RESUMO
The aim of this study was to compare formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and FLOTAC Pellet techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in human stool samples. The anal swab method was used for the specific detection of Enterobius vermicularis. The study was performed in children and youth from Puerto Madryn (South Argentina). A total of 174 individuals were examined using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT), the FLOTAC Pellet technique with saturated sodium chloride and zinc sulphate flotation solutions and anal swabs. The performance of copromicroscopic techniques was evaluated according to sensitivity, negative predictive value and Kappa index. Overall, 39.1% of the individuals were parasitised. The most prevalent species was Blastocystis sp. (19%) followed by E. vermicularis (17.8%), Giardia lamblia (6.3%), Entamoeba coli (5.7%), Hymenolepis nana and Endolimax nana (1.1%). The FECT was the most sensitive technique for Blastocystis sp., G. lamblia and E. coli infections, whereas FLOTAC Pellet techniques were the most sensitive for H. nana diagnosis. Anal swabs detected the highest percentage of E. vermicularis infection. This was the first time that the FLOTAC Pellet technique was used to detect intestinal parasites in humans. The FECT continues to be a reliable method for detecting protozoa and the FLOTAC Pellet technique gains importance in the diagnosis of helminths. Anal swab test remains the method of choice for the detection of E. vermicularis. However, when comparing techniques, key factors as preservation methods, preservation times and flotation solutions should be taken into account.
Assuntos
Canal Anal/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Acetatos/análise , Adolescente , Animais , Argentina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Endolimax/isolamento & purificação , Entamoeba/isolamento & purificação , Enterobius/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Formaldeído/análise , Giardia/isolamento & purificação , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Hymenolepis nana/isolamento & purificação , Lactente , Masculino , Parasitos , Prevalência , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Resource-limited countries have limited laboratory capability and rely on syndromic management to diagnose sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We aimed to estimate the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of STI syndromic management when used as a screening method within a study setting. Men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSWs) and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) participated in a behavioural surveillance study. Data were obtained on demographics, sexual behaviours, STI history and service utilisation. Biological specimens were tested for genital inflammatory infections (Neisseria gonorrhoeae [GC], Chlamydia trachomatis [CT], Mycoplasma genitalium [MG], Trichomonas vaginalis [TV]) and genital ulcerative infection (syphilis and Herpes simplex virus-2). There was a high prevalence of Herpes simplex virus-2 (MSM 48.1%, FSW 82.0% and PLWHA 84.4%). Most participants reported no ulcerative symptoms and the majority of men reported no inflammatory symptoms. Sensitivity and PPV were poor for inflammatory infections among PLWHA and MSM. Sensitivity in FSWs for inflammatory infections was 75%. For ulcerative infections, sensitivity was poor, but specificity and PPV were high. Reliance on self-reported symptoms may not be an effective screening strategy for these populations. STI prevention studies should focus on symptom recognition and consider routine screening and referral for high-risk populations.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina , Trabalho Sexual , Profissionais do Sexo , Doenças Bacterianas Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Doenças Bacterianas Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Canal Anal/microbiologia , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Sangue/microbiologia , Sangue/virologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/urina , El Salvador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Gonorreia/epidemiologia , Gonorreia/urina , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Autorrelato , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sífilis/sangue , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Vaginite por Trichomonas/diagnóstico , Vaginite por Trichomonas/epidemiologia , Urina/microbiologia , Urina/parasitologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The Program for the Control of Intestinal Parasites and Nutrition was designed to intervene in small communities to prevent and control the effects of parasitic infections on children's health. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between nutritional status and parasitic infection in suburban and rural children from Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS: Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric (weight, height, BMI, skinfolds, upper arm circumference, muscle, and fat upper arm areas) and biochemical (Hb, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu) indicators. Parasitological analysis were made on both serial stool and perianal swab samples. A total of 708 children aged 3-11 were measured. The biochemical analysis included 217 blood samples and the parasitological study included 284 samples. RESULTS: Anthropometric status was similar in both settings with low rates of underweight and stunting (<6%), and high rates of overweight (~17%) and obesity (~12%). Ca deficiency was significantly higher in suburban children where 80% of them were hypocalcemic. Around 70% of fecal samples contained parasites. Among infected children, the most prevalent species were Blastocystis hominis and Enterobius vermicularis (~43%) followed by Giardia lamblia (~17%). Differences in parasitological status between districts were not significant. In the suburban district parasitized children were lighter, shorter, and had a lower upper arm circumference than their non-infected peers. No differences in anthropometric status were seen among infected and uninfected rural children. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest an association between intestinal parasites and physical growth in suburban children. Rural children seem to be protected against the effects of parasitic infection.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Antropometria , Argentina/epidemiologia , Análise Química do Sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/etiologia , Lansoprazol , Masculino , População Suburbana , População UrbanaRESUMO
As part of a biological inventory of the Rio Lacantún basin in the Biosphere Reserve of Montes Azules from Chiapas State (southeastern, Mexico), the following monogenoid ectoparasites infecting the external surface of the anal opening and the gill lamellae of the freshwater fish Astyanax aeneus (Characidae) in ten streams were found: Cacatuocotyle chajuli sp. nov. (anus), Cacatuocotyle exiguum sp. nov., and Cacatuocotyle sp. (gill lamellae). C. chajuli is differentiated from its single congener, Cacatuocotyle paranaensis (Boeger et al. Syst Parasitol 36:75-78, 1997), from the gills of Characidium lanei (Characidae) from Paraná Brazil, in having a noticeably V-shaped haptoral bar and larger hooks and anchors. C. exiguum differs from these two latter species in the size of its anchors. Illustrations and data on morphological and biometric variability of individual specimens of C. chajuli and C. exiguum from different streams are provided. The present data support the statement about three species of Astyanax, which harbor the richest monogenoidean diversity in the Neotropics with a total of 18 species reported up to now. Occurrences of species of Cacatuocotyle on different sites of infection on three distant host species [including a Neotropical cichlid (Cichlidae) species] suggest that these monogenoideans switching to new hosts can result in the availability of potential hosts within the same habitat instead of showing signs of preferential switching between closely related hosts or on their respective microhabitats.
