RESUMO
This Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Annual Report outlines contributions and achievements in Jamaica, Bermuda, and the Cayman Islands in the year 2021. The report also reinforces PAHO/WHO's core mission, through focus on the country level, recognizing that progress toward sustainable development hinges on improved health at the local and national levels. In 2021, PAHO/WHO supported Jamaica, Bermuda and the Cayman Islands on their path toward disaster risk reduction as well as the ongoing implementation of Phase II of the Smart Health Care Facilities in the Caribbean Project. This project, which aims to enhance the resilience of health facilities to ensure continuity of service delivery before, during and after hazards, such as hurricanes, has led to the upgrade of nine facilities so far. Working toward the upcoming restructuring of the Jamaican Ministry of Health and Wellness (MOHW) and Regional Health Authorities (RHAs) and health care reform in Jamaica, the country signed a technical cooperation agreement with PAHO to provide a national voluntary contribution, with projects developed to strengthen public financial management and results-based management, as well as a strategic plan for health information systems and a concept note for policy on health research. PAHO supported Jamaica’s efforts as the pandemic impact underscored the need to include mental health in emergency and disaster management, as well as activities that contributed to achieving milestones in tobacco control and road safety. Furthermore, PAHO assisted with initiatives to tackle the high prevalence of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) in the population and promote better nutrition, such as the National Infant and Young Child Feeding Policy and Strategic Plan and front-of-package labelling.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Emergências , Sistemas de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Doenças não Transmissíveis , Equidade , Equidade de Gênero , Diversidade Cultural , Cooperação Técnica , Região do Caribe , Jamaica , Bermudas , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the causes of infertility and artificial reproductive technology (ART) outcomes in women of African descent living in the Caribbean and Bermuda. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study composed of a questionnaire administered to providers who care for women undergoing ART in the Caribbean and Bermuda. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire from the Deerfield Institute was adapted to meet the aims of our study with their permission. Eight infertility clinics in the Caribbean and Bermuda were identified. The primary physician at each site was contacted via email and invited to participate in the study. Questionnaires were completed via interview or electronically. Responses were collected in a REDCap database for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were five respondents from Barbados, Bermuda (× 2), Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas. The most commonly reported etiologies of infertility among Afro-Caribbean patients were female-male factor and uterine factor. In vitro fertilization (IVF) combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed more often than conventional IVF. The cumulative live birth rates (LBR) after ART for those ages ≤ 34, 35-37, 38-42, and > 42 were 52%, 40%, 22%, and 12%, respectively. The cumulative live birth rate was 31.5% for total patients. The factors reported to be most important in hindering patients from cycling were coping emotionally with poor ovarian response and cost. The biggest restraints to infertility care were costs and a lack of local IVF centers on all islands. CONCLUSION: Afro-Caribbean women receiving infertility care in the Caribbean may have better ART outcomes compared to African-American women in the United States (US).
Assuntos
Infertilidade/terapia , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida , Adulto , Bahamas , Barbados , Bermudas , Coeficiente de Natalidade , População Negra , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro , Humanos , Infertilidade/epidemiologia , Nascido Vivo , Masculino , Médicos , Gravidez , Porto Rico , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida/economia , Técnicas de Reprodução Assistida/estatística & dados numéricos , Injeções de Esperma Intracitoplásmicas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The distribution of the western Atlantic snapping shrimp Alpheus peasei (Armstrong, 1940) has a large gap (approx. 12° of latitude) between Tobago and the northeast of Brazil (State of Ceará). Here we analyzed specimens of A. peasei from its entire distribution range and type-locality (Bermuda), to test the hypothesis that they belong to a single species. The morphological analysis included the usual taxonomic characters as well as additional ones (such as mouthparts). The molecular analysis was based on the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome Oxidase I and 16S rRNA. The results of both analyses were congruent and indicated that A. peasei is a single species throughout its known distribution. As such, they indicated a connectivity between Northwestern and Southwestern Atlantic populations of A. peasei. The gap in distribution may be explained by scarce samplings in the North Brazil Shelf province and/or by passive larval dispersal. Our results also extend the known distribution of A. peasei in the northwestern Atlantic (Barbados, Belize and Costa Rica), and add a new record from the Brazilian coast (Pernambuco).
