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Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin aquaculture is a rising industry, and in consequence, there is a need to establish optimal culture parameters to ensure the health of the cultured animals. Objective: To evaluate the bacterial counts in the seawater of sea urchin (Arbacia dufresnii) aquaculture recirculating systems (RAS). Methods: The bacteriological water quality of two RAS containing sea urchins was determined. For approximately two months, weekly water samples were taken. The bacteriological quality was determined by counting total aerobic heterotrophic populations, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacterias and genus Vibrio. Physicochemical parameters were also measured. Results: There was no presence of disease or mortality. Enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria were not detected from both RAS systems. The number of animals had an important effect on the observed difference in the count of total bacteria and Vibrio spp. In RAS 1 the maximum counts of total bacteria and Vibrio spp. were 2.8 x 105 ± 1.7 x 105 and 1.45 x 105 ± 3.6 x 104 UFC ml-1, respectively. In RAS 2 total bacteria and Vibrio spp. exhibited repetitive behavior over time influenced in part by water exchange and mainly by feeding. The results indicate that periodic water changes ensure a limited growth of bacterial strains as Vibrio and other bacteria. Conclusions: Our results suggests that the bacterial count levels recorded in this study can be used as a threshold or safety limit for Arbacia dufresnii aquaculture.

Resumen Introducción: La acuicultura de erizos de mar es una industria en auge, y en consecuencia, existe la necesidad de establecer los parámetros de cultivo óptimos para garantizar la salud de los animales en cultivo. Objetivo: Evaluar los recuentos bacterianos en el agua de cultivo de los sistemas de recirculación acuícola (RAS) de erizo de mar Arbacia dufresnii. Métodos: Se determinó la calidad bacteriológica del agua de cultivo de dos RAS que contenían erizos de mar. Durante aproximadamente dos meses, se tomaron muestras de agua semanalmente. La calidad bacteriológica se determinó realizando recuento de las poblaciones heterótrofas aerobias totales, bacterias ácido lácticas, enterobacterias y bacterias del género Vibrio. También se midieron parámetros fisicoquímicos. Resultados: No se observaron patologías ni mortalidad. No se detectaron enterobacterias ni bacterias del ácido láctico en ninguno de los sistemas RAS. El número de animales cultivados tuvo un efecto importante en la diferencia observada en el recuento de bacterias totales y Vibrio spp. En el RAS 1 los recuentos máximos de bacterias totales y Vibrio spp. fueron 2.8 x 105 ± 1.7 x 105 y 1.45 x 105 ± 3.6 x 104 UFC ml-1, respectivamente. En RAS 2 los recuentos de bacterias totales y Vibrio spp. exhibieron un comportamiento repetitivo en el tiempo influenciado en parte por el recambio de agua y principalmente por la alimentación. Los resultados indican que los cambios periódicos de agua aseguran un crecimiento limitado de cepas bacterianas como Vibrio y otras bacterias. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los niveles de recuento bacteriano registrados en este estudio pueden usarse como umbral o límite de seguridad para la acuicultura de Arbacia dufresnii.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) solution as a wound cleanser on bacterial load and bacterial biofilm in venous leg ulcers. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The target population was adults attending the dermatology outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample comprised 44 patients with venous leg ulcers recruited over a 6-month period. METHODS: Participants were divided into 2 groups: the intervention group had their wounds cleansed with PHMB, and the control group had their wound cleansed with a 0.9% saline solution. Tissue fragments of the wounds were collected for bacteriological analysis; transmission electron microscopy was used to identify the presence of biofilm. RESULTS: The bacterial load was reduced in both groups compared to baseline values; no significant difference was found when groups were compared. Correlation analysis between wound duration (months), wound area (cm²), necrosis (%), variables, and bacterial count (colony forming units [CFUs]/g) after cleansing showed a significant relationship between area of the wound and CFUs/g (P = .0070, r = 0.51). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of bacterial biofilm in the wounds after cleansing with both solutions. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that both PHMB and saline solution are effective in reducing the bacterial load in venous leg ulcers. However, bacterial biofilm was present after cleansing with both solutions. These findings provide important evidence regarding effectiveness of 2 common wound cleansers on bacterial presence in wounds.

