RESUMO

Neurons are continuously produced at different rates and locations in the teleost retina. Goldfish rods are homogeneously distributed and maintain a stable density throughout growth, whereas little is known about their postsynaptic partners. We examined the distribution and density of mixed-input ON bipolar cells (ON mBCs) in 57 goldfish of various sizes by immunolabeling their retinas with an antibody against PKCα and counting PKCα-positive neurons in wholemounts. Cell densities were correlated with morphometric data for the same animals, and the spatial resolution of the ON mBC mosaic was calculated in each case. The distribution of ON mBCs is homogeneous throughout growth. For a 10-fold change in body size (i.e., from 20 to 200 mm), the total number of ON mBCs increases 2.8 times, while retinal area expands around 10 times. As a consequence, the density of ON mBCs in large fish falls to ∼1/3 of that of small animals, and intercellular spacing doubles. The eye and the lens become around three times larger from small to large fish. This causes the retinal magnification factor (and thereby the image projected onto retina) to augment by the same amount. Because the retinal magnification factor rises more than the intercellular spacing in the same animals, the spatial resolution of the ON mBC mosaic improves from 0.8 to 1.4 cycles/degree as the body size increases from 20 to 200 mm. As ON mBCs are mostly rod-driven, our results suggest that the scotopic acuity of the goldfish may improve as the animal grows.

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The study aimed to evaluate the use of eugenol as an anesthetic for Carassius auratus measuring time to anesthesia induction in different concentrations and their effects on gas exchange breathing. The fish were exposed to concentrations of 20, 40, 80, 120, 150 mg L-1 of eugenol. The results were analyzed according to a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant, averages were compared by Student"s test ( = 0,05). the probability 5%. PaO2e PaCO2 values were submitted to polynomial regression (p > 0.05). The sedation and recovery time its the evaluation. Blood was withdrawn for hematological parameters analysis, pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), bicarbonate (HCO-3) and glucose. Concentrations above 80 mg.L-1 presented sedation with 62 sec. The recovery has inverse correlation to time of anesthesia. Anesthetic induction of: C. auratus to different concentrations of eugenol provided 27.5 elevation on the values of percentage of hematocrit and erythrocyte number 37 and an increase in plasma glucose. C. auratus when subjected to the increased concentration of eugenol showed decrease in blood oxygen pressure (PaO2), and increase in pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The use of eugenol makes handling the fish farms, the recommended dose is 40 m(AU)

Este trabalho tem como finalidade avaliar o uso do eugenol como anestésico para Carassius auratus mensurando o tempo de indução à anestesia em relação a diferentes concentrações e seus efeitos nas trocas gasosas respiratórias. Os peixes foram expostos as concentrações de 20, 40, 80, 120, 150mg L-1 de eugenol. Os resultados foram analisados segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualisado (DIC) com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições cada um, submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student ( = 0,05). Os valores de PaO2e PaCO2 foram submetidos à regressão polinomial (p > 0,05). Foram avaliados o tempo de sedação e recuperação. O sangue foi retirado para analise parâmetros hematológicos, pH, pressão parcial de oxigênio (PaO2), pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2), bicarbonato (HCO-3) e glicose. As concentrações acima de 80 mg.L-1 apresentaram sedação com 62 seg. A recuperação possui correlação inversa ao tempo de anestesia. O aumento das concentrações de eugenol proporcionou elevação de 27,5% nos hematócrito e de 37% no eritrócitos e houve aumento na glicose plasmática. Ademais, apresentaram diminuição na pressão de oxigênio no sangue (PaO2), e aumento na pressão de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2). A utilização do eugenol possibilitaria e melhoria o manejo nas pisciculturas sendo a dose recomendada de 40mg. L-1(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The study aimed to evaluate the use of eugenol as an anesthetic for Carassius auratus measuring time to anesthesia induction in different concentrations and their effects on gas exchange breathing. The fish were exposed to concentrations of 20, 40, 80, 120, 150 mg L-1 of eugenol. The results were analyzed according to a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replications were submitted to analysis of variance and when significant, averages were compared by Student"s test ( = 0,05). the probability 5%. PaO2e PaCO2 values were submitted to polynomial regression (p > 0.05). The sedation and recovery time its the evaluation. Blood was withdrawn for hematological parameters analysis, pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), bicarbonate (HCO-3) and glucose. Concentrations above 80 mg.L-1 presented sedation with 62 sec. The recovery has inverse correlation to time of anesthesia. Anesthetic induction of: C. auratus to different concentrations of eugenol provided 27.5 elevation on the values of percentage of hematocrit and erythrocyte number 37 and an increase in plasma glucose. C. auratus when subjected to the increased concentration of eugenol showed decrease in blood oxygen pressure (PaO2), and increase in pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). The use of eugenol makes handling the fish farms, the recommended dose is 40 m