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Decápodes , Animais , Belize , Bermudas , Brasil , Costa Rica , Decápodes/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
Nine new species of Duplominona and one new Pseudominona (Platyhelminthes, Proseriata, Monocelididae) are described from the Caribbean coast of Panama and from Puerto Rico. Duplominona aduncospina n. sp.; D. terdigitata n. sp.; D. pusilla n. sp.; D. bocasana n. sp. (from Panama) and D. dissimilispina n. sp.; D. chicomendesi n. sp.; D. macrocirrus n. sp.; D. diademata n. sp.; D. puertoricana n. sp. (from Puerto Rico) can be distinguished from the numerous congeneric species based on fine details of the sclerotized structures of the copulatory organ. Duplominona aduncospina n. sp. is characterised by a cirrus provided with 3-4 rows of recurve spines, 2-3 µm long. D. terdigitata n. sp. shows a tripartite tail, and needle-shaped cirrus spines, 1.5-9 µm long. Cirrus spines of D. pusilla n. sp. are scale-like, 1.5-3 µm long. D. bocasana n. sp. has triangular spines, 1.5-6 µm long. D. dissimilispina n. sp. has needle-shaped spines, 3.5-15 µm long. D. chicomendesi n. sp. has a small cirrus, with few, strongly curved spines, 2-7.5 µm long. D. macrocirrus n. sp. has a large cirrus, provided with spines 3-9 µm long, with the longest spines placed medially. D. diademata n. sp. has a cirrus with two separate spiny areas, with spines 7-13 µm long. D. puertoricana n. sp. has a very long cirrus, with poorly sclerotised proximal spines, and distal spines to 6 µm long. A taxonomic key of the genus Duplominona is provided. Pseudominona cancan n. sp. from Panama differs from P. dactylifera from Bermuda, the only species known in the genus so far, for its shorter cirrus and fewer, triangular spines 3-5 µm long, and for the position of the vagina, close to mouth. A specimen attributed to P. dactylifera collected in Puerto Rico is described. Distribution of the new species suggests a complete separation of Panamanian and Puerto Rican proseriate fauna, confirming previous reports of restricted ranges and high endemicity of mesopsammic Platyhelminthes.
Assuntos
Platelmintos , Animais , Bermudas , Feminino , Panamá , Porto Rico , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
The 2014 enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) outbreak in the United States raised concerns about the introduction of the virus in the Caribbean region. The objective of this study was to provide rapid evidence of the introduction of EV-D68 strains in the Caribbean region during the 2014 outbreak in the United States, using a relatively simple phylogenetic approach. From October 2014 to May 2015, four EV-D68 cases from two countries (Bermuda and Dominica) were detected at the regional referral laboratory at the Caribbean Public Health Agency (Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago) based on molecular testing of respiratory specimens. All cases were children presenting to hospitals with moderate respiratory distress. No cases of acute flaccid paralysis were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of the Caribbean strains showed more than 99% similarity with the 2014 U.S.-outbreak strain, providing evidence of the introduction and circulation of the virus in the region.
El brote de enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) registrado en el 2014 en los Estados Unidos suscitó preocupación acerca de la introducción del virus en el Caribe. El objetivo de este estudio fue aportar pruebas rápidas, mediante la adopción de un enfoque filogénico relativamente sencillo, de que durante ese brote ingresaron en el Caribe cepas del EV-D68. Entre octubre del 2014 y mayo del 2015, el laboratorio regional de referencia ubicado en el Organismo de Salud Pública del Caribe (Puerto España, Trinidad y Tabago) detectó cuatro casos de EV-D68 provenientes de dos países (Bermudas y Dominica) mediante el análisis molecular de muestras respiratorias. Todos los casos correspondían a niños que acudieron al hospital con dificultad respiratoria moderada. No se detectó ningún caso de parálisis flácida aguda. El análisis filogénico de las cepas encontradas en el Caribe demostró una semejanza superior al 99 % con la cepa responsable del brote del 2014 en los Estados Unidos, lo que demuestra la introducción y la circulación del virus en la región.
Assuntos
Enterovirus Humano D , Infecções por Enterovirus , Região do Caribe , Dominica , Bermudas , Enterovirus Humano D , Infecções por Enterovirus , Região do CaribeRESUMO
ABSTRACT The 2014 enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) outbreak in the United States raised concerns about the introduction of the virus in the Caribbean region. The objective of this study was to provide rapid evidence of the introduction of EV-D68 strains in the Caribbean region during the 2014 outbreak in the United States, using a relatively simple phylogenetic approach. From October 2014 to May 2015, four EV-D68 cases from two countries (Bermuda and Dominica) were detected at the regional referral laboratory at the Caribbean Public Health Agency (Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago) based on molecular testing of respiratory specimens. All cases were children presenting to hospitals with moderate respiratory distress. No cases of acute flaccid paralysis were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of the Caribbean strains showed more than 99% similarity with the 2014 U.S.-outbreak strain, providing evidence of the introduction and circulation of the virus in the region.(AU)
RESUMEN El brote de enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) registrado en el 2014 en los Estados Unidos suscitó preocupación acerca de la introducción del virus en el Caribe. El objetivo de este estudio fue aportar pruebas rápidas, mediante la adopción de un enfoque filogénico relativamente sencillo, de que durante ese brote ingresaron en el Caribe cepas del EV-D68. Entre octubre del 2014 y mayo del 2015, el laboratorio regional de referencia ubicado en el Organismo de Salud Pública del Caribe (Puerto España, Trinidad y Tabago) detectó cuatro casos de EV-D68 provenientes de dos países (Bermudas y Dominica) mediante el análisis molecular de muestras respiratorias. Todos los casos correspondían a niños que acudieron al hospital con dificultad respiratoria moderada. No se detectó ningún caso de parálisis flácida aguda. El análisis filogénico de las cepas encontradas en el Caribe demostró una semejanza superior al 99 % con la cepa responsable del brote del 2014 en los Estados Unidos, lo que demuestra la introducción y la circulación del virus en la región.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Enterovirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Bermudas/epidemiologia , Região do Caribe/epidemiologia , Dominica/epidemiologia , Enterovirus Humano D/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) provides technical cooperation to the UKOTs in the Caribbean through its offices in the Bahamas (to the Turks and Caicos Islands), the Office of Eastern Caribbean Countries (serving Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands and Montserrat) and Jamaica (serving Bermuda and the Cayman Islands). Discussions regarding the development of a Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) for the United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs) in the Caribbean were initiated in 2008, when the then Ministers of Health made a briefing visit to the PAHO/WHO Headquarters (HQ) in Washington. In July 2014, another visit of the Ministers of Health was made to PAHO HQ. At the end of that meeting it was agreed that a Multi-country Strategy would be developed to outline PAHO’s Technical Cooperation to the six (6) UKOTs in the Caribbean - Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI). This is the first time that a multi-country strategy for technical cooperation has been developed with the aim of creating synergies among the UKOTs to address the social and environmental conditions that impact health, mobilize resources and facilitate the development of a unified position and a stronger political voice with regard to health matters in the Caribbean.
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Cooperação Técnica , Programas Governamentais , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Estratégias para Cobertura Universal de Saúde , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Estratégias de Saúde Nacionais , Sistemas de Saúde , Prioridades em Saúde , Anguilla , Bermudas , Ilhas Virgens Britânicas , Índias Ocidentais , Índias Ocidentais , Índias Ocidentais , Região do CaribeRESUMO
Understanding bacterioplankton community dynamics in coastal hypoxic environments is relevant to global biogeochemistry because coastal hypoxia is increasing worldwide. The temporal dynamics of bacterioplankton communities were analysed throughout the illuminated water column of Devil's Hole, Bermuda during the 6-week annual transition from a strongly stratified water column with suboxic and high-pCO2 bottom waters to a fully mixed and ventilated state during 2008. A suite of culture-independent methods provided a quantitative spatiotemporal characterization of bacterioplankton community changes, including both direct counts and rRNA gene sequencing. During stratification, the surface waters were dominated by the SAR11 clade of Alphaproteobacteria and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. In the suboxic bottom waters, cells from the order Chlorobiales prevailed, with gene sequences indicating members of the genera Chlorobium and Prosthecochloris--anoxygenic photoautotrophs that utilize sulfide as a source of electrons for photosynthesis. Transitional zones of hypoxia also exhibited elevated levels of methane- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria relative to the overlying waters. The abundance of both Thaumarcheota and Euryarcheota were elevated in the suboxic bottom waters (> 10(9) cells l(-1)). Following convective mixing, the entire water column returned to a community typical of oxygenated waters, with Euryarcheota only averaging 5% of cells, and Chlorobiales and Thaumarcheota absent.
