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RESUMEN El carcinoma basocelular es un tumor maligno de origen epitelial, su crecimiento es lento y rara vez metastiza. Este puede producir destrucción local y comprometer extensas áreas de tejido, cartílago y hueso. Existen variantes clínicas e histológicas y constituye el cáncer más frecuente en humanos y su incidencia está en aumento. Se realizó una revisión para exponer los aspectos esenciales sobre factores predisponentes, formas clínicas y diagnóstico, así como las opciones terapéuticas en esta entidad. Se desarrolló una búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Infomed y Google. Fueron revisados veinticinco trabajos científicos sin limitación de año y país, de los cuales quince pertenecen a los últimos 5 años. El carcinoma basocelular se considera de origen multifactorial, el carcinógeno más importante es la luz ultravioleta. La forma clínica más frecuente es la variedad nodular y la distribución es en cara y cuello. La elección del tratamiento dependerá del tamaño de la lesión, la localización, la edad y estado general del paciente. A pesar de tener baja malignidad y mortalidad, puede ocasionar destrucción y deformidad y repercutir en la vida de los pacientes. El dominio de los factores de riesgo, los elementos para el diagnóstico precoz y las opciones terapéuticas son indispensable para elegir la conducta adecuada frente a la enfermedad y promover cambios en el estilo de vida, que favorezcan la prevención y disminuyan la morbilidad por esta causa (AU).

ABSTRACT Basal cell Carcinoma (BCC) is an epidermal malignant tumor, it has a slow growth and seldom metastases. It can produce local destruction and compromise big tissue areas, cartilage and bone. There are clinical and histological presentations. It is one of the most common cancer in humans and its incidence is increasing. This project’s goal is to expose the essential aspects about the predisposal factors, clinic presentations and diagnoses as well as this disorder’s therapeutic options.This study was made from different bibliographical revisions. The research was developed on Infomed Database and Google. Twenty five Scientific studies were researched without country and/or timeline limit, from whom fifteen belongs to the last 5 years. BCC is considered to have a multifactorial origin, whose most important carcinogen is the ultraviolet light. The most frequent clinical presentation is the nodular and the most common distribution is face and neck. The treatment choice depends on the tumor size, its distribution and the patient’s age and current state. Although it is a low malignancy and low-death rate neoplasia, it can cause tissue destruction and affect patient’s social life. The management of the risk factors, the elements for the early diagnosis and the therapeutic options are indispensable to choose the adequate behavior for the disorder and promote life style changes that favor the prevention and lower the morbidity rate (AU).

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La miasis es una infestación por larvas en desarrollo de una gran variedad de moscas del orden Díptera. Según el sitio de invasión, se clasifica en miasis cavitarias, que pueden deberse a invasión de cavidades naturales o de heridas, y miasis forunculoide, cuando atraviesa piel indemne. Esta infestación presenta una distribución mundial, con variaciones estacionales en relación con la latitud geográfica y el ciclo de vida de distintas especies de moscas. Presentamos una serie de tres casos de pacientes con distintas formas clínicas de manifestación de miasis. (AU)

Myiasis is the tissue infestation by a variety of Diptera order larvae flies. According to the invasion site, they are classified in myiasis of cavities, which can be because of an invasion of natural cavities or wounds, and furuncular myiasis, when they invade through intact skin. This infestation has a worldwide distribution, with seasonal variations in relation to the geographic latitude and the life cycle of different species of flies. We present three cases of patients with different clinical forms of presentation of myiasis. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION: As numbers of transplant recipients and survival rates increase, the vulnerability of this population to several malignancies also rises. Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) carries the highest rates of morbidity and mortality in this population. To avoid these malignancies, it is necessary to identify particular risk factors in transplant recipients and to follow preventive protocols. METHODS: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were reviewed using as keywords the medical subject headings (MeSH) "transplantation", "skin neoplasm" and "prevention". The search was limited to clinical trials, randomized clinical trials and case-control studies conducted during the previous 20 years. RESULTS: The most important risk factors for the development of NMSCs in the transplant recipient population are cumulative ultraviolet radiation exposure, use of immunosuppressive agents (especially azathioprine as a photosensitizing agent) and infections by human papillomaviruses. The use of sun protection and retinoids were identified as possible protective factors. Other potential therapies, such as antioxidants, difluormethylornithine and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, require further study. CONCLUSIONS: Patient risk factors for the development of NMSC should be reviewed during the transplant consultation. Individuals found to be at increased risk should undergo closer follow-up and preventive care counseling. This article proposes an algorithm for the prevention of NMSC.

