RESUMO
The fraudulent adulteration of goat milk with cheaper and more available milk of other species such as cow milk is occurrence. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of goat milk adulteration with cow milk on the mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum and further evaluate the potential of MIR spectroscopy to identify and quantify the goat milk adulterated. Goat milk was adulterated with cow milk at 5 different levels including 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Statistical analysis showed that the adulteration had significant effect on the majority of the spectral wavenumbers. Then, the spectrum was preprocessed with standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG), SG plus SNV, and SG plus MSC, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used to establish classification and regression models, respectively. PLS-DA models obtained good results with all the sensitivity and specificity over 0.96 in the cross-validation set. Regression models using raw spectrum obtained the best result, with coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) of cross-validation set were 0.98, 2.01, and 8.49, respectively. The results preliminarily indicate that the MIR spectroscopy is an effective technique to detect the goat milk adulteration with cow milk. In future, milk samples from different origins and different breeds of goats and cows should be collected, and more sophisticated adulteration at low levels should be further studied to explore the potential and effectiveness of milk mid-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos , Cabras , Leite , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho , Animais , Leite/química , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho/métodos , Análise Discriminante , Bovinos , Quimiometria/métodosRESUMO
Objectives: Animals are a potential source of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This study evaluated the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of S. aureus isolates from breeders and livestock. Methods: S. aureus strains were isolated from 180 livestock and 48 livestock farmers and identified using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles and MRSA status were determined via disk diffusion susceptibility method. Results: Among farm workers, 37.5% were colonized by S. aureus, with pig farm workers exhibiting the highest prevalence (56.2%), cattle herders (37.5%), and goat farm workers (18.7%). MRSA carriage among livestock isolates was 41.3%, while, six isolates from the poultry farm worker were MRSA, representing a carriage of 33.3%. Drug susceptibility profiles revealed differential patterns between isolates from breeders and animals. Gentamicin and levofloxacin demonstrated higher efficacy against farm worker isolates compared to animal isolates. Resistance to cefuroxime was higher among animal isolates (84.1%) as against the 66.7% for the breeders. Conclusion: The identification of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains underscores the risk posed to humans in contact with animals. These findings stress the importance of monitoring and managing MRSA transmission between animals and humans.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Gado , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Animais , Gado/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Fazendeiros , Cabras/microbiologia , Bovinos , Suínos , Masculino , Feminino , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Adulto , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana MúltiplaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an economically significant transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats caused by the PPRV virus, affecting annual losses of 1.45-2.10 billion US dollars globally. We designed the current study to evaluate the positive cases, molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and risk factors correlated with the disease in various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, with the aim of contributing to these strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 384 samples from three selected districts, i.e., Peshawar, Charsadda and Chitral (n = 128 each), were collected, and the virus was investigated by using the sandwich ELISA, while the N gene of the virus was used as a target for molecular detection via RT-PCR. The confirmed samples were then sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. According to our findings, the highest positive cases was found in district Peshawar (50.87%), followed by Charsadda and Chitral (24.56%), respectively, while risk factor analysis showed that certain categories, such as species, sex, and age less than two years, have higher risk (P < 0.05) in contrast to their respective categories. Furthermore, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of representative samples showed that the PPRV strains in the current study clustered in lineage IV, which is circulating in the small ruminant population of Asia, the Middle East, and African countries. Comparative residue analysis highlighted the mutation by representing 242 variable sites out of 371 locations. CONCLUSIONS: PPRV has foremost importance in Pakistan because the virus was detected in a considerable number of samples, and most of which were sourced from subsidiary areas where veterinary services are not prioritized.
Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes , Vírus da Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes , Filogenia , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Vírus da Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/genética , Vírus da Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/isolamento & purificação , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Cabras/virologia , Ovinos/virologia , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/virologia , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
The contamination of river systems by tailing dust remains a constraint to goat productivity in communal farming systems. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate how resource-limited households in subtropical regions assessed the effects of tailing dust contamination in drinking water on the health status of goats. In a study conducted in the Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality, 200 households from two villages were randomly selected and interviewed using a questionnaire. Forty-eight percent (n = 96) of the households were located in contaminated areas, while 52% (n = 104) were from uncontaminated areas. The study found that poor water quality, caused by tailing dust contamination, as well as a high incidence of diseases, were key factors affecting goat productivity. Water contamination was most severe during the hot and cool dry seasons. It was also noted that goats rely on freshwater as their primary source of supplemental water during dry seasons. Urine colour, oedema of the eyelids, and kid survival were indicators for assessing the health status of goats. Nominal binary logistic regression revealed that water contamination was 2.96 more likely to be reported by youth compared to elderly members. Farmers who received informal education were 37 times more likely to report contamination than those who received formal education. High kid mortality as a health status indicator was 50 times less likely to be reported in uncontaminated areas. Intervention strategies for reducing the adverse health effects of tailing dust in contaminated areas should focus primarily on the health of goats during dry seasons.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Poeira , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Nível de Saúde , Animais , Água Potável/análise , Poeira/análise , Estudos Transversais , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Qualidade da Água , Estações do Ano , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodosRESUMO
This study was performed to determine the influence of fish oil, an omega-3 fatty acids source, supplemented to diets of goats throughout all stages of gestation on the growth and milk production of weaned female kids. Eighty German Fawn (75%) x Hair (25%) crossbred goats were randomly assigned to treatment (fish oil, FiO group) and control (Rumen protected fat, RPF group) groups during the first half of pregnancy. Subsequently, the FiO group was further allocated into FiO-FiO and FiO-RPF subgroups and RPF group was further divided into RPF-FiO and RPF-RPF subgroups containing 20 goats in each during the second half of pregnancy. The growth and feed intake of 41 female kids (aged 75.1 ± 6.73 days, with a mean live weight of 11.6 ± 3.00 kg) were recorded for a 98 day post-weaning, In the continuation of the study, live weight changes, milk yield and composition of young female goats from mating to the second month of lactation and the growth of female kids until weaning were studied for a total of 210 days. Maternal nutrition slightly influenced the live weight gain of female kids over a 98-day investigation period (p = 0.070). When growth performance was considered, a higher feed conversion efficiency of female offspring was determined in RPF-FiO (5.52) treatment group compare to female kids in other treatment groups (p = 0.086). However, the maternal feeding system significantly affected live weight in the RPF-FiO treatment group during the mating period (P = 0.054). Concerning the feed intake, maternal nutrition significantly affected the feed intake of female kids (p < 0.01) with the highest feed consumption in the FiO-RPF group. The findings of this study have shown that fish oil enriched diet given to goats during gestation improved daily live weight changes and total live weight gain of female kids despite the initial disadvantage after weaning. At mating time, the live weight of young female goats in the RPF-FiO treatment group, which exhibited the highest feed conversion ratio during the 98-day study, was higher than the remaining treatment groups. Maternal nutrition had no effect on milk yield or milk components in young goats during lactation. Young female goats born to dams in the FiO-RPF group showed better performance than the other groups regarding live weight performance of their offspring on 56th day postpartum.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Óleos de Peixe , Cabras , Desmame , Animais , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gravidez , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Leite/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição MaternaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue affects not only the meat quality of domestic animals, but also human health. Adipocyte differentiation is regulated by a series of regulatory genes and cyclins. Four and half-LIM protein (FHL2) is positively correlated with the hypertrophy of adipocytes and can cause symptoms such as obesity and diabetes. RESULT: In the transcriptome sequencing analysis of intramuscular adipocytes after three days of differentiation, the differentially expressed gene FHL2 was found. To further explore the biological significance of the differentially expressed gene FHL2, which was downregulated in the mature adipocytes. We revealed the function of FHL2 in adipogenesis through the acquisition and loss of function of FHL2. The results showed that the overexpression of FHL2 significantly increased the expression of adipogenic genes (PPARγ, C/EBPß) and the differentiation of intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocytes. However, silencing FHL2 significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation. The overexpression of FHL2 increased the number of adipocytes stained with crystal violet and increased the mRNA expression of proliferation marker genes such as CCNE, PCNA, CCND and CDK2. In addition, it significantly increased the rate of EdU positive cells. In terms of apoptosis, overexpression of FHL2 significantly inhibited the expression of P53 and BAX in both intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocytes, which are involved in cell apoptosis. However, overexpression of FHL2 promoted the expression of BCL, but was rescued by the silencing of FHL2. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, FHL2 may be a positive regulator of intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation and proliferation, and acts as a negative regulator of intramuscular and subcutaneous adipocyte apoptosis. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent elucidation of FHL2 in adipocytes.