Assuntos
Infecções por Cestoides/veterinária , Characidae/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Platelmintos/classificação , Platelmintos/patogenicidade , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Animais , Infecções por Cestoides/parasitologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , México , Microscopia , Platelmintos/anatomia & histologia , Platelmintos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study investigates HIV, other sexually transmitted infections (STI), and risk behaviours among men who have sex with men (MSM) in two cities in El Salvador. METHODS: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit MSM in the cities of San Salvador and San Miguel, El Salvador. Participants responded to questions about HIV risk behaviours; and blood, urine and anal swabs were collected. Blood samples were tested for herpes simplex type 2, syphilis and HIV infection. Urine and anal samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. HIV-positive samples were tested with the BED capture enzyme immunoassay to distinguish recent from longstanding HIV infection. We estimated population-adjusted prevalence of behavioural variables, STI and HIV, and identified risk factors for HIV. RESULTS: The final sample included 596 and 195 MSM in San Salvador and San Miguel, respectively. Consistent condom use was low across all partner types as was recent HIV testing. RDS-adjusted HIV prevalence was 10.8% (95% CI 7.4% to 14.7%) in San Salvador, and 8.8% (95% CI 4.2% to 14.5%) in San Miguel. The proportion of recent testing among HIV-positive samples was 20%. Prevalence of any bacterial STI by PRC testing was 12.7% (95% CI 8.2% to 17.5%) in San Salvador, and 9.6% (95% CI 4.9% to 15.4%) in San Miguel. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high prevalence of HIV, high levels of recent infection, and low condom usage. In El Salvador, targeted interventions towards MSM are needed to promote condom use, as well as to diagnose, treat and prevent HIV and other STIs.
Assuntos
Homossexualidade Masculina , Assunção de Riscos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Canal Anal/microbiologia , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Sangue/microbiologia , Sangue/virologia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , El Salvador/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e Questionários , Urina/microbiologia , Urina/parasitologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We analyzed intestinal parasitic infections in children aged 1-12 years from a poor neighborhood in La Plata, Argentina, and determined the correlations with their nutritional status and socio-environmental conditions. We performed parasitological analyses with anal brushed technique (for Enterobius vermicularis eggs) and fecal samples, employing the techniques of Ritchie, Carles Barthelemy and Willis. The worm burdens of nematodes were estimated by means of Kato Katz technique. Low weight-for-age (underweight), height-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-height (wasting) were calculated based on the 5th centile of the WHO 2006 (children under 5) and CDC 2000 (older children and adolescents) growth references. We also analyzed samples of soil, water, and canine feces and surveyed other domestic and environmental data using structured questionnaires to each child's parents. To associate the parasitological, anthropometric and socio-environmental data, a categorical analysis of principal components (catPCA) was conducted. In the first axis of catPCA, the correlations among socio-environmental variables showed a gradient of "relative welfare". The eigenvectors showed the most influential variables in the analysis were promiscuity (0.0765), father's education (-0.741), crowding (0.727), wastewater disposal (-0.658), mother's education (-0.574), and flooding (-0.409). The 85% of children were parasitized and 79.6% polyparasitized. The 27.7% of children had deficit in some nutritional status indicator, being the stunting the most prevalent deficit (16.8%). There also found parasites in 42% of the dog feces, 53% of the soil samples, and non-pathogenic amoebae in the water samples. The SEV was mainly associated with geohelminths and stunting, especially among the poorest children. The study evidences that living conditions are variable within this population. Part of these variations could be linked to the differences in the extent to which parents are able to use their scant resources to influence their children's morbidity. Further studies need to be done from a qualitative approach.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Animais , Antropometria , Argentina/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Nematoides/classificação , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Parasitologia/métodos , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
To determine the enterobiosis prevalence in preschool children, a study was carried out from may-july 2003, in the SEU "Teresa de la Parra" in San Félix, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Three samples from the perianal region were obtained from every child, by applying the Graham method, and one sample was obtained of the subungucal deposit by scraping and cutting off their finger nails. These samples were preserved in 10% formol and processed by the formol-ether method. Also, a stool sample was collected and analyzed by direct examination and the formol-ether method. The prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis was 45.8% (27/59). No differences in relation to age (chi2 = 1.23 d. f. = 2) and sex (p > 0.05) were observed between the infected children. The eggs E. vermicularis were not observed in the 59 samples of subungueal deposits. In conclusion, although the enterobiosis prevalence was high, as determined by the Graham method, a relationship could not be found between E. vermicularis in the scotch tape and the finger nail samples of the children evaluated.