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BACKGROUND: 'Keratinocyte cancer' is now the preferred term for the most commonly identified skin cancers basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), which were previously commonly categorised as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). Keratinocyte cancer (KC) represents about 95% of malignant skin tumours. Lifestyle changes have led to increased exposure to the sun, which has, in turn, led to a significant increase of new cases of KC, with a worldwide annual incidence of between 3% and 8%. The successful use of preventive measures could mean a significant reduction in the resources used by health systems, compared with the high cost of the treatment of these conditions. At present, there is no information about the quality of the evidence for the use of these sun protection strategies with an assessment of their benefits and risks. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of sun protection strategies (i.e. sunscreen and barrier methods) for preventing keratinocyte cancer (that is, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the skin) in the general population. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases up to May 2016: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. We also searched five trial registries and the bibliographies of included studies for further references to relevant trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of preventive strategies for keratinocyte cancer, such as physical barriers and sunscreens, in the general population (children and adults), which may provide information about benefits and adverse events related to the use of solar protection measures. We did not include trials focused on educational strategies to prevent KC or preventive strategies in high-risk groups. Our prespecified primary outcomes were BCC or cSCC confirmed clinically or by histopathology at any follow-up and adverse events. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected studies for eligibility using Early Review Organizing Software (EROS). Similarly, two review authors independently used predesigned data collection forms to extract information from the original study reports about the participants, methods of randomisation, blinding, comparisons of interest, number of participants originally randomised by arm, follow-up losses, and outcomes, and they assessed the risk of bias. We resolved any disagreement by consulting a third author and contacted trial investigators of identified trials to obtain additional information. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS: We included one RCT (factorial design) that randomised 1621 participants.This study compared the daily application of sunscreen compared with discretionary use of sunscreen, with or without beta-carotene administration, in the general population. The study was undertaken in Australia; 55.2% of participants had fair skin, and they were monitored for 4.5 years for new cases of BCC or cSCC assessed by histopathology. We found this study to be at low risk of bias for domains such as allocation, blinding, and incomplete outcome data. However, we found multiple unclear risks related to other biases, including an unclear assessment of possible interactions between the effects of the different interventions evaluated (that is, sunscreen and beta-carotene). We found no difference in terms of the number of participants developing BCC (n = 1621; risk ratio (RR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 1.43) or cSCC (n = 1621; RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.54) when comparing daily application of sunscreen with discretionary use, even when analyses were restricted to groups without beta-carotene supplementation. This evidence was of low quality, which means that there is some certainty that future studies may alter our confidence in this evidence.We reported adverse events in a narrative way and included skin irritation or contact allergy.We identified no studies that evaluated other sun protection measures, such as the use of sun-protective clothing, sunglasses, or hats, or seeking the shade when outdoors. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we assessed the effect of solar protection in preventing the occurrence of new cases of keratinocyte cancer. We only found one study that was suitable for inclusion. This was a study of sunscreens, so we were unable to assess any other forms of sun protection. The study addressed our prespecified primary outcomes, but not most of our secondary outcomes. We were unable to demonstrate from the available evidence whether sunscreen was effective for the prevention of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC).Our certainty in the evidence was low because there was a lack of histopathological confirmation of BCC or cSCC in a significant percentage of cases. Amongst other sources of bias, it was not clear whether the study authors had assessed any interaction effects between the sunscreen and beta-carotene interventions. We think that further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.