Assuntos
Adipócitos , Adipogenia , Cabras , Proteínas com Homeodomínio LIM , Proteínas Musculares , Animais , Cabras/genética , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Adipócitos/citologia , Adipogenia/genética , Proteínas com Homeodomínio LIM/genética , Proteínas com Homeodomínio LIM/metabolismo , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Apoptose/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo , Gordura Subcutânea/citologia , Perfilação da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. are intracellular vector-borne pathogens and harbored by a wide range of ticks and vertebrate hosts. Aim of this study was to molecularly characterize Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. in different ticks collected from livestock hosts in nine districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. In total, 862 ticks were collected from cattle, goats and sheep. Highest tick's infestation was observed on cattle 56.14% (32/57), followed by goats 45.45% (40/88), and sheep 42.05% (45/107). Rhipicephalus microplus (305/862, 35.38%) was predominant species, followed by Haemaphysalis sulcata (243/862, 28.19%), Hyalomma anatolicum (133/862, 15.42%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa (120/862, 13.92%), and Hyalomma kumari (61/862, 7.07%). A subset of 135 ticks were screened for Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. based on the amplification of partial 16 S rDNA and outer-membrane protein A (ompA) fragments, respectively. In total, 16 ticks (11.85%) were positive for Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. Obtained 16 S rDNA sequences for Anaplasma spp. detected in Ha. bispinosa and Ha. sulcata showed 99.98% identity with Anaplasma bovis, while other detected in Rh. microplus showed 99.84% identity with Candidatus Anaplasma boleense. Similarly, detected ompA sequence in Ha. sulcata showed 100% identity with Rickettsia sp. and 97.93% with Rickettsia slovaca, and another sequence detected in Rh. microplus showed 100% identity with Candidatus Rickettsia shennongii. In phylogenetic trees, these sequences clustered with corresponding species from Pakistan, China, Turkey, South Korea, South Africa, and Herzegovina. This is the first study reporting detection of A. bovis in Ha. bispinosa and Ha. sulcata, Ca. A. boleense in Rh. microplus collected from goats, and R. slovaca-like in Ha. sulcata. Our results enforce the need for regular surveillance of Rickettsiales in hard ticks infesting livestock in the region.
Assuntos
Anaplasma , Cabras , Rickettsia , Infestações por Carrapato , Animais , Rickettsia/isolamento & purificação , Rickettsia/genética , Rickettsia/classificação , Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/classificação , Ovinos , Bovinos , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Filogenia , Ixodidae/microbiologia , Anaplasmose/microbiologia , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , FemininoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: HEV is endemic in several Middle Eastern countries including Saudi Arabia, which hosts the annual pilgrimage for Muslims from around the world. One of the Hajj rituals is the sacrifice of animals, including camels, cows, goats, and sheep. HEV Zoonosis is established in swine and other suspected species, including deer, rabbits, dromedary, and Bactrian camels. HEV was identified in small, domesticized animals like goats, cows, sheep, and horses. We previously investigated HEV seroprevalence in Camels. This study aimed to evaluate HEV seroprevalence in other highly consumed ruminants in Saudi Arabia, namely cows, sheep, and goats. METHODS: Sera from cows (n = 47), goats (n = 56), and sheep (n = 67) were analyzed for the presence of HEV-IgG by using in-house developed ELISA assays. RESULTS: The highest seroprevalence was found in sheep (62.7%), followed by cows (38.3%), and then goats (14.3%), with a p-value of < 0.001. No other demographic characteristics of the animals were significantly correlated with the HEV seroprevalence. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides baseline data as the first study on the seroprevalence of HEV in ruminant animals in Saudi Arabia. The high seroprevalence found in sheep and cows must be further investigated for the potential zoonotic HEV transmission to humans. Further studies are needed to investigate the active viremia in these animal species through nucleic acid detection and sequencing to provide data on the circulating HEV genotypes among the targeted animal species. The detection of HEV in different animal products, such as milk, liver, and others, also remains an important study area to consider.
