 100%. The 3 cases of unilateral relapse were corrected by the same technique during a second rhinoplasty. Conclusions: This study shows that caudal rotation of the lateral crus can treat the deformity described by Sheen with a small number of relapses and without serious complications.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects and durability of results after using dynamic presurgical nasoalveolar remodeling in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lips and palates. METHOD: Dynamic presurgical nasoalveolar remodeling technique does not rely on the relatively static force exerted by the orthopedic plate held in place by means of tape or adhesives. The principle behind this procedure is the use of the force generated during suction and swallowing to produce the remodeling effects on the nasal structures. The nasal component acts not only on the nasal structures but also in the lip function by stimulating labial muscle contraction. Direct anthropometry performed before primary reconstruction of the lip and nose and 1 year later posterior to surgery suggests that results are permanent. CONCLUSIONS: When the dynamic presurgical nasoalveolar remodeling protocol is instituted early, it can avoid memory cartilage fixation. Changes incorporated to the nasal extension allowed us to obtain better results, elevating the nasal tip, remodeling the depressed cleft side alar cartilages in unilateral cases, and repositioning and correcting the positional alteration of the nasal cartilages building a new columella in bilateral cases. In addition, comfort and tolerance of patients has been improved, and adjustments needed during follow-up have been simplified, significantly reducing the consultation time and increasing the interval between appointments. The obtained outcome facilitates primary surgical cleft lip and nose reconstruction and improves surgical results.

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