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Vitamin D (VD) is a secosteroid hormone that is mainly synthesized in the skin upon exposure to UVB radiation. VD is widely known for its role in calcium metabolism; however, multiple endocrine, paracrine and autocrine functions of VD have been described, including a prominent role on carcinogenesis. In recent years, multiple associations between VD deficiency and different types of cancer have been described, supported by evidence of anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, pro-apoptotic, cell-differentiating and anti-invasive effects of this hormone. An immunomodulatory role of VD associated to cancer microenvironment has also been suggested. Regarding skin cancer, it has been shown that VD inhibits tumor development in basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma in vitro. Some studies have suggested that lower VD levels may be a risk factor for skin cancer, while others have shown the opposite; there is also preliminary evidence on the role of VD supplementation for the prevention of melanoma in vivo. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of VD effects on carcinogenesis and the available scientific evidence of the interplay between VD and the genesis of both non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. (AU)

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La guía está dirigida al personal clínico asistencial que brinda cuidados a pacientes con carcinoma basocelular, en lo relativo a prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento, en los diferentes grados de complejidad de los servicios de la atención en salud en el marco del SGSSS (médicos familiares, médicos generales, médicos especialistas en dermatología, oncólogos, cirujanos plásticos, patólogos, radioterapeutas, cirujanos de cabeza y cuello, profesionales de enfermería y otros profesionales de la salud relacionados con el manejo del carcinoma basocelular). Los manejos de condiciones específicas por parte del subespecialistas ameritan recomendaciones que exceden el alcance del presente documento. El texto también está dirigido a tomadores de decisiones, generadores de políticas de salud, pagadores del gasto y todo el personal relacionado, que se desempeñe en el ámbito hospitalario o de las aseguradoras en salud. Esta GPC ofrece recomendaciones específicas para las preguntas definidas, y excede el alcance de la misma, definir las competencias profesionales del equipo involucrado en el manejo de esta patología.

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La guía está dirigida al personal clínico asistencial que brinda cuidados a pacientes con carcinoma basocelular, en lo relativo a prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento, en los diferentes grados de complejidad de los servicios de la atención en salud en el marco del SGSSS (médicos familiares, médicos generales, médicos especialistas en dermatología, oncólogos, cirujanos plásticos, patólogos, radioterapeutas, cirujanos de cabeza y cuello, profesionales de enfermería y otros profesionales de la salud relacionados con el manejo del carcinoma basocelular). Los manejos de condiciones específicas por parte del subespecialistas ameritan recomendaciones que exceden el alcance del presente documento. El texto también está dirigido a tomadores de decisiones, generadores de políticas de salud, pagadores del gasto y todo el personal relacionado, que se desempeñe en el ámbito hospitalario o de las aseguradoras en salud. Esta GPC ofrece recomendaciones específicas para las preguntas definidas, y excede el alcance de la misma, definir las competencias profesionales del equipo involucrado en el manejo de esta patología.

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Establecer las razones de costo-efectividad del uso del bloqueador solar como medida preventiva para la aparición del carcinoma escamocelular de piel, alternativa priorizada por el grupo desarrollador y el ente gestor, así como para la Cirugía Micrográfica de Mohs. Formular una propuesta del plan de implementación de la GPC que incluya indicadores de seguimiento, acordes al contexto nacional.

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O câncer de pele se tornou, nas últimas décadas, um problema de saúde pública no Brasil, corespondendo a 25% do total dos tumores malignos registrados. Constata-se a necessidade de se estabalecer estratégias que visem minimizar os problemas relacionados às dificuldades na adoção de ações preventivas, bem como motivar as pessoas para a adesão às medidas de fotoproteção. Grande parte da população mundial se expõe ao sol de forma irracional, isto aliado à mudança de hábitos de vida, à diminuição da camada de ozônio e ao descuido quanto ao uso de fotoprotetores. Todos estes fatores têm contribuído significativamente para o aumento da incidência de câncer de pele e de outras alterações cutâneas relacionadas à exposição solar inadequada. O tipo de câncer de pele mais frequentemente encontrado na população brasileira é o não melanoma, representado pelos carcinomas basocelular e espinocelular. O melanoma de pelo corresponde a apenas 4% dos tumores cutâneos; entretanto, sua letalidade é alta. Quando a exposição passa a ser prolongada e irracional, o risco de alterações cutâneas relacionadas à exposição solar passa a ser maior, principalmente em pessoas de pele clara. Os filtros solares são comumente usados como proteção contra os danos solares. Eles reduzem a penetração de ondas ultravioleta solares na pele, pela reflexão ou por absorvê-las. A aplicação apropriada de filtro solar é fundamental como estratégia eficaz de saúde pública para prevenção do câncer de pele. Além do uso de fotoprotetores, medidas educativas de prevenção, como conscientização da proteção solar desde a infância, são necessárias pra se tentar diminuir a incidência dos cânceres de pele.

Skin cancer in recent decades has become a public health problem in Brazil, accounting for 25% of all malignant tumors recorded. There is a need to establish strategies for minimizing the problems hindering the adoption of preventive actions. as well as motivate people to adhere to measures for effective photoprotection. The solar exposure has been occurred in an irrational way by most of the people all over the world along with habit changes of everyday life, decreasing the ozone layer and careless to the use of photoprotectors as well. All these factors have contributed meaningfully for the increase of incidence of skin cancer and other cutaneous changes related to inadequate solar exposure. The type of skin cancer most often found in the Brazilian population is not melanoma, basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. The skin melanoma accounts for only 4% of skin tumors, but its mortality is high. When the exposure becomes prolonged and unreasonable risk of developing skin changes related to sun exposure becomes greater, expecially in people with white skin. Sunscreens are commonly used as protection against sun damage. They reduce the penetration of solar ultraviolet waves in the skin by reflecting or absorbing them. Proper application of sunscreen is essential to effective public health strategy for prevention of skin cancer. Besides the use of sunscreens, prevention and educational measures, awareness of sun protection from childhood are necessary to decrease the incidence of skin cancers.

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A case-control study was carried out in order to analyze the association between diet and risk of non melanoma skin cancer -basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with adjustments for demographic, anthropometric and phenotypic characteristics, sunburns history, skin cancerfamily history, sun-exposure history and skin sensitivity to sun exposure. A full-body skin examination was performed. Dietary data were obtained applying a standardized semi-quantitative questionnaire of consumption frequency. Cases (n=27; age: 65,5+15,1 years) and controls (n=37; age: 63,9+12,3 years) were attended at the same facilities. A decreased risk ofBCC and SCC tumors (Adjusted Odd Ratio=0.10; IC 95 percent= 0.02-0.63; p=0.01) was found for high intakes of green leafy vegetables (more than 40 gr/day). However, results obtained for fruits, cruciferous, vitamin A and carotene-rich vegetables and other vegetables were not statistically significant.

Mediante un diseño de casos y controles se evaluó si la dieta habitual modifica el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de piel no melanoma: carcinomas basocelulares y carcinomas espinocelulares. En la consulta se consignaron datos demográficos, características fenotípicas y antropométricas, antecedentes de quemadura solar, antecedentes familiares de cáncer de piel y hábitos de exposición solar, y se realizó un exhaustivo examen físico cutáneo. La dieta fue evaluada por cuestionarios semi-cuantitativos de frecuencia de consumo. Se estudiaron 27 casos (edad: 65,5±15,1 años) y 37 controles (63,9±12,3) que asistieron a las mismas instituciones por otras patologías. La ingesta alta de vegetales de hojas verdes (más de 40 g/d) actuaría como factor protector (Odd Ratio ajustado= 0,10; IC 95 por ciento= 0,02-0,63; p=0,01), modificando el efecto negativo de la exposición solar. En cambio, los resultados obtenidos para frutas, crucíferas, vegetales ricos en vitamina A y carotenos y otros vegetales no resultaron estadísticamente significativos.

