RESUMO

There is increasing societal concern regarding the negative impact of intensive poultry production on animal welfare, human health, and on the environment. This is leading to the inclusion of animal welfare as an imperative aspect for sustainable production. Certain environmental factors may challenge domesticated birds, resulting in poor health and welfare status. Resilience is the capacity to rapidly return to prechallenge status after coping with environmental stressors, thus resilient individuals have better chances to maintain good health and welfare. Immune-neuroendocrine system, thoroughly characterized in the domestic bird species, is the physiological scaffold for stress coping and health maintenance, influencing resilience and linking animal welfare status to these vital responses. Modern domestic bird lines have undergone specific genetic selective pressures for fast-growing, or high egg-production, leading to a diversity of birds that differ in their coping capacities and resilience. Deepening the knowledge on pro/anti-inflammatory milieus, humoral/cell-mediated immune responses, hormonal regulations, intestinal microbial communities and mediators that define particular immune and neuroendocrine configurations will shed light on coping strategies at the individual and population level. The understanding of the profiles leading to differential coping and resilience potential will be highly relevant for improving bird health and welfare in a wider range of challenging scenarios and, therefore, crucial to scientifically tackle long term sustainability.

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The importance of Brazil for the International Trade of poultry products induces legislators and interested companies to pay special attention to complying with international standard quality requirements. One of these requirements is the suppression of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry, as in the strategy of their use as a growth promoter. To meet this demand, the study of short-chain organic acids becomes interesting and their review essential. As good examples for the issue described, short chain organic acids such as citric acid, fumaric acid, sorbic acid and malic acid are extremely important due to their antimicrobial qualities, accessibility, and international acceptance. In addition to the individual effect, the blend of acids, that is, the association of acids for the role of growth promoter or performance enhancer, combines acids that act synergistically, enhancing their qualities. This study aims to address the physicochemical characteristics, effects, and qualities of short-chain organic acids, as well as their associated effects, encouraging further work that fills the scientific gaps in empirical knowledge about these additives.(AU)

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the supplementation of yellow natural pigment levels based on Marigold Flower extract (2%) and yellow synthetic pigment (Carophyll Yellow 10%) in sorghum-based rations for commercial laying hens and their influence on bird performance and egg quality. A completely randomized design was adopted with 5 treatments, 6 replicates, and 5 laying hens in each repetition. The treatments evaluated were: Sorghum based diet without supplementation with pigmentant - Negative Control; 150 g t-1 of Yellow Natural Pigment feed; 300 g t-1 of yellow natural pigment feed; 450 g t-1 of yellow natural pigment feed; 25 g t-1 of yellow industrial pigment feed. The Tukey test was applied at 5% for the analysis of the variables of performance and quality of the eggs. The variables related to external and internal egg quality and poultry yield performance did not present significant results (p > 0.05). Only the variable color of the yolk obtained significance (p < 0.01), with an increase according to the number of pigments included in the diet. Sorghum can be used together supplementation of natural and synthetic pigments in the diet to improve yolk pigmentation. It is recommended to include 450g t-1 of natural marigold flower pigment feed (2%) in sorghum-based diets for better pigmentation of the yolk in place of 25 g t-1 of yellow synthetic pigmented, by improving the color of the yolk and not interfering in the productive performance of the laying hens and the quality of the eggs.(AU)

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A avicultura brasileira é considerada a atividade agropecuária de maior destaque mundial. Avicultura de corte é uma das atividades de grande relevância na economia, nos últimos anos gerou um faturamento anual de US$ 20bilhões. Logo, para manter a posição em produção e exportação o país vem buscando inovações para atender as exigências internacionais de qualidade e de bem-estar animal. Para a produção as aves se fazem necessário um ambiente interno adequado. Para isso é necessário temperaturas e umidades adaptadas para cada idade da ave. Estudos utilizando a termografia infravermelha vem se tornando uma das tecnologias mais requisitadas na área de produção animal, sendo um método não invasivo capaz de avaliar a temperatura através da energia emitida pela superfície do corpo animal e transformá-la em uