RESUMO
Over the last two decades, several lines of experimental evidence have suggested that the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) may act as a growth factor in many types of cancer. For that reason, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonists have been developed as anticancer candidate compounds, exhibiting impressive antitumoral activity both in vitro and in vivo in various murine and human tumors. In this article, the GRPR cell surface expression profile in human malignancies is reviewed aiming at the identification of potential tumor types for future clinical trials with GRP analogues and antagonists. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the GRPR status in human malignancies. Source data were obtained by searching all published material available through Medline, PubMed and relevant articles from 1971 to 2006. The data available demonstrated a high expression of GRPRs in a large spectrum of human cancers, demonstrating the potential relevance of this intracellular signaling pathway in various human tumor models. The GRPR may be an interesting target for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies, as carriers for cytotoxins, immunotoxins or radioactive compounds, being also a potential tool for tumor detection.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Receptores da Bombesina/antagonistas & inibidores , Bombesina/fisiologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/antagonistas & inibidores , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
A neuromedina B (NB) e o peptídeo liberador de gastrina são peptídeos bombesina-símiles encontrados em mamíferos, inclusive em seres humanos. Ambos inibem a secreção hipofisária de tireotrofina (TSH); entretanto, somente a NB tem importância fisiológica demonstrada. A NB é produzida em abundância em tireotrofos e parece inibir a secreção de TSH por via autócrina, uma vez que o bloqueio do peptídeo endógeno causa aumento na liberação do TSH, tanto in vivo quanto in vitro. A NB é positivamente regulada pelos hormônios tireóideos (HT). Os HT aumentam o conteúdo de neuromedina B e do seu RNAm em adeno-hipófises de ratos hipotireóideos, poucas horas após sua administração, o que coincide com diminuição do TSH sérico. Isto nos levou a sugerir que a NB possa ser um intermediário protéico envolvido na inibição aguda da liberação de TSH induzida pelos HT. O TRH também altera rapidamente a expressão da NB. Quinze e 30 minutos após a administração do TRH em ratos normais já há diminuição do conteúdo hipofisário de NB e dos níveis do seu RNAm. No jejum e diabetes experimental, que se caracterizam por diminuição de HT séricos com níveis inadequadamente normais ou diminuídos de TSH, ocorre aumento do conteúdo de NB e de seu RNAm. O análogo de somatostatina, octreotide, também é capaz de aumentar o conteúdo de NB. Assim, a neuromedina B é um importante inibidor local da secreção de TSH, podendo ser uma via final comum de hormônios e neuro-hormônios que determinam variações na secreção de TSH.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Bombesina/fisiologia , Peptídeo Liberador de Gastrina/fisiologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Bombesina/análogos & derivados , Distribuição Tecidual/fisiologia , Mamíferos , Receptores da Bombesina/fisiologia , Tireotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Tireotropina/metabolismoRESUMO
Accumulating evidence shows the involvement of neuropeptides in cardiovascular control in mammals as well as non-mammalian species. Our own immunohistochemical studies indicate a sparse innervation only in cyclostomes, holostean fish and lungfish, a more extensive variation and distribution in elasmobranchs and teleosts, and a rich and varied innervation of the cardiovascular system in crocodiles and lizards. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and tachykinins are present in most vertebrate groups. VIP is vasodilatory in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as in most mammalian species, but increases gut vascular resistance in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). NPY potentiates the effect of noradrenaline on skate (Raja rhina) coronary vessels, suggesting an interaction between adrenergic mechanisms and NPY early in evolution, but studies in the spiny dogfish and the crocodile also demonstrate different mechanisms for the action of NPY and adrenaline in some species. Bombesin/GRP increases flow to the gut in the spiny dogfish by an increase in somatic vascular resistance, while visceral resistance remains unchanged. In the caiman (Caiman crocodylus crocodylus) bombesin causes a shunting of blood from the lung to the gut. Substance P and other tachykinins in general increase flow to the gut, and on some occasions also increase somatic blood flow. Flow in the anastomosis of the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gut is increased by substance P. The results presented here are a review of several published and unpublished studies.
Assuntos
Animais , Sistema Cardiovascular/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeos/fisiologia , Bombesina/metabolismo , Bombesina/fisiologia , Sistema Cardiovascular/metabolismo , Peixes/fisiologia , Jacarés e Crocodilos/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeo Y/metabolismo , Neuropeptídeo Y/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeos/metabolismo , Substância P/fisiologia , Substância P/metabolismo , Taquicininas/metabolismo , Taquicininas/fisiologia , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/metabolismo , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/fisiologiaRESUMO
Accumulating evidence shows the involvement of neuropeptides in cardiovascular control in mammals as well as non-mammalian species. Our own immunohistochemical studies indicate a sparse innervation only in cyclostomes, holostean fish and lungfish, a more extensive variation and distribution in elasmobranchs and teleosts, and a rich and varied innervation of the cardiovascular system in crocodiles and lizards. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptie Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and tachykinins are present in most vertebrate groups. VIP is vasodilatory in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as in most mammalian species, but increases gut vascular resistance in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). NPY potentiates the effect of noradrenaline on skate (Raja rhina) coronary vessels, suggesting an interaction between adrenergic mechanisms and NPY early in evolution, but studies in the spiny dogfish and the crocodile also demonstrate different mechanisms for the action of NPY and adrenaline in some species. Bombesin/GRP increases flow to the gut in the spiny dogfish by an increase in somatic vascular resistance, while visceral resistance remains unchanged. In the caiman (Caiman crocodylus crocodylus) bombesin causes a shunting of blood from the lung to the gut. Substance P and other tachykinins in general increase flow to the gut, and on some occasions also increase somatic blood flow. Flow in the anastomosis of the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gut is increased by substance P. The results presented here are a review of several published and unpublished studies.