Este trabalho tem como finalidade avaliar o uso do eugenol como anestésico para Carassius auratus mensurando o tempo de indução à anestesia em relação a diferentes concentrações e seus efeitos nas trocas gasosas respiratórias. Os peixes foram expostos as concentrações de 20, 40, 80, 120, 150mg L-1 de eugenol. Os resultados foram analisados segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualisado (DIC) com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições cada um, submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student ( = 0,05). Os valores de PaO2e PaCO2 foram submetidos à regressão polinomial (p > 0,05). Foram avaliados o tempo de sedação e recuperação. O sangue foi retirado para analise parâmetros hematológicos, pH, pressão parcial de oxigênio (PaO2), pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2), bicarbonato (HCO-3) e glicose. As concentrações acima de 80 mg.L-1 apresentaram sedação com 62 seg. A recuperação possui correlação inversa ao tempo de anestesia. O aumento das concentrações de eugenol proporcionou elevação de 27,5% nos hematócrito e de 37% no eritrócitos e houve aumento na glicose plasmática. Ademais, apresentaram diminuição na pressão de oxigênio no sangue (PaO2), e aumento na pressão de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2). A utilização do eugenol possibilitaria e melhoria o manejo nas pisciculturas sendo a dose recomendada de 40mg. L-1

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RESUMO

Secretoneurin, a 33-34 amino acid neuropeptide derived from the proteolytic processing of the secretogranin-II precursor protein, is reasonably well conserved in evolution. Goldfish secretoneurin shares >75% similarity overall with other vertebrate secretoneurin sequences. The secretoneurin peptide has numerous functions that include neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter release, and neuroendocrine regulation. A detailed description of the central distribution of secretoneurin immunoreactivity is only known for the rat. Using our polyclonal antibody against the central, conserved core of the secretoneurin peptide we studied the distribution of secretoneurin-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity was found in the olfactory bulb, entopeduncular nucleus, preoptic nucleus, lateral part of the lateral tuberal nucleus, posterior periventricular nucleus, nucleus of the posterior recess, the nucleus of the saccus vasculosus, and nucleus isthmi. Secretoneurin-immunoreactive fibers were found in the dorsal part of the dorsal telencephalon, ventral and lateral parts of the ventral telencephalon, periventricular preoptic nucleus, pituitary, and the ventrocaudal aspect of the nucleus of the lateral recess. The most conspicuous secretoneurin immunoreactivity was found in the magnocellular and parvocellular cells of the preoptic nucleus that project to the pituitary. Double-labeling studies indicated coexpression with isotocin, the fish homolog of mammalian oxytocin. Clear colabeling for secretoneurin and isotocin in fibers terminating in the neurointermediate lobe suggests that secretoneurin maybe coreleased with isotocin. Previous work indicates that secretoneurin stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone from the goldfish anterior pituitary. Our findings further support a reproductive role for secretoneurin and related peptides, given the importance of oxytocin family peptides in reproductive behavior in vertebrates.

