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OBJECTIVE: To compare fetal upper arm and thigh volume measurements acquired by three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound using the multiplanar and the eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (XI VOCAL) methods with different number of sectional planes. METHODS: This study enrolled 40 healthy pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. The volume of fetal limbs was calculated using the multiplanar (with 5.0 mm intervals) and the XI VOCAL (with 5, 10, 15, and 20 slice planes) methods. Comparison between the techniques was made by analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests. RESULTS: Mean fetal upper arm volume measured by the 15 sectional planes XI VOCAL method was lower than the same method using 5 and 10 planes instead (p = 0.025 and 0.039, respectively). Fetal thigh volume showed no statistically significant differences among all studied methods. CONCLUSION: The XI VOCAL using 15 sectional planes method underestimated the fetal upper arm volume by 5 and 10 planes XI VOCAL techniques.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade do volume do braço e coxa fetais aferido pela ultrassonografia tridimensional utilizando o método eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (XI VOCAL). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo de reprodutibilidade com 43 fetos normais entre 20 e 37 semanas. Para o cálculo do volume do braço e coxa fetais utilizou-se o método XI VOCAL com delimitação de 10 planos consecutivos. Para o cálculo da variabilidade interobservador, um examinador realizou uma medida do volume do braço e coxa dos 43 fetos, enquanto um segundo examinador, sem o conhecimento prévio dos resultados do primeiro examinador, realizou uma segunda medida dos mesmos volumes. Utilizaram-se, para os cálculos estatísticos, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ricc), gráficos de Bland-Altman e teste t-Student pareado (p). RESULTADOS: Observou-se alta reprodutibilidade interobservador. Para o volume do braço, obtiveram-se ricc = 0,996 (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95 por cento: 0,992; 0,998) e média das diferenças = 0,13 ± 1,29 por cento (95 por cento limites de concordância: -2,54; +2,54 por cento). Para o volume da coxa, obtiveram-se ricc = 0,997 (IC 95 por cento: 0,995; 0,999) e média das diferenças = 0,24 ± 7,60 por cento (95 por cento limites de concordância: -7,6; +7,6 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: O volume do braço e coxa fetais aferido pela ultrassonografia tridimensional utilizando o método XI VOCAL apresentou elevada reprodutibilidade interobservador.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reproducibility of fetal thigh and upper arm volumes measurement by threedimensional ultrasonography utilizing the eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (XI VOCAL) method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This reproducibility study enrolled 43 pregnant women with healthy singleton pregnancies between 20 and 37 gestational weeks. The XI VOCAL 10 planes was the method utilized for volumetric measurement of the fetal limbs. The calculation of the interobserver reproducibility was based on blind volumetric measurements of fetal thighs and upper-arms performed by two observers in 43 fetuses. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman plots and paired Student's t-test (p) were utilized in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A high interobserver reproducibility was observed. For the upper arm volume ICC was 0.996 (confidence interval [CI] 95 percent: 0.992; 0.998) and mean difference = 0.13 ± 1.29 percent (95 percent limits of agreement: -2.54; +2.54 percent). For the thigh volume, ICC was 0.997 (CI 95 percent: 0.995; 0.999) and mean difference = 0.24 ± 7.60 percent (95 percent limits of agreement: -7.6; +7.6 percent). CONCLUSION: Fetal thigh and upper arm volumes measured by three-dimensional ultrasonography with the XI VOCAL method presented a high interobserver reproducibility.

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Different physical features of an organism are often measured concurrently, because their correlations can be used as predictors of longevity, future health, or adaptability to an ecological niche. Since, in general, we do not know a priori if the temporal variations in the measured quantities are causally related, it may be useful to have a method that could help us to identify possible correlations and to obtain parameters that may vary from population to population. In this paper we develop a procedure that may detect underlying relationships. We do this by generalizing the recently introduced concept of phenomenological universalities to the complex field. In this generalization, allometric growth is described by a complex function, whose real and imaginary parts represent two phenotypic traits of the same organism. As particular solutions of the resulting problem, we obtain generalizations of the Gompertz and the von Bertalanffy-West growth equations. We then apply the procedure to two biological systems in order to show how to determine the existence of mutual interference between trait variations.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of three-dimensional (3DUS) upper-arm (VolArm) and thigh (VolTh) volume measurements in the prediction of birth weight (BW). METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 81 live singletons was performed. VolArm and VolTh were obtained using 3DUS multiplanar mode with 5 mm slices. Linear and polynomial regressions were calculated to determine the best formula to predict BW using VolArm and VolTh. Analysis of variance was used to compare errors in BW using these formulae and using Shepard's and Hadlock's formulae. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess intra and interobserver variability of measurements. RESULTS: The best formula to predict BW based on VolArm was a simple linear equation (BW = 803.91 + 39.89VolArm), and for VolTh it was a second degree polynomial equation (BW = 32.37VolTh - 0.06VolTh(2)). A third formula using both parameters was also constructed (BW = 792.87 + 22.81VolArm + 7.54VolTh). The error (E), percent error (PE), absolute error (AE) and absolute percent error (APE) for the BW prediction using VolArm were 0 g, 163.4 g, 0.5% and 5.4%, respectively. The same results for E, PE, AE and APE using VolTh were 0.99 g, 155.5 g, 0.3% and 5.2% and for the combined formula using both VolArm and VolTh the E, PE, AE and APE were 0 g, 138.4 g, -0.4% and 4.6%, respectively. VolArm and VolTh were highly reproducible with intraobserver ICC of 0.98 and 0.99 and interobserver ICC of 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BW estimated through formulae that use the fetal arm and thigh volumes assessed through 3DUS are not superior to two-dimensional formulae.

