RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the usefulness of ultrasound (US) as a complement to airway management. An overview of how to obtain a real-time airway ultrasound at the bedside is reviewed and the support for its use is checked against the evidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search was carried out in Pubmed and Medline, yielding 722 articles of interest with different levels of evidence. The literature search was limited to studies conducted in humans, published in English and Spanish between August 2011 and August 2021.35 articles were included in this review. DISCUSSION: The usefulness of ultrasound in the evaluation and management of the airway is analyzed: predictors of difficult airway; cervical airway access; confirmation of tracheal intubation; calculation of endotracheal tube (ETT) size and depth. CONCLUSIONS: Airway ultrasound could be a useful tool for anesthesiologists, emergency physicians and intensivists, which could help improve patient care and safety. However, more research is needed to validate its use.
OBJETIVO: Analizar la utilidad del ultrasonido (US) como complemento al manejo de la vía aérea. Se revisa una descripción general de cómo obtener una ecografía de la vía aérea en tiempo real a la cabecera del paciente y se coteja el respaldo de su utilización con la evidencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: La búsqueda se realizó en Pubmed y Medline, arrojando 722 artículos de interés con distinto nivel de evidencia. La búsqueda bibliográfica se limitó a estudios realizados en humanos, publicados en inglés y español entre agosto de 2011 y agosto de 2021. Se incluyeron 35 artículos en esta revisión. DISCUSIÓN: Se analiza la utilidad del ultrasonido en la evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea: predictores de vía aérea difícil (VAD); acceso cervical de la vía aérea; confirmación de intubación traqueal; cálculo de tamaño de tubo endotraqueal (TET) y profundidad de éste. CONCLUSIONES: El ultrasonido en la vía aérea podría ser una herramienta útil para anestesiólogos, emergenciólogos e intensivistas, que podrían ayudar a mejorar la atención y la seguridad del paciente. Sin embargo, se necesitan más investigaciones para validar su uso.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Cartilagem Cricoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Manuseio das Vias Aéreas/métodos , Prega Vocal/anatomia & histologia , Prega Vocal/diagnóstico por imagem , Traqueostomia , Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Intubação Intratraqueal , Laringoscopia , Laringe/anatomia & histologia , Laringe/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
La laringe es un órgano impar situado en la línea mediana del cuello, compuesto por cartílagos, músculos y ligamentos. La TC y la RM se realizan como técnicas de imagen de primera elección en el estudio de la laringe, no obstante, no están exentas de limitaciones. La ecografía es un método accesible, de alta resolución y presenta una relativa buena visualización de las diferentes estructuras de la laringe. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar las características de estructuras anatómicas de la laringe identificables ecográficamente. En este trabajo de carácter observacional descriptivo de corte transversal prospectivo se estudiaron 20 pacientes, sin patología laríngea con edades entre 20 y 35 años, ambos sexos. Se realizó ecografía laríngea utilizando transductor ecográfico Phillips® con sonda lineal de 4 a 12 MHz, preset de partes blandas.En todos los casos se pudo identificar y medir los cartílagos tiroides, cricoides y epiglotis; y en gran porcentaje de estos las cuerdas vocales, bandas ventriculares y comisura anterior. El cartílago aritenoides solo fue visible en un 85% de los casos.La ecografía se presenta como un método auxiliar útil en el estudio de la anatomía de la laringe, proponiendo el seguimiento y realización de estudios ulteriores que puedan complementar este estudio y su validez.
