RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acetylcholine (ACh) is known to be a key neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is also produced in a variety of non-neuronal tissues and cell. The existence of ACh in maxilla in vivo and potential regulation role for osteogenesis need further study. RESULTS: Components of the cholinergic system (ACh, esterase, choline acetyltransferase, high-affinity choline uptake, n- and mAChRs) were determined in maxilla of rat in vivo, by means of Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results showed RNA for CarAT, carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase member 20 (Slc25a20), VAChT, OCTN2, OCT1, OCT3, organic cation transporter member 4 (Slc22a4), AChE, BChE, nAChR subunits α1, α2, α3, α5, α7, α10, ß1, ß2, ß4, γ and mAChR subunits M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 were detected in rat's maxilla. RNA of VAChT, AChE, nAChR subunits α2, ß1, ß4 and mAChR subunits M4 had abundant expression (2(-ΔCt) > 0.03). Immunohistochemical staining was conducted for ACh, VAChT, nAChRα7 and AChE. ACh was expressed in mesenchymal cells, chondroblast, bone and cartilage matrix and bone marrow cells, The VAChT expression was very extensively while ACh receptor α7 was strongly expressed in newly formed bone matrix of endochondral and bone marrow ossification, AchE was found only in mesenchymal stem cells, cartilage and bone marrow cells. CONCLUSIONS: ACh might exert its effect on the endochondral and bone marrow ossification, and bone matrix mineralization in maxilla.
Assuntos
Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Medula Óssea/fisiologia , Cartilagem/fisiologia , Colinérgicos/metabolismo , Maxila/metabolismo , Animais , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Matriz Óssea/metabolismo , Calcificação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Carnitina Aciltransferases/genética , Carnitina Aciltransferases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Maxila/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions Orgânicos/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions Orgânicos/metabolismo , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Receptores Nicotínicos/genética , Proteínas Vesiculares de Transporte de Acetilcolina/genética , Proteínas Vesiculares de Transporte de Acetilcolina/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acetylcholine (ACh) is known to be a key neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is also produced in a variety of non-neuronal tissues and cell. The existence of ACh in maxilla in vivo and potential regulation role for osteogenesis need further study. RESULTS: Components of the cholinergic system (ACh, esterase, choline acetyltransferase, high-affinity choline uptake, n- and mAChRs) were determined in maxilla of rat in vivo, by means of Real-Time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results showed RNA for CarAT, carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase member 20 (Slc25a20), VAChT, OCTN2, OCT1, OCT3, organic cation transporter member 4 (Slc22a4), AChE, BChE, nAChR subunits α1, α2, α3, α5, α7, α10, ß1, ß2, ß4, γ and mAChR subunits M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 were detected in rat's maxilla. RNA of VAChT, AChE, nAChR subunits α2, ß1, ß4 and mAChR subunits M4 had abundant expression (2(-ΔCt) > 0.03). Immunohistochemical staining was conducted for ACh, VAChT, nAChRα7 and AChE. ACh was expressed in mesenchymal cells, chondroblast, bone and cartilage matrix and bone marrow cells, The VAChT expression was very extensively while ACh receptor α7 was strongly expressed in newly formed bone matrix of endochondral and bone marrow ossification, AchE was found only in mesenchymal stem cells, cartilage and bone marrow cells. CONCLUSIONS: ACh might exert its effect on the endochondral and bone marrow ossification, and bone matrix mineralization in maxilla.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Medula Óssea/fisiologia , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Cartilagem/fisiologia , Colinérgicos/metabolismo , Maxila/metabolismo , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Matriz Óssea/metabolismo , Calcificação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Células da Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Carnitina Aciltransferases/genética , Carnitina Aciltransferases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/genética , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions Orgânicos/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions Orgânicos/metabolismo , Proteínas Vesiculares de Transporte de Acetilcolina/genética , Proteínas Vesiculares de Transporte de Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Maxila/citologiaRESUMO
A newborn infant died suddenly and unexpectedly on day 5 of life. Postmortem investigations led to a suspicion of carnitine transporter deficiency, a diagnosis supported by the finding that both parents are heterozygotes for this disorder. The fasting stress caused by poor breast-feeding with no formula supplements and, possibly, the vegetarian diet of the mother were likely the critical factors leading to neonatal death, an outcome previously not described in this disorder.
Assuntos
Carnitina Aciltransferases/deficiência , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etiologia , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Aleitamento Materno , Carnitina Aciltransferases/análise , Carnitina Aciltransferases/sangue , Carnitina Aciltransferases/genética , Dieta Vegetariana , Jejum , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/patologia , Feminino , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Alimentos Infantis , Recém-Nascido , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo Lipídico/sangue , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo Lipídico/genética , Masculino , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
A breast-fed female infant died suddenly in the neonatal period at 31 hours of age with profound macrovesicular fatty infiltration of liver, kidney, and muscle on postmortem examination, suggestive of a defect in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Fatty acid and palmitoyl-carnitine oxidation studies and direct enzyme study of cultured skin fibroblasts suggested a deficiency in the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids distal to carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I and before long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenases. Deficient activity of carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase was demonstrated with intermediate levels of activity in the infant's parents, consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. Fatty acid oxidation studies showed deficient oxidation of fatty acids at all chain lengths from C10:0 to C24:0, with partially reduced oxidation of C26:0 fatty acid, indicating the occurrence of a single mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase and demonstrating the requirement in vivo for L-carnitine for mitochondrial transport of all medium- and long-chain fatty acyl moieties. The disorder may have been precipitated in this breast-fed infant by poor initial feeding, fasting stress, and the long-chain triglycerides of human milk. The severity of the disorder prompted prenatal diagnosis, and affected siblings were excluded in two subsequent pregnancies by fatty acid oxidation in cultured chorionic villus cells and amniocytes.