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To investigate and compare the effects of strength training (Shoulder girdle and respiratory muscles) and drug (Jatamansi) on reducing hand tremor in archers. Randomized experimental, different subject design. Institutional study done at Manipur Archery Association. Thera-band (Hygienic Corporation) and Nardostachys jatamansi (GMP Certified) were used as interventions. Pre & Post Hand Steadiness Score (Arm-Hand-Steadiness Tester on 4 mm hole) and Performance Test Scores (AAPHER Archery Test) was evaluated. 45 National Level Archers within age 16-28yrs were assigned into three groups: Group I (Medicine), Group II (Strength Training) and Group III (Control). Medicine was consumed for 4 weeks continuously 3 gm TDS and Thera-band strength training was given for 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. Main Outcome Measures: It was hypothesized that strength training is more effective in reducing hand tremors than medicinal or control groups. Arm-Hand-Steadiness: Numbers of Contact (NOC): On inter Group Comparison of the three Groups using One Way ANOVA, left and right arm showed significant differences (F = 5.64, p<0.05; F = 8.97, p<0.001) respectively and on Post Hoc Scheffe’s analysis, Group II showed maximum improvement. Total Contact Time (TCT): On inter Group comparison of the three Groups using One Way ANOVA, left and right arm showed significant differences (F = 12.50, p<0.001; F = 9.23, p<0.001) respectively and On Post Hoc Scheffe’s analysis, Group II showed maximum improvement. Archery Performance: On inter Group comparison of the three Groups using One Way ANOVA showed significant difference (F = 6.53, p<0.005) and on Post Hoc Scheffe’s analysis, Group II showed maximum improvement. Intervention of strength training and jatamansi may be effective for an archer however, strength training with thera-band and respiratory muscles conditioning intervention in combination increases steadiness and archery performance.

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Para la actualización de la antropometria neonatal en Venezuela se estudió una muestra constituida por 3.165 niños (varones: 1.622; niñas: 1.543) de 36 a 42 semanas de EG, nacidos entre marzo 1993 y agosto de 1994 en el Departamento de Gineco-Obstetricia del Hospital "Dr. Domingo Luciani" (IVSS). Los valores de media para peso, talla, talla vertex isquion y circunferencia cefálica en niñas: 2.995 ñ417 g, 48.7 ñ1.9 cm, 31.5 ñ 1.5 cm y 33.4 ñ 1.2 cm fueron inferiores, a los del sexo masculino: 3.120 ñ 450 g, 49.6 ñ 2.1 cm, 31.8 ñ 1.6 cm, 34.1 ñ 1.4 cm. Las circunferencias media del brazo. tanto derecho como izquierdo, para ambos sexos, registraron el mismo valor 10.1 ñ 0.8 cm. Las correlaciones entre las variables resultaron estadísticamente significativas (p<0.0001) en ambos sexos; la más alta CBD: CBI (r=0.9736 femenino y r=0.9771 masculino); peso-CBI (r=0.8570 femenino y r=0.8310 masculino). Aunque estos resultados deberán ser validados , su aplicación contribución a un diagnóstico más efectivo del estado nutricional en RN

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Se evalúan los perímetros de brazo (PB) y tórax (PT) como índices de bajo peso de nacimiento (BPN) en un grupo de 317 recién nacidos. Tanto el PT como el PB guardan buena correlación con el BPN (0,88-0,80 respectivamente). En la población estudiada, el punto de corte que permite la detección de niños de BPN, sería menos de 9 cm de PB y menos de 29-30 cm de PT. La aplicación de estos parámetros permitiría la captación oportuna de niños de BPN más expuestos a riesgos de morbimortalidad infantil, en aquellos lugares u ocasiones en que no sea posible pesar al niño al nacer

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Se presenta los valores percentilares de pliegues grasos tricipital, subescapular y de circunferencia del brazo. Los datos fueron obtenidos de una población adulta entre 20 y 59 años, residente en zonas urbanas y rurales de las 14 provincias de Cuba, integrada por 31 662 individuos, de los cuales 19 750 son mujeres y 11 912 hombres

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