Assuntos
Alphaproteobacteria/genética , Consórcios Microbianos/genética , Oxigênio/análise , Plâncton/genética , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Synechococcus/genética , Alphaproteobacteria/isolamento & purificação , Bermudas , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Chlorobi/genética , Chlorobi/isolamento & purificação , Euryarchaeota/isolamento & purificação , Metano/metabolismo , Oxirredução , RNA Ribossômico , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Enxofre/metabolismo , Synechococcus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Total dissolved copper (Cu) and Cu speciation were examined from inshore waters of Bermuda, in October 2009 and July-August 2010, to determine the relationship between total dissolved Cu, Cu-binding ligands and bioavailable, free, hydrated Cu(2+) concentrations. Speciation was performed using competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV). Mean total dissolved Cu concentrations ranged from 1.4 nM to 19.2 nM, with lowest concentrations at sites further from shore, consistent with previous measurements in the Sargasso Sea, and localized Cu enrichment inshore in enclosed harbors. Ligand concentrations exceeded dissolved [Cu] at most sites, and [Cu(2+)] were correspondingly low at those sites, typically <10(-13) M. One site, Hamilton Harbour, was found to have [Cu] in excess of ligands, resulting in [Cu(2+)] of 10(-10.7) M, and indicating that Cu may be toxic to phytoplankton here.
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Cobre/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Bermudas , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Surveys were undertaken on the shallow Bermuda marine platform between 2006 and 2008 to provide a baseline of the distribution, condition and environmental characteristics of benthic communities. Bermuda is located in temperate latitudes but coral reefs, tropical seagrasses and calcareous green algae are common in the shallow waters of the platform. The dominant organisms of these communities are all living at or near their northern latitudinal range limits in the Atlantic Ocean. Among the major benthic autotrophs surveyed, seagrasses were most restricted by light availability. We found that the relatively slow-growing and long-lived seagrass Thalassia testudinum is restricted to habitats with much higher light availability than in the tropical locations where this species is commonly found. In contrast, the faster growing tropical seagrasses in Bermuda, Syringodium filiforme, Halodule sp. and Halophila decipiens, had similar ecological compensation depths (ECD) as in tropical locations. Increasing sea surface temperatures, concomitant with global climate change, may either drive or allow the poleward extensions of the ranges of such tropical species. However, due to latitudinal light limitations at least one abundant and common tropical autotroph, T. testudinum, is able to occupy only shallower depths at the more temperate latitudes of Bermuda. We hypothesize that the poleward shift of seagrass species ranges would be accompanied by restrictions to even shallower depths of T. testudinum and by very different seagrass community structures than in tropical locations.
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Biodiversidade , Ecossistema , Luz , Animais , Antozoários/fisiologia , Organismos Aquáticos/fisiologia , Bermudas , Clorófitas/fisiologia , Mudança Climática , Recifes de Corais , Alga Marinha/fisiologia , Clima TropicalRESUMO
The interactive effects of contaminants and ultraviolet light (UV)-exposure on the incidence and types of abnormalities observed were measured in newly metamorphosed cane toads (Rhinella marina) from four Bermuda ponds contaminated with petrochemicals and metals. Abnormalities were compared in toadlets that were field-collected, reared in predator exclusion cages, reared in laboratory microcosms exposed to control media or corresponding pond media, and reared in laboratory microcosms exposed to UV-light and control media or media from two ponds. Percent abnormal for field-collected, cage-reared, and microcosm-reared toadlets were equivalent per site and ranged between 14% and 63%. All treatments produced similar limb abnormalities but the percentage of hind versus forelimb defects was statistically greater only in field-collected toadlets. UV-exposed control media did not induce abnormalities in larvae exhibiting no maternal effect, and did not alter the types of abnormalities observed in larvae exhibiting a maternal or latent effect. Site media treatments without UV exposure induced significant cephalic and limb abnormalities, proved additive to the observed maternal/latent effect, and produced limb defects predominantly in forelimbs. Concurrent exposure to site media and UV-light induced similar types of abnormalities but a significantly higher percentage of hind limb abnormalities (68-89%) than exposure to site media alone (7-13%). Our results suggest that the types of abnormalities expressed were principally determined by direct and/or transgenerational contaminant exposure, but that UV-light exposure caused limb abnormalities to occur primarily in the hind limbs, mirroring field observations. Our field observations also suggest that ectromelia and brachydactyly in some field-collected specimens may be predator-induced.
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Bufo marinus/anormalidades , Estresse Fisiológico , Poluição Química da Água , Animais , Bermudas , Extremidades/efeitos da radiação , Metais/toxicidade , Petróleo/toxicidade , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
The population dynamics of the three intertidal oribatid species, Alismobates inexpectatus, Fortuynia atlantica and Carinozetes bermudensis, have been studied on the archipelago of Bermuda over the course of a year. All three species are univoltine, showing a clear seasonal demographic pattern, with reproduction from spring to late autumn and a complete standstill of egg production in winter. A seasonal shift in sex ratio could also be observed in all three species and is supposed to be based on sex-dependent mortality. The subtropical climate of Bermuda allows longer reproductive periods than shown in other intertidal or edaphic temperate species and temperature is supposed to be the main factor influencing the demography of these intertidal dwelling mites. Although all three Bermudian species exhibit the same basic seasonal demographic pattern, there are slight temporal shifts in population dynamics, presumably caused by local microclimatic differences among the populations. Larviparity, shown in other littoral oribatid mites, is clearly absent in the present species.
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Ácaros e Carrapatos/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Animais , Bermudas , Feminino , Larva , Masculino , Ninfa , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Contentious observations of Pleistocene shoreline features on the tectonically stable islands of Bermuda and the Bahamas have suggested that sea level about 400,000 years ago was more than 20 metres higher than it is today. Geochronologic and geomorphic evidence indicates that these features formed during interglacial marine isotope stage (MIS) 11, an unusually long interval of warmth during the ice age. Previous work has advanced two divergent hypotheses for these shoreline features: first, significant melting of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, in addition to the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Greenland Ice Sheet; or second, emplacement by a mega-tsunami during MIS 11 (ref. 4, 5). Here we show that the elevations of these features are corrected downwards by â¼10 metres when we account for post-glacial crustal subsidence of these sites over the course of the anomalously long interglacial. On the basis of this correction, we estimate that eustatic sea level rose to â¼6-13 m above the present-day value in the second half of MIS 11. This suggests that both the Greenland Ice Sheet and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapsed during the protracted warm period while changes in the volume of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet were relatively minor, thereby resolving the long-standing controversy over the stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during MIS 11.
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Congelamento , Aquecimento Global/história , Camada de Gelo , Água do Mar/análise , Animais , Bahamas , Bermudas , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , História AntigaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe cancer and mortality rates in Bermuda and to compare such rates to those of the United States of America (USA). METHODS: Age-adjusted race-specific cancer incidence rates for Bermuda were calculated using the Bermuda Cancer Registry. These rates were then compared to USA cancer rates published by the National Cancer Institute. RESULTS: Overall age-adjusted incidence rate was 495 cases per 100 000for Blacks and 527 cases per 100 000 for Whites. Incident cases were more frequent among men than women in both races. For Blacks, the highest incidences were prostate for men and breast for women, followed by colon/rectum and lung cancer. For Whites, if we exclude benign skin cancers, the picture was similar with the notable exception of lung cancer being more frequent than colon/rectum in White males. When Bermuda's rates were compared to those of the USA, overall cancer rates were similar in both countries. Rates in Bermuda were higher for cancer of the mouth, ovarian cancer (Black women), melanoma (Whites), colorectal cancer (White women) and breast cancer (White women). Lung and colorectal cancers were less frequent in Bermuda s Black population. CONCLUSION: Further epidemiological studies are needed to identify potential risk factors that could contribute to these differences. Screening and prevention strategies could be adjusted accordingly.