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De las entidades malignas dermatológicas los carcinomas baso y espinocelulares constituyen causas frecuentes de derivación a Cirugía Plástica dada su resolución fundamentalmente quirúrgica. Actualmente se observa un franco aumento de estas patologías a predominio de los carcinomas basocelulares, seguramente por causa de la mayor exposición a rayos ultravioletas. Algunas publicaciones los relacionan a otras entidades, constituyendo síndromes, otras relatan alguna correlación con el terreno inmunológico, todo ello hace indispensble conocerlos y tratarlos oportunamente. En el presente trabajo se informa como se actía interdisciplinariamente en la actualidad, para lograr menor morbilidad ante los carcinomas baso y espinocelulares

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Os autores fazem uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as características clínicas, patológicas e sobre o manejo do carcinoma basocelular de pele. São enfatizados os conceitos mais atuais sobre sua etiologia, fisiopatologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, prognóstico, bem como suas opções terapêuticas

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A incidência de carcinomas de pele e lábio representa parcela significativa dos procedimentos cirúrgicos reconstrutivos. O presente estudo pretendeu analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos envolvidos e as solu- ções cirúrgicas. Os autores revisaram retrospectivamente os prontuários dos pacientes com tumores da área craniofacial atendidos no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, cujas reconstruções se fizeram através de retalhos e enxertos, entre novembro de 2000 e novembro de 2002. Foram avaliados os dados referentes à epidemiologia e o manejo cirúrgico. Dentre os 12 casos estudados, 10 (83,3) eram do sexo masculino. A idade variou entre 56 e 94 anos(média de 76,5 anos). O conhecimento dos fatores epidemiológicos inerentes aos carcinomas de pele e lábio faz-se importante para o reconhecimento do impacto e do modo de ocorrência destas neoplasias em nosso meio.

The incidence of skin and lip carcinomas makes them an important part of the reconstructive surgeries. This paper intented to analyze the epidemiologic aspects and the surgical management. The authors reviewed all cases of skin and lip carcinomas of which flaps and skin grafts were required for reconstructions, attended between november 2000 and november 2002 in the Plastic Surgery Service at Ernesto Dornelles Hospital, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Epidemiologic data and surgical management were analyzed. From 12 cases reviewed 10 (83,3) were masculine. The age changed from 56 to 94 years- old(average 76,5 y/o). Arquivos Catarinenses de Medicina - Volume 32 - Suplemento 01 - 2003 The knowledge of skin and lip carcinomas epidemiology is vital to perceive the importance and impact of this kind of pathology. The understanding of these factors allow adequate patient management and rehabilitation.

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Se realizó un análisis durante el trienio 1994-1996 y se estudiaron los tumores malignos de la región maxilofacial tratados en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial de Artemisa. El sexo masculino fue más afectado que el femenino, los tumores de la piel fueron los más frecuentes, afectaron en elevado porcentaje a los pacientes de tez blanca, y el carcinoma basocelular fue el tipo histológico que más se observó. En cuanto a la localización más frecuente en la cavidad bucal fue el labio inferior, y el tipo histológico que más predominó fue el carcinoma epidermoide. El 3 porciento de todos los tumores encontrados correspondieron con metástasis, que debutaron por la zona bucofacial

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Se exponen las diferentes categorias de las lesiones precancerosas de la piel y se indican en cada caso los canceres a que dan origen. Se analizan las acciones a nivel primario de atencion medica para la prevencion de los tumores malignos de la piel. Se preconiza sobre el concepto de autoexamen de piel

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