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The increase in production and consumption of chicken meat has occurred due to modernization in this area. Such increase caused the concern about the transmission of pathogens to humans; however, with proper hygiene this transmission can be controlled. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the pre-operational and operational hygiene insanitary conveyors belts of chicken cuts in slaughterhouses through Clostridium spp. and Enterobacteria quantification.Statistical data analysis for Clostridium spp. colony count showed a difference between the studied slaughterhouses and the types of cleaning performed on sanitary conveyors belts (p<0,0001). Already statistical analysis for Enterobacteriaceae colony count showed significant differences only between the visited slaughterhouses (p<0,0001),with no difference between the types of conveyors belts cleaning (p=0,4057). The results showed that there was avariation in bacterial count among the slaughterhouses and the hygiene process in sanitary conveyors belts were deficient because they presented counts higher than the values recommended by the international organizations.

O aumento da produção e do consumo per capita de carne de frango ocorreu devido a modernização neste setor. Tal aumento gerou preocupação com a transmissão de patógenos para o ser humano, porém com uma higienização adequada essa transmissão pode ser controlada. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a higiene pré-operacional e operacional das esteiras condutoras de cortes de frangos através da quantificação de Clostridium spp. e Enterobactérias. As análises estatísticas da contagem de Clostridium spp. mostraram uma diferença entre os frigoríficos visitados e entre os tipos de limpeza realizados nas esteiras (p<0,0001). Já as análises estatísticas para a contagem de Enterobactérias mostraram diferenças significativas somente entre os frigoríficos visitados (p<0,0001), não havendo diferença entre os tipos de limpeza das esteiras (p=0,4057). Os resultados demonstraram que houve uma variação na contagem bacteriana entre os frigoríficos e que a higienização das esteiras foram deficientes pois apresentaram contagens superiores aos valores recomendado pelas organizações internacionais.

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The increase in production and consumption of chicken meat has occurred due to modernization in this area. Such increase caused the concern about the transmission of pathogens to humans; however, with proper hygiene this transmission can be controlled. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the pre-operational and operational hygiene insanitary conveyors belts of chicken cuts in slaughterhouses through Clostridium spp. and Enterobacteria quantification.Statistical data analysis for Clostridium spp. colony count showed a difference between the studied slaughterhouses and the types of cleaning performed on sanitary conveyors belts (p<0,0001). Already statistical analysis for Enterobacteriaceae colony count showed significant differences only between the visited slaughterhouses (p<0,0001),with no difference between the types of conveyors belts cleaning (p=0,4057). The results showed that there was avariation in bacterial count among the slaughterhouses and the hygiene process in sanitary conveyors belts were deficient because they presented counts higher than the values recommended by the international organizations.(AU)

O aumento da produção e do consumo per capita de carne de frango ocorreu devido a modernização neste setor. Tal aumento gerou preocupação com a transmissão de patógenos para o ser humano, porém com uma higienização adequada essa transmissão pode ser controlada. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a higiene pré-operacional e operacional das esteiras condutoras de cortes de frangos através da quantificação de Clostridium spp. e Enterobactérias. As análises estatísticas da contagem de Clostridium spp. mostraram uma diferença entre os frigoríficos visitados e entre os tipos de limpeza realizados nas esteiras (p<0,0001). Já as análises estatísticas para a contagem de Enterobactérias mostraram diferenças significativas somente entre os frigoríficos visitados (p<0,0001), não havendo diferença entre os tipos de limpeza das esteiras (p=0,4057). Os resultados demonstraram que houve uma variação na contagem bacteriana entre os frigoríficos e que a higienização das esteiras foram deficientes pois apresentaram contagens superiores aos valores recomendado pelas organizações internacionais.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the levels of microbial contamination in semen samples before and after the micro swim-up (MSU) procedure in intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The new method is an upgrade to the classic wash swim-up procedure. METHODS: Semen analysis and microbiological tests were carried out before and after the MSU procedure. A total of twenty semen samples were analyzed. RESULTS: Pathogens were observed in semen samples only before MSU and never after ICSI. Microbiological tests revealed a large prevalence of gram-positive cocci [Staphylococcus spp. (n=16, 80%) and viridans streptococci (n=10, 50%)]. The results of this study indicate that direct MSU in ICSI improved the ICSI workflow. CONCLUSION: The new workflow is faster and more affordable, and is likely to prevent infection problems that could arise from the normal microbial flora of the semen.