Assuntos
Enterobíase/epidemiologia , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Animais , Creches , Pré-Escolar , Enterobíase/transmissão , Enterobius/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Masculino , Unhas/parasitologia , Prevalência , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
La hidatidosis extraabdominal y extrapulmonar es excepcional y compromete un amplio espectro de localizaciones que habitualmente son respetadas por esta parasitosis. Se presentan 11 pacientes con quistes hidatídicos primitivos extraabdominales y extrapulmonares operados en un período de 20 años, que representan el 1,9 por ciento de todos los casos nuevos de hidatidosis operados en ese lapso. La parasitosis se ubicó en 2 casos en glándula tiroides, 1 en parótida, 1 en mama, 5 en músculos, 1 en región perianal y 1 en triángulo posterior del cuello. Seis enfermos fueron del sexo femenino y 5 del masculino; la mediana de edad fue de 36 años con un margen de 8 a 65 años. La procedencia fue del área rural en 10 pacientes. El diagnóstico preoperatorio fue correctamente realizado en 4 (36 por ciento) enfermos, donde la punción aspirativa jugó un papel fundamental. Todos los casos fueron tratados quirúrgicamente sin presentarse complicaciones ni mortalidad asociadas a la cirugía. En pacientes con tumores extraabdominales y extrapulmonares provenientes de regiones de hidatidosis endémica, debe tenerse presente el diagnóstico de quiste hidatídico y realizar estudios complementarios conducentes a confirmar el diagnóstico, destacando la punción aspirativa del quiste que puede proporcionar el diagnóstico de certeza de la parasitosis
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Equinococose/cirurgia , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Mama/parasitologia , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Glândula Parótida/parasitologia , Glândula Tireoide/parasitologia , Músculos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) captured in intensely urbanized areas of the city of Caracas, Venezuela, were found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The developmental cycle of trypomastigote-epimastigote-metacyclic infective trypomastigote, usually occurring in the intestine of the triatomine vector, was taking place in the anal odoriferous glands of the opossums. Material from the glands, inoculated in young, healthy opossums and white mice by different routes, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, orally, and into the eye, induced T. cruzi infections in all animals. Parasitemia, invasion of cardiac and skeletal muscle, and intracellular multiplication of amastigotes were observed. Inoculation of metacyclics from anal glands, cultured in LIT medium, gave equivalent results. All opossums survived; all mice died. Excreta of opossums may thus transmit Chagas' disease by contamination, even in urban areas where insect vectors are not present.
Assuntos
Canal Anal/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Gambás/parasitologia , Glândulas Odoríferas/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infecções , Camundongos , População Urbana , VenezuelaRESUMO
Pinworm infection was prospectively studied during one year in 469 children attending three day care centers. Each child was examined at six months intervals using up to three perianal swabs with adhesive tape. Those found infected were treated with mebendazole. At the beginning of the study we found a prevalence of 28% that dropped to 13% and 12% in the following study periods. The reinfection rate was twice the incidence rate in both study periods. We also found a small percentage (10%) of the children reinfected in most or all study periods. There was a high correlation between reinfection and perianal itching. Our results add further knowledge to the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in day care centers.
Assuntos
Enterobíase/epidemiologia , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Creches , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Cuba/epidemiologia , Enterobíase/tratamento farmacológico , Enterobíase/parasitologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Se presenta una observación de miasis anal. Se realizan consideraciones sobre las moscas capaces de producir miais y sobre sua larvas. Se desarrolla el caso clínico y se destaca lo infrecuente de esta localización de la miasis humana
Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Miíase/cirurgia , Dípteros , LarvaRESUMO
Se presenta una observación de miasis anal. Se realizan consideraciones sobre las moscas capaces de producir miais y sobre sua larvas. Se desarrolla el caso clínico y se destaca lo infrecuente de esta localización de la miasis humana (AU)
Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Canal Anal/parasitologia , Miíase/cirurgia , Dípteros , LarvaRESUMO
Um tripanosoma ainda näo identificado foi encontrado multiplicando-se como epimastigotas extracelulares na glândulas anais de um gambá. Trata-se possivelmente do T. (M.) freitasi. O achado demonstra que tal localizaçäo näo se restringe ao T. cruzi e sugere que os tripanosomatídeos devem ser buscados nesta e em outras situaçöes inortodoxas, no organismo dos hospedeiros vertebrados