The larynx is an odd organ located in the midline of the neck, composed of cartilage, muscles and ligaments. CT and MRI are performed as first-choice imaging techniques in the larynx study; however, they are not without limitations. Ultrasound is an accessible, high-resolution method with a relatively good visualization of the different structures of the larynx. The objective of the work was to determine the characteristics of ultrasoundly identifiable larynx anatomical structures.In this prospective cross-sectional descriptive observational work, 20 patients were studied, without laryngeal pathology aged between 20 and 35 years, both sexes. Laryngeal ultrasound was performed using Phillips® ultrasound transducer with linear probe from 4 to 12 MHz, soft parts presetThyroid cartilage, cricoids and epiglotis could be identified and measured in all cases, and in a large percentage of these the vocal cords, ventricular bands and anterior corner. Aritenoid cartilage was only visible in 85% of cases.Ultrasound is presented as a useful auxiliary method in the study of the anatomy of the larynx, proposing the follow-up and conduct of further studies that may complement this study and its validity
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Laringe/anatomia & histologia , Laringe/diagnóstico por imagem , Paraguai , Cartilagem Aritenoide/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Aritenoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Cartilagem Tireóidea/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Tireóidea/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Prospectivos , Ultrassonografia , Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Cricoide/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Introducción: La laringe de cerdo doméstico tiene similitudes con la laringe humana. La capacidad elástica de las cuerdas vocales del cerdo demuestran tener la mayor similitud con la humana comparado con otros animales por lo que se ha propuesto usar las laringes de cerdo como modelo de entrenamiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias y similitudes anatómicas e histológicas entre la laringe del cerdo y la humana. Material y método: Se realizaron mediciones por 4 observadores en 5 laringes porcinas cuyos resultados se compararon con los descritos en la literatura para las laringes humanas. Además se realizaron cortes histológicos para visualizar fibras elásticas, mucinas neutras y mucinas ácidas. Resultados: El cartílago tiroides porcino mide entre las astas superiores 37,55 ±7,30 mm, entre astas inferiores 31,33 ±3,27 mm, desde la prominencia laríngea al borde posterior 34,32 ±7,30 mm. En el cartílago cricoides, desde el borde superior-inferior en el arco anterior 7,28 ±2,21 mm, altura borde superior-inferior pared posterior 27,47 ±3,40 mm, ancho máximo pared posterior 30,99 ±4,51 mm, diámetro interior anteroposterior (borde cefálico) 30,90 ±2,12 mm, diámetro interior anteroposterior (borde caudal) 21,78 ±2,55 mm, diámetro interior derecha-izquierda (borde cefálico) 18,11 ±2,13 mm, diámetro interior derecha-izquierda (borde caudal) 21,10 ±2,40 mm. Histológicamente, la laringe de cerdo y humana presentan leves diferencias en cuanto al epitelio de cada porción de la laringe, a pesar de que el tipo de cartílago es el mismo en ambas especies. Conclusión: Si bien existen diferencias anatómicas e histológicas entre la laringe de cerdo y el humano, el modelo porcino es una alternativa útil, accesible y de bajo costo para el entrenamiento en cirugía laringotraqueal y microcirugía laríngea.
Introduction: The domestic pig larynx has similarities with the human larynx. The elastic capacity of the vocal folds of the pig has the greater similarity with the human one compared with other animals. It has been proposed to use the porcine larynx as a model for surgical training. Aim: To determine the anatomical and histological differences and similarities between the pig larynx and the human larynx. Material and method: Measurements were made by 4 observers in 5 porcine larynxes whose results were compared with those described in the literature. In addition, histological sections were performed to visualize elastic fibers, neutral mucins and acid mucins. Results: The porcine thyroid cartilage measured 37.55 ±7.30 mm between the upper horns, 31.33 ±3.27 mm between lower horns and 34.32 ±7.30 mm from the laryngeal prominence to the posterior margin. In the cricoid cartilage, from the upper-lower edge in the anterior arch 7.28 ±2.21mm, height upper-lower edge posterior wall 27.47 ±3.40 mm, maximum posterior wall width 30.99 ±4.51 mm, anteroposterior inner diameter (head margin) 30.90 ±2.12 mm, inner diameter anteroposterior (caudal edge) 21.78 ±2.55 mm, inner diameter right-left (head edge) 18.11 ±2.13 mm, inner diameter right-left (caudal edge) 21.10 ±2.40 mm. Histologically, the pig and human larynxes present slight differences in the epithelium of each portion of the larynx, despite the fact that type of cartilage is the same in both species. Conclusions: Although there are anatomical and histological differences between the pig larynx and the human larynx, the porcine model is a useful, accessible and low cost alternative for training in laryngotracheal surgery and laryngeal microsurgery.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Laringe/anatomia & histologia , Microcirurgia/educação , Cartilagem Aritenoide/anatomia & histologia , Suínos , Cartilagem Tireóidea/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Nervos Laríngeos , Laringe/irrigação sanguíneaRESUMO
The cricoid cartilage serves as an anatomical reference for several surgical procedures for access to the airway. Additionally, it serves as an attachment point for muscles that move the vocal folds. We present a case where the cricoid cartilage arch is divided into distinct superior and inferior arches, with a fibrous membrane between them. We did not find any similar description to this case in the literature, which makes it unique to date. This type of variation is important knowledge for clinicians and surgeons during airway management in the anterior neck region. The presence of this variation could induce an error during a palpation of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, realized in clinical examination and surgical or emergency procedures.
Assuntos
Variação Anatômica , Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Cadáver , Dissecação , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância MagnéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The high incidence of respiratory disorders is one of the main problems in perinatal medical care. With the increased use of intubation, the incidence of laryngeal injury causing stenosis has also increased. The principal constriction point in the infant's larynx is the midcricoid area. We sought to provide detailed morphometric data on the anatomy of the cricoid cartilage and its relationship with growth and body characteristics of fetuses at 5 to 9 months of gestational age. METHODS: Nineteen larynges obtained from 17 stillborn infants and 2 newborn infants ranging in gestational age from 5 to 9 months were studied. Measurements of the cricoid cartilage were made with a millimeter-graded caliper. RESULTS: Weight was the variable most correlated with cricoid measurements. The cricoid lumen configuration showed an almost elliptic shape and did not change with gestational age. The mean inner subglottic cricoid area was 19.27 +/- 9.62 mm2 and was related to weight and body surface area. Cricoid growth was more pronounced at the outer portion of the cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: The cricoid lumen configuration was elliptic, and its mean area was smaller than that of available endotracheal tubes. This lumen area was most influenced by weight and height.
Assuntos
Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Traqueia/anatomia & histologia , Cadáver , Cartilagem Cricoide/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Traqueia/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
A greater difficulty in exposing the arytenoid cartilage during rotation surgeries has been observed for men. The objective of the present study was to describe the position of the cricothyroid articulation and the distance between the right and left articulations, and to compare these findings between genders. The following measurements were obtained for 16 cadavers (9 men and 7 women): angulation of the cricothyroid articulation in the cricoid ring, dimensions of the thyroid articular surface of the cricoid cartilage, and distance between the cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid articulations. The cricothyroid articulation angle was narrower in men than in women (p = .04). The major diameter of the articular facet of the thyroid cartilage was wider in men (p = .001). The longer lamina of the thyroid cartilage, as well as the more posterior position of the cricothyroid articulation, in men might explain the greater difficulty in exposing the arytenoid cartilage during laryngeal framework surgeries observed for this group of patients.