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A composição do leite bovino pode variar de acordo com vários fatores, dentre eles estão: rebanho, clima, região, estação do ano, conservação das amostras, células somáticas, além da contaminação por micro-organismos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar 18.366 amostras de leite coletadas de tanques de resfriamento, para estudar a possível influência climática (temperatura máxima e mínima, umidade relativa e precipitação pluviométrica) sobre a qualidade do leite medida por meio da (contagem das células somáticas (CCS), contagem bacteriana total (CBT), lactose, proteína e gordura), no período compreendido entre 2007 e 2010, nos municípios de Pato Branco, Cascavel e Umuarama, localizadas respectivamente nas regiões sudoeste, oeste e noroeste do Estado do Paraná. As análises de qualidade do leite foram feitas pelo Laboratório da Associação Paranaense de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa, em Curitiba, Paraná. As variáveis climáticas que mais interferiram na qualidade do leite foram as temperaturas máxima e mínima, tendo correlação negativa para o teor de gordura (r=-0,586 e r=-0,619 respectivamente), proteína (r=-0,250 e r=-0,218 respectivamente)e sólidos totais(r=-0,538 e r=-0,561 respectivamente). No entanto, as temperaturas não influenciaram os níveis de CCS, porém influenciaram de forma positiva os níveis de lactose (r=0,291 e r=0,302). Já a precipitação e a umidade relativa tiveram correlação significativa positiva para a log CCS (r=0,102 e r=0,316) e log CBT (r=0,232 e r=0,262). Conclui-se com este estudo que as variáveis climáticas (temperaturas máxima e mínima, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa) interferem diretamente sobre a qualidade do leite.(AU)

The composition of cow milk can vary according to several factors, among which: herd, climate, region, season, preservation of samples, total solids, somatic cells, and contamination by microorganisms. The objective of the present paper is to analyze 18,366 milk samples collected from refrigeration tanks to evaluate the possible climate influence (minimum and maximum temperatures, relative humidity and rainfall) on the quality of milk (somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), lactose, protein and fat) in the period between 2007 and 2010, in the cities of Pato Branco, Cascavel and Umuarama, located respectively in the Southwest, West and Northwest region of the Parana state. The analyses were performed by the Laboratory at Associação Paranaense de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Holandesa (Paraná Association of Holstein Cattle Breeders) in Curitiba, Parana. The climate variables interfering the most on the quality of milk were maximum and minimum temperatures, with negative correlation to fat content (r=-0.586 and r=-0.619, respectively), protein (r=-0.250 and r=-0.218, respectively), total solids (r=-0.538 and r=-0.561, respectively). Temperatures had no influence on SCC levels. Nonetheless, these variables positively influenced lactose levels (r=0.291 and r=0.302). Rainfall and relative humidity had positive significant correlation for the SCC log (r=0.102 and r=0.316) and TBC log (r=0.232 and r=0.262). This study concluded that the climate variables maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and relative humidity directly interfere on milk quality.(AU)