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Various studies provide evidence for an interaction between taurine and zinc during development, affecting the morphology and function of the retina. The objectives of the present work were to determine taurine and zinc levels in the retina of goldfish during regeneration and to investigate the effect of the intracellular zinc chelator N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) on the trophic role of taurine on outgrowth from post-crush goldfish retinal explants. Taurine was determined by HPLC (nmol/mg protein) and zinc by spectrophotometry ICP (microg/mg protein) at various days post-crushing the optic nerve. The levels of taurine were significantly increased at 72 h and the zinc levels at 24 h. Explants from retinas, 10 days post-crush, were cultured for 5 days in the presence of various concentrations and combinations of TPEN and taurine. TPEN, 1 nM, decreased the outgrowth but simultaneously with taurine (1-8 mM) there was an increase. These results demonstrate that zinc was necessary for normal outgrowth of retinal fibers and that taurine counteracted the chelator effect.

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The medium from cultured optic tectum of the goldfish intact or at various days after optic nerve crush, or the co-culture of this optic tectum with post-crush goldfish retinal explants plating in the absence of fetal calf serum, but in the presence of glucose, modulate its outgrowth. The a dition of taurine did not further stimulate outgrowth but rather inhibited it in the presence of optic tectum. These processes were related to calcium fluxes and taurine transport into the cells. Taurine increased the length of neurites from 5-day-old rat retinal explants in the presence of fetal calf serum. The goldfish optic tectum, either medium or in co-culture with the retina, stimulated retinal outgrowth. The study of optic nerve regeneration in the presence of defined media contributes to understanding tissue-target and interspecies interaction.

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This study investigated the effects of chlorpheniramine (CPA) and L-histidine (LH) administration on catecholaminergic levels in goldfish brain using neurochemical analysis. Fifty-eight animals were used. After 20 min of i.p. administration of the drugs or saline the animals were decapitated, and the telencephalon and the diencephalon were dissected. We also measured catecholamines in a non-injected (NI) group. Results showed lower homovanillic acid (HVA) levels after treatment with 100 mg/kg of LH when compared to saline and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were lower in the saline group when compared to the NI group. In the diencephalon the NI group and animals treated with CPA at 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg had lower HVA levels. Results suggest that LH had an inhibitory effect on dopaminergic activity and an anxiolytic-like effect for CPA results is suggested.

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The aim of this study was to investigate if substance P (SP) can improve learning and memory processes in goldfish, using an inhibitory avoidance test. A two-compartment aquarium with a central sliding door was used. The animals were placed in the white compartment, and after 20 s the door was opened. As they entered the dark compartment, a weight was dropped in front of them. This procedure was repeated three times. After training, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with SP or vehicle. Twenty-four hours after training, the animals were tested and their latency was recorded. The group injected with SP showed an increase in the latency on the test day as compared with the vehicle group. These results suggest SP can facilitate memory in goldfish in an inhibitory avoidance test.

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The microtubular density was assessed with the electron microscope in 3 microns myelinated fibers, myelin excluded, of 11 species from the following classes: Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. The average for all species was 20.6 microtubules/microns 2. Dispersion of values was restricted as shown by a coefficient of variation of 15.8. The microtubular content of nonmedullated axons was assessed in trout, lizard, finch, and man. In the four species, the number of microtubules increased with the cross sectional area of the axon. In trout, lizard and finch, the microtubular density decreased from over 100 microtubules/microns 2 in fibers smaller than 0.1 micron 2 to about 30 in 1 micron 2 fibers; in axons of equal size, the packing of microtubules of nonmedullated was similar between them, and with reported values for peripheral axons of cat and rat. In man, the microtubular density of nonmedullated fibers exhibited only a mild decrease with the axonal size. In the finch, myelinated and nonmedullated axons overlapped in the range 0.23-0.60 micron 2 and both groups exhibited similar microtubular densities. We conclude that the packing of microtubules of the vertebrate peripheral axon is a feature largely conserved during evolution.

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