Assuntos
Cabras , Vírus da Hepatite E , Hepatite E , Ruminantes , Animais , Vírus da Hepatite E/genética , Vírus da Hepatite E/imunologia , Vírus da Hepatite E/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite E/epidemiologia , Hepatite E/veterinária , Hepatite E/virologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Cabras/virologia , Ovinos , Arábia Saudita/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Ruminantes/virologia , Feminino , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Zoonoses/virologia , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite/sangue , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/diagnóstico , Doenças das Cabras/sangue , MasculinoRESUMO
Anaplasma is an intracellular alphaproteobacteria that infects diverse blood cell types in animal hosts including small ruminants. Epidemiological and risk factors information on zoonotic anaplasmosis with respect to anaplasmosis in sheep and goats are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the prevalence, risk factors of anaplasmosis and phylogenetic investigation of A. capra in sheep and goats from Faisalabad district, Pakistan. Briefly, 384 blood samples were randomly collected from sheep and goats of Faisalabad district, Pakistan, during January to May 2022. The samples were processed for the detection of Anaplasma targeting 16S rRNA gene using PCR. The data regarding disease determinants were collected using a predesigned questionnaire. Out of 384 samples, 131 samples were found positive for Anaplasma spp. with a prevalence rate of 34.11%. The results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of anaplasmosis in goats (41.88%) compared to sheep (22.00%). In addition, the chi square indicated that housing type, tick infestation, gender, tick control practices, age, mix farming, and hygiene were significantly associated with the occurrence of disease. The analysis of multivariate logistic regression expressed gender as the significant risk factor (p = 0.0001, OR = 1.757, CI = 1.305-2.366). The acquired sequences revealed four novel isolates of A. capra (Genbank accession numbers ON834323, ON838209, ON838210, and ON838211). The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of A. capra revealed three distinct clusters with 99-100% homology with other isolates from different countries. Our isolates showed higher similarity with isolates from China (KM206273, KP314237, MT799937), Pakistan (ON238129, ON238130, ON238131), Angola (MT898988), India (MZ558066), Iran (MW692362), and Turkey (MT632469) isolated from human, sheep, ticks, goats, cattle, Gaddi goat, Persian Onager (Equus hemionus onager), and Turkish goats, respectively. In conclusion, A. capra is endemic in Punjab, Pakistan, there is a need to conduct large scale surveillance studies to assess the status of this pathogen at human-animal interface as well as to develop effective preventive and control strategies to reduce the economic losses associated with anaplasmosis in small ruminants.
Assuntos
Anaplasma , Anaplasmose , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Paquistão/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/microbiologia , Cabras/microbiologia , Ovinos , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/microbiologia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that causes suppurative infections in various animal species, including goats. So far, only limited knowledge of phenotypic and genotypic properties of T. pyogenes isolates from goats has been gathered. In our study, we characterized the phenotypic and genotypic properties of caprine T. pyogenes isolates and established their relationship by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). RESULTS: From 2015 to 2023, 104 T. pyogenes isolates were obtained from 1146 clinical materials. In addition, two T. pyogenes isolates were obtained from 306 swabs collected from healthy goats. A total of 51 T. pyogenes isolates were subjected to detailed phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The virulence genotype plo/nanH/nanP/fimA/fimC/luxS was predominant. All of the tested isolates showed the ability to form a biofilm but with different intensities, whereby most of them were classified as strong biofilm formers (72.5%). The high level of genetic diversity among tested caprine T. pyogenes isolates (19 different RAPD profiles) was observed. The same RAPD profiles were found for isolates obtained from one individual, as well as from other animals in the same herd, but also in various herds. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided important data on the occurrence of T. pyogenes infections in goats. The assessment of virulence properties and genetic relationships of caprine T. pyogenes isolates contributed to the knowledge of the epidemiology of infections caused by this pathogen in small ruminants. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to clarify the routes of transmission and dissemination of the pathogen.
Assuntos
Actinomycetaceae , Infecções por Actinomycetales , Variação Genética , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Animais , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Virulência/genética , Actinomycetaceae/genética , Actinomycetaceae/patogenicidade , Actinomycetaceae/isolamento & purificação , Actinomycetaceae/classificação , Infecções por Actinomycetales/veterinária , Infecções por Actinomycetales/microbiologia , Genótipo , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of various prediction models in estimating the growth and morphological traits of pure Hair, Alpine × Hair F1 (AHF1), and Saanen × Hair F1 (SHF1) hybrid offspring at yearling age by employing early body measurement records from birth till 9th month combined with meteorological data, in an extensive natural pasture-based system. The study also included other factors such as sex, farm, doe and buck IDs, birth type, gestation length, age of the doe at birth etc. For this purpose, seven different machine learning algorithms-linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), decision tree, random forest, extra gradient boosting (XGB) and ExtraTree - were applied to the data coming from 1530 goat offspring in Türkiye. Early predictions of growth and morphological traits at yearling age; such as live weight (LW), body length (BL), wither height (WH), rump height (RH), rump width (RW), leg circumference (LC), shinbone girth (SG), chest width (CW), chest girth (CG) and chest depth (CD) were performed by using birth date measurements only, up to month-3, month-6 and month-9 records. Satisfactory predictive performances were achieved once the records after 6th month were used. In extensive natural pasture-based systems, this approach may serve as an effective indirect selection method for breeders. Using month-9 records, the predictions were improved, where LW and BL were found with the highest performance in terms of coefficient of determination (R2 score of 0.81 ± 0.00) by ExtraTree. As one of the rarely applied machine learning models in animal studies, we have shown the capacity of this algorithm. Overall, the current study offers utilization of the meteorological data combined with animal records by machine learning models as an alternative decision-making tool for goat farming.
Assuntos
Cabras , Aprendizado de Máquina , Animais , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cabras/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Masculino , Redes Neurais de Computação , CruzamentoRESUMO
Black goats are a significant meat breed in southern China. To investigate the expression patterns and biological functions of genes in various tissues of black goats, we analyzed housekeeping genes (HKGs), tissue-specific genes (TSGs), and hub genes (HUBGs) across 23 tissues. Additionally, we analyzed HKGs in 13 tissues under different feeding conditions. We identified 2968 HKGs, including six important ones. Interestingly, HKGs in grazing black goats demonstrated higher and more stable expression levels. We discovered a total of 9912 TSGs, including 134 newly identified ones. The number of TSGs for mRNA and lncRNA were nearly equal, with 127 mRNA TSGs expressed solely in one tissue. Additionally, the predicted functions of tissue-specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) targeting mRNAs corresponded with the physiological functions of the tissues.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) constructed 30 modules, where the dark grey module consists almost entirely of HKGs, and TSGs are located in modules most correlated with their respective tissues. Additionally, we identified 289 HUBGs, which are involved in regulating the physiological functions of their respective tissues. Overall, these identified HKGs, TSGs, and HUBGs provide a foundation for studying the molecular mechanisms affecting the genetic and biological processes of complex traits in black goats.
Assuntos
Genes Essenciais , Cabras , Especificidade de Órgãos , Animais , Cabras/genética , Especificidade de Órgãos/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Regulação da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: In this study, the effects of sex and birth type on growth performance, withers height (WH), radiographic measurements and selected hormone profiles in Gurcu goat kids were investigated. METHODS: Twenty kids (single female = 5, single male = 5, twin female = 5, twin male = 5) were included in the study. Body weight (BW), WH, radiographic measurements (humerus length [HL], radius length [RL], proximal humerus epiphyseal plate width [HEP] and distal ulna epiphyseal plate width [UEP]) and biochemical analysis (for serum calcitonin, free triiodothyronine [FT3], free thyroxine [FT4], growth hormone [GH] and insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-I]) were performed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 months of age. RESULTS: BW was significantly higher in males starting from the seventh month compared to females (p < 0.05). HL was higher in males at seventh (p = 0.009) and ninth (p = 0.033) months, whereas RL was lower in twins at the third month (p = 0.021). UEP was wider in males at seventh (p = 0.008) and ninth (p = 0.036) months. Closure of HEP was observed in 65% of kids by the 12th month. Calcitonin was lower in twins at third (p = 0.045) and fifth (p = 0.006) months, with changes observed due to group and time effects (p < 0.05), whereas other hormones only changed with time (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between BW, WH, HL, RL and IGF-I. There was a negative correlation between BW, WH, HL, RL, IGF-I and HEP, UEP, calcitonin, FT3, FT4, GH. CONCLUSION: Sex and birth type in Gurcu goat kids may have an impact on growth performance, radiographic measurements and certain hormonal profiles.
Assuntos
Cabras , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Cabras/fisiologia , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lâmina de Crescimento , Fatores Sexuais , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/análise , Úmero/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ulna/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ulna/diagnóstico por imagem , Rádio (Anatomia)/diagnóstico por imagem , Hormônio do Crescimento/sangueRESUMO
Meat quality in goats is partly determined by the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, which is associated with the proliferation and differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes. Emerging studies have suggested that miRNA plays a crucial role in adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. In our recent study, we observed the expression variations in miR-196a in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Jianzhou goats at different ages. However, the specific function and underlying mechanism of miR-196a in IMF deposition are still unclear. This study demonstrated that miR-196a significantly enhanced adipogenesis and apoptosis and reduced the proliferation of preadipocytes. Subsequently, RNA-seq was employed to determine genes regulated by miR-196a, and 677 differentially expressed genes were detected after miR-196a overexpression. The PI3K-Akt pathway was identified as activated in miR-196a regulating intramuscular adipogenesis via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and further verified via Western blot and rescue assays. Lastly, using RT-qPCR, Western blot, dual-luciferase, and rescue assays, we found that miR-196a promoted adipogenesis and suppressed the proliferation of intramuscular preadipocytes by the downregulation of MAP3K1. In summary, these results suggest that miR-196a regulates IMF deposition by targeting MAP3K1 and activating the PI3K-Akt pathway and provide a theoretical foundation for improving goat meat quality through molecular breeding.
Assuntos
Adipócitos , Cabras , MicroRNAs , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Adipócitos/citologia , Adipogenia , Apoptose , Diferenciação Celular , Proliferação de Células , Cabras/genética , Cabras/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: In Libya, goats are considered as one of the most important livestock in which there are many breeds of goats such as Kurdi, Hegazi, Cyprus, Shami, and Mahali. A little hematological and biochemical information is known on these goat breeds raised in Libya. Aim: The main purpose was to verify the effect of breed variations on the hematological and biochemical parameters of goat breeds raised in Libya. Methods: The blood samples were collected in the winter season from 70 clinically healthy animals of different breeds for hematology and biochemical analysis. Results: Regarding the effect of breeds on blood hematology, significantly higher number (p < 0.01) of Mid cells were found in Hegazi (3.12 ± 1.30 × 103/µl) and Cyprus (2.41 ± 1.69 × 103/µl) when compared to other goat's breeds including Kurdi (2.28 ± 0.95 × 103/µl), Shami (1.90 ± 0.84 × 103/µl), and Mahali (1.37 ± 0.88 × 103/µl). Moreover, the percentage of Mid cells was highest in Hegazi (22.34% ± 9.40%), 11.40% ± 4.34%), followed by Kurdi (17.71% ± 8.16%), Cyprus (15.84% ± 8.33%), Shami (13.38% ± 5.76%), and lowest in Mahali (11.40% ± 4.34%). There are significant differences (p < 0. 01) in hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), red cell width distribution-coefficient of variation (RDW-CV, %), and red cell distribution width-standard deviation (RDW-SD, fl) values among all different breeds of Libyan goats. The results of biochemistry displayed significant changes among the studied goats' breeds, where the highest serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT, U/L) activity was observed in Cyprus (17.81 ± 7.95) and Shami (17.27 ± 1.15) compared with Hegazi (15.31 ± 6.13) and Mahali (14.60 ± 0.46), while Kurdi breed (11.68 ± 7.95) showed the lowest ALT activity. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.01) in serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, U/l), total and direct bilirubin, glucose (GLU), creatinine, lipid profile, and electrolyte levels were recorded among different breeds used in this study. On the other hand, non-significant variations (p >0. 05) are reported in aspartate aminotransferase (U/l), alkaline phosphatase (U/l), total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl), urea and magnesium (Mg, mg/dl) levels. Conclusion: These results showed a significant difference between some blood parameters of goat breeds raised in Libya. This could aid veterinarians in interpreting laboratory data properly in order to improve the management and conservation of those breeds.
Assuntos
Cabras , Estações do Ano , Animais , Cabras/sangue , Líbia , Feminino , Masculino , Cruzamento , Análise Química do Sangue/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Infectious diseases such as peste des petits ruminants (PPRs), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), sheep and goat pox (SGPX), and pasteurellosis have considerable impacts on the optimal utilization of sheep and goat resources in Ethiopia. Immunization using multiple vaccines administered simultaneously has been suggested as a cost-effective and safe approach to controlling and preventing these diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and safety of multiple vaccines administered simultaneously in goats. Methods: Sero-negative PPR, CCPP, SGPX, and Pasteurellosis goats were immunized with multiple vaccines. Goats vaccinated with a single vaccine against each disease served as a positive control. The immune response of the goats was assessed using serological tests, and any adverse effects were monitored. Results: The results of the present study showed that goats vaccinated with multiple vaccines exhibited a remarkable immune response against PPR, CCPP, and pasteurellosis. In contrast, they did not produce a protective immune response against sheep or goat pox. No adverse effects were observed with any of the vaccines. Conclusion: This study suggested that combined vaccines can be effective at inducing a protective immune response in goats. However, further research is needed to fully understand the immune response to combined vaccines.
Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa , Vacinas Virais , Animais , Doenças das Cabras/prevenção & controle , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/imunologia , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/prevenção & controle , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/imunologia , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/prevenção & controle , Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Bacterianas/imunologia , Vírus da Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/imunologia , Infecções por Poxviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Poxviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Poxviridae/imunologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia , Etiópia , Capripoxvirus/imunologia , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Background: This study delves into the epidemiology and pathomorphologic characteristics of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in western Algeria, a viral disease that constantly threatens small animals in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the epidemiology of PPR in western Algeria and to understand the pathomorphological lesions in naturally infected small ruminants. Methods: An online survey conducted via google forms and shared with veterinarians in the wilaya of Tiaret, provided insights into the prevalence and clinical manifestations of PPR.A comprehensive examination of organs was conducted and representative tissue samples from the lungs, trachea, thymus, spleen, liver, kidney, heart, tongue, stomach, different parts of the small and large intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected and the specimen was fixed in a 10% neutral buffer formalin solution. Results: Among 2,200 small ruminants managed by expert veterinarians, 192 small ruminants exhibited clinical signs compatible with PPR, and 79 dead animals. Among the 31 sick young small ruminants, eight were confirmed to be infected with the PPR virus. Necropsies of affected animals revealed significant gross lesions in organs such as the lungs, intestines, spleen, and lymph nodes. Histopathological analysis further illuminated the severity of lesions, including interstitial pneumonia, syncytial cell formation, and severe gastroenteritis. Conclusion: The study's comprehensive approach, encompassing epidemiological data, necropsy findings, and histopathological insights, contributes valuable knowledge for understanding and managing PPR outbreaks.The pathological lesions observed in this study exhibited consistency with those previously documented in experimental studies, thereby providing support for the diagnosis based on clinical signs and disease history.
Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras , Cabras , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes , Vírus da Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/epidemiologia , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/patologia , Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/virologia , Argélia/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Doenças das Cabras/patologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/patologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Ovinos , Vírus da Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes/isolamento & purificação , Prevalência , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
There is a lack of literature on the usefulness of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and prognosis of thoracic and abdominal neoplasia in domestic ruminants, such as cattle, camels, sheep, and goats. This review aims to shed light on the current applications and prospects of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of thoracic and abdominal neoplasia in domestic ruminants. The scientific literature on ultrasonographic evaluation of the thoracic and abdominal neoplasia in domestic ruminants has been systematically reviewed to verify the potential role of ultrasonography in diagnosing such neoplasia. Based on the literature results, cattle (71.03%) were the most affected animals by thoracic and abdominal neoplasia, followed by sheep (11.86%), goats (11.57%), and camels (5.54%). In all included species, the abdominal neoplasia was more frequent (6.18%) than the thoracic neoplasia (2.97%), and the most frequent neoplasms were forestomach neoplasia. It is concluded that ultrasonography is not widely used in diagnosing thoracic and abdominal neoplasia in ruminant practice. Using ultrasonography in conjunction with guided needle aspiration and biopsy can offer veterinarians the opportunity for more precise diagnosis and treatment decisions guidance of thoracic and abdominal neoplasia in domesticated ruminants.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Abdominais , Neoplasias Torácicas , Ultrassonografia , Animais , Neoplasias Abdominais/veterinária , Neoplasias Abdominais/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Neoplasias Torácicas/veterinária , Neoplasias Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Ovinos , Cabras , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Ruminantes , Camelus , Doenças das Cabras/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças das Cabras/diagnóstico , Doenças das Cabras/patologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
The ovary is a crucial reproductive organ in mammals, and its development directly influences an individual's sexual maturity and reproductive capacity. To comprehensively describe ovarian sexual maturation in goats, we integrated phenotypic, hormonal, metabolomic, and transcriptomic data from four specific time points: after birth (D1), at 2 months old (M2), at 4 months old (M4), and at 6 month old (M6). The study showed that during the early stage (D1-M2), ovarian growth was the most rapid, with weight and morphology increasing by 284% and 65%, respectively, and hormone levels rose significantly, with estradiol increasing by 57%. Metabolomic analysis identified 1231 metabolites, primarily lipids, lipid molecules, and organic acids, which can support hormone balance and follicle development by providing energy and participating in signaling transduction. Transcriptomic analysis identified 543 stage-specific differentially expressed genes, mainly enriched in steroid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the PI3K/AKT pathway, which are key factors influencing ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis, hormone secretion, and metabolism. The integrated analysis revealed the key processes in the ovarian steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway and gene/metabolite networks associated with ovarian phenotypes and hormone levels, ultimately highlighting scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1), Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP11A1), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3BHSD), progesterone, estradiol, and L-phenylalanine as key regulators of ovarian morphological and functional changes at different developmental stages. This study is the first to reveal the metabolic changes and molecular regulatory mechanisms during ovarian sexual maturation in goats, providing valuable insights for understanding reproductive system development and optimizing reproductive performance and breeding efficiency.
Assuntos
Cabras , Metabolômica , Ovário , Maturidade Sexual , Animais , Feminino , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cabras/genética , Ovário/metabolismo , Ovário/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Maturidade Sexual/genética , Metabolômica/métodos , Transcriptoma , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , MetabolomaRESUMO
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a key upstream regulator of lipid metabolism; however, the molecular mechanisms by which SIRT1 regulates milk fat synthesis in dairy goats remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory roles of SIRT1 in modulating lipid metabolism in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) and its impact on the adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) promoter activity using RNA interference (RNAi) and gene overexpression techniques. The results showed that SIRT1 is significantly upregulated during lactation compared to the dry period. Additionally, SIRT1 knockdown notably increased the expressions of genes related to fatty acid synthesis (SREBP1, SCD1, FASN, ELOVL6), triacylglycerol (TAG) production (DGAT2, AGPAT6), and lipid droplet formation (PLIN2). Consistent with the transcriptional changes, SIRT1 knockdown significantly increased the intracellular contents of TAG and cholesterol and the lipid droplet abundance in the GMECs, while SIRT1 overexpression had the opposite effects. Furthermore, the co-overexpression of SIRT1 and Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) led to a more pronounced increase in ATGL promoter activity, and the ability of SIRT1 to enhance ATGL promoter activity was nearly abolished when the FOXO1 binding sites (FKH1 and FKH2) were mutated, indicating that SIRT1 enhances the transcriptional activity of ATGL via the FKH element in the ATGL promoter. Collectively, our data reveal that SIRT1 enhances the transcriptional activity of ATGL through the FOXO1 binding sites located in the ATGL promoter, thereby regulating lipid metabolism. These findings provide novel insights into the role of SIRT1 in fatty acid metabolism in dairy goats.