OBJETIVO: Describir las tasas de cáncer y mortalidad en la Bermudas y comparar estas tasas con las de los Estados Unidos de América (EE. UU.). MÉTODOS: Las tasas de incidencia de cáncer específicas por raza y ajustadas por edad en Bermuda, se calcularon usando el Registro de Cáncer de Bermuda. Estas tasas fueron comparadas con las tasas de cáncer en los EE. UU. publicadas por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer. RESULTADOS: La tasa general de incidencia ajustada por edad fue de 495 casos por 100 000 negros y 527 casos por 100 000 blancos. Los casos incidentes fueron más frecuentes entre los hombres que entre las mujeres en ambas razas. En el caso de los negros, las incidencias más altas estuvieron en la próstata para los hombres y en las mamas para las mujeres, seguidas por el cáncer de colon y recto, y el cáncer de pulmón. En el caso de los blancos, si se excluyen los cánceres benignos de la piel, el cuadro fue similar con la excepción notable de que el cáncer pulmonar fue más frecuente que el cáncer de colon y recto en los varones blancos. Cuando las tasas de Bermudas se compararon con las de EE.UU., las tasas generales de cáncer resultaron ser similares en ambos países. Las tasas en Bermuda fueron más altas para el cáncer de la boca, el cáncer ovárico (mujeres negras), el melanoma (blancos), el cáncer del colorectal (mujeres blancas), y el cáncer de mamas (mujeres blancas). Los cánceres de pulmón y colorectal fueron menos frecuentes en la población negra de Bermudas. CONCLUSIÓN: Se necesita continuar los estudios epidemiológicos a fin de identificar los factores de riesgo potenciales que podrían contribuir a estas diferencias. Las estrategias de pesquisaje y prevención podrían ajustarse en consecuencia con ello.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Bermudas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe cancer and mortality rates in Bermuda and to compare such rates to those of the United States of America (U.S.A.). METHODS: Age-adjusted race-specific cancer incidence rates for Bermuda were calculated using the Bermuda Cancer Registry. These rates were then compared to U.S.A. cancer rates published by the National Cancer Institute. RESULTS: Overall age-adjusted incidence rate was 495 cases per 100,000 for Blacks and 527 cases per 100,000 for Whites. Incident cases were more frequent among men than women in both races. For Blacks, the highest incidences were prostate for men and breast for women, followed by colon/rectum and lung cancer. For Whites, if we exclude benign skin cancers, the picture was similar with the notable exception of lung cancer being more frequent than colon/rectum in White males. When Bermuda's rates were compared to those of the U.S.A., overall cancer rates were similar in both countries. Rates in Bermuda were higher for cancer of the mouth, ovarian cancer (Black women), melanoma (Whites), colorectal cancer (White women) and breast cancer (White women). Lung and colorectal cancers were less frequent in Bermuda's Black population. CONCLUSION: Further epidemiological studies are needed to identify potential risk factors that could contribute to these differences. Screening and prevention strategies could be adjusted accordingly.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Bermudas/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Bulk metal analyses of surficial sediments collected around the Norwegian Crown cruise ship grounding site in Bermuda indicated significant but localized contamination of reef sediments by copper and zinc, caused by the stripping of the tri-butyltin (TBT)-free antifouling (AF) paint (Intersmooth 460) from the underside of the hull. Highest copper and zinc values were found in heavily compacted and red-pigmented sediments inside the impact scar and were comparable to levels found close to slip ways of local boat yards where AF paints from hull stripping and cleaning processes are washed into the sea. The re-distribution of AF contaminated sediments by storms and deposition on nearby reefs constitutes a significant ecological risk that could delay recovery processes and reduce the effectiveness of remediation efforts. Whilst the ecotoxicological effects of AF paint particles interspersed with sediment is unknown, and in need of further study, it is argued that the significance of AF paint contamination of grounding sites has been overlooked.
Assuntos
Antozoários/efeitos dos fármacos , Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental , Pintura , Navios , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Animais , Antozoários/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bermudas , Cobre/análise , Cobre/toxicidade , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Análise de Componente Principal , Medição de Risco , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Zinco/análise , Zinco/toxicidadeRESUMO
Large-scale features of ocean circulation, such as deep water formation in the northern North Atlantic Ocean, are known to regulate the long-term physical uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere by moving CO2-laden surface waters into the deep ocean. But the importance of CO2 uptake into water masses that ventilate shallower ocean depths, such as subtropical mode waters of the subtropical gyres, are poorly quantified. Here we report that, between 1988 and 2001, dissolved CO2 concentrations in subtropical mode waters of the North Atlantic have increased at a rate twice that expected from these waters keeping in equilibrium with increasing atmospheric CO2. This accounts for an extra 0.4-2.8 Pg C (1 Pg = 10(15) g) over this period (that is, about 0.03-0.24 Pg C yr(-1)), equivalent to 3-10% of the current net annual ocean uptake of CO2 (ref. 3). We suggest that the lack of strong winter mixing events, to greater than 300 m in depth, in recent decades is responsible for this accumulation, which would otherwise disturb the mode water layer and liberate accumulated CO2 back to the atmosphere. However, future climate variability (which influences subtropical mode water formation) and changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation (leading to a return of deep winter mixing events) may reduce CO2 accumulation in subtropical mode waters. We therefore conclude that, although CO2 uptake by subtropical mode waters in the North Atlantic--and possibly elsewhere--does not always represent a long-term CO2 sink, the phenomenon is likely to contribute substantially to interannual variability in oceanic CO2 uptake.