Assuntos
Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Cartilagem Tireóidea/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cadáver , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The cricopharyngeal muscle is of the skeletal type and, in this way, unable to sustain continuous contraction for long periods. Despite of this it has been considered as the responsible by the high pressure area, registered by manometry into the pharyngoesophageal transition. For this reason, it has been the object of therapeutics that promote the rupture of its integrity. AIMS: To give the anatomical bases to define the limits of participation of the cricopharyngeal muscle in the pharyngoesophageal transition function. To consider a morphological and functional alternative to explain the high pressure area on pharyngoesophageal transition and the implications of the myotomy, use of the botulinum toxin and balloon dilatation on pharyngoesophageal transition function. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Study of the laryngopharyngeal region in their morphologic characteristics and relationships on 24 pieces obtained from adults' corpses of both sexes fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. RESULTS: The cricopharyngeal muscle presenting its anterior-lateral insertion, with a C-shaped outline, on the posterior-lateral edge of the cricoid cartilage. This kind of morphology blocks the possibility to generate a predominant anterior and posterior high pressure during its contraction like that we find at the pharyngoesophageal transition. The observation of this kind of pressure has its explanation in a tweezers-like relationship exerted on one side by the vertebral body and on the other side by the posterior contour of the cricoid cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: The muscular organization of the laryngopharyngeal segment allowed us to sustain that a large myotomy of the pharyngoesophageal transition, that takes more than just the cricopharyngeal transversal fasciculus, hinders the ejection function in a region where the dimension do not need any parietal sectioning. Myotomy that encompasses only the transversal fasciculus can contribute to improve the pharyngoesophageal flux by a decrease of the local resistance. The efficiency of this myotomy depends mostly on some residual pharyngeal ejection force and also on a slight hyolaryngeal displacement. The transversal fasciculus of the cricopharyngeal muscle is a narrow strip of muscular mass to be injected by percutaneous way with solution of botulinum toxin; maybe endoscopically. For this reason, dose, dilution and injection sites have an important meaning in the cricopharyngeal therapeutics using botulinum toxin. The efficiency of this procedure, like myotomy, depends on some residual pharyngeal ejection force and on, at least, some hyolaryngeal displacement. The dilation of the pharyngoesophageal transition with pneumatic balloon does not seem to be an adequate procedure for a region that does not present a narrow lumen determined by fibrosis. For anatomical characteristics of the TFE region, mean pressure as registered by the manometric method does not evaluate either the effectiveness or inadequacy of surgical myotomy, denervation or dilation using pneumatic balloon.
Assuntos
Toxinas Botulínicas/administração & dosagem , Cateterismo , Hipofaringe/anatomia & histologia , Músculos Faríngeos/anatomia & histologia , Adulto , Cadáver , Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Cricoide/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Hipofaringe/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipofaringe/fisiologia , Masculino , Manometria , Músculos Faríngeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculos Faríngeos/fisiologia , Músculos Faríngeos/cirurgiaAssuntos
Humanos , Criança , Ressuscitação/métodos , Traumatismo Múltiplo/terapia , Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Cricoide/cirurgia , Cartilagem Tireóidea/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Tireóidea/cirurgia , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Pneumotórax/etiologia , Exame Neurológico , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Traumatismo Múltiplo/cirurgia , Traumatismo Múltiplo/complicações , Traumatismo Múltiplo/etiologiaRESUMO
El manejo de la vía aérea pediátrica normal, puede resultar sumamente complejo si no se toma en cuenta que se trata de seres en pleno desarrollo. El hecho de que el niño no es un adulto pequeño nunca es más cierto que al estudiar su vía aérea. En el presente trabajo estudiaremos las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de la vía aérea pediátrica en particular, comparándola con la del adulto. Revisaremos las causas y condiciones que puedan generar dificultades en la intubación, y analizaremos los métodos de evaluación utilizados para anticiparse a estas situaciones. Consideraremos en detalle las diferencias que existen en la intubación del paciente pediátrico y el adulto y finalizaremos con una revisión de las complicaciones más frecuentemente asociadas a la intubación endotraqueal. (AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Adulto , Anestesia Endotraqueal/efeitos adversos , Pediatria , Sistema Respiratório/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Respiratório/fisiologia , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Intubação Intratraqueal , Língua/anatomia & histologia , Laringe/anatomia & histologia , Epiglote/anatomia & histologia , Prega Vocal/anatomia & histologia , Cartilagem Cricoide/anatomia & histologia , Traqueia/anatomia & histologia , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Edema Laríngeo/complicaçõesRESUMO
El manejo de la vía aérea pediátrica normal, puede resultar sumamente complejo si no se toma en cuenta que se trata de seres en pleno desarrollo. El hecho de que el niño no es un adulto pequeño nunca es más cierto que al estudiar su vía aérea. En el presente trabajo estudiaremos las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de la vía aérea pediátrica en particular, comparándola con la del adulto. Revisaremos las causas y condiciones que puedan generar dificultades en la intubación, y analizaremos los métodos de evaluación utilizados para anticiparse a estas situaciones. Consideraremos en detalle las diferencias que existen en la intubación del paciente pediátrico y el adulto y finalizaremos con una revisión de las complicaciones más frecuentemente asociadas a la intubación endotraqueal.