La composición de la leche bovina puede variar de acuerdo a varios factores, entre ellos están: rebaño, clima, región, estación del año, conservación de las muestras, células somáticas, además de la contaminación por microorganismos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar 18.366 muestras de leche recolectadas de tanques de resfriamiento, para evaluar la posible influencia climática (temperatura máxima y mínima, humedad relativa y precipitación pluviométrica) sobre la calidad de la leche, medida por medio del contado de las células somáticas (CCS), contado bacteriano total (CBT), lactosa, proteína y grasa, en el período comprendido entre 2007 y 2010, en los municipios de Pato Branco, Cascavel y Umuarama, ubicadas respectivamente en las regiones sudoeste, oeste y noroeste del Estado de Paraná. Los análisis de calidad de la leche fueron realizados por el Laboratorio de la Asociación Paranaense de Creadores de Bovinos de la Raza Holandesa, en Curitiba, Paraná. Las variables climáticas que más interfirieron en la calidad de la leche fueron las temperaturas máxima y mínima, habiendo correlación negativa para el tenor de grasa (r=-0,586 y r=-0,619 respectivamente), proteína (r=-0,250 y r=-0,218 respectivamente), sólidos totales (r=-0,538 y r=-0,561 respectivamente). Sin embargo, las temperaturas no influenciaron los niveles de CCS, pero influenciaron de forma positiva los niveles de lactosa (r=0,291 y r=0,302). Ya, la precipitación y la humedad relativa tuvieron correlación significativa positiva para el log CCS (r=0,102 y r=0,316) y log CBT (r=0,232 y r=0,262). Se concluye con este estudio que las variables climáticas (temperaturas máximas y mínimas, precipitación pluviométrica y humedad relativa) interfieren directamente sobre la calidad de la leche.(AU)

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A irradiação é uma tecnologia alternativa para preservar alimentos, capaz de aumentar a segurança alimentar para o consumidor. Trinta e seis amostras de cortes de perna ou pernil com osso, congeladas a -18 °C, de seis cordeiros Santa Inês, abatidos em matadouro frigorífico sob inspeção estadual, foram analisadas. Essas amostras foram embaladas a vácuo, sendo 12 amostras controle, 12 tratadas com radiação gama na dose de 3 kGy e 12 com 5 kGy, e armazenadas em temperatura controlada de 0 a 2 °C. Foram realizadas contagem de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias psicrotróficas e enumeração de Enterococcus spp. nos dias 1, 15 e 30 de estocagem, e medição do pH. A análise estatística foi efetuada considerando-se o tratamento e o período de estocagem. Os valores da contagem de psicrotróficas e da enumeração de Enterococcus spp. foram maiores nas amostras controle, embora ainda em condições de consumo. Foram demonstrados valores de pH dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. O uso de radiação foi eficiente para tornar a carne mais segura e minimizar a proliferação bacteriana. O efeito da radiação não foi dose-dependente, e a exposição à radiação gama na dose de 3 kGy foi a mais indicada pelas mínimas alterações sensoriais no produto.(AU)

Food irradiation is used as an alternative procedure for preserving food, and to increase the food safety. Thirty-six samples of frozen vacuum-packed cuts of leg with bone (at -18 °C), from six Santa Inês lambs slaughtered in a slaughterhouse under state inspection, were used in this experiment. These samples divided into there groups, being 12 control samples, 12 samples irradiated with 3 kGy and 12 with 5 kGy. The samples were maintained refrigerated at 0 to 2 °C. The pH measurement, psychrotrophic heterotrophic aerobic bacteria plate counting and enumeration of Enterococcus spp. were carried out at day one, 15 days and 30 days of storage. The treatment and the storage period were included for statistical evaluation. The psychrotrophic counts and the enumeration of Enterococcus spp. showed higher values in control samples, although still in appropriate conditions for consumption. The range of pH values was within the established consumption limits. Irradiation was efficient, and this procedure promoted meat safety and minimized the bacterial growth. The radiation effect was not dose-dependent, therefore, the exposure to gamma radiation at 3 kGy dose would be the most suitable for minimizing the sensorial alterations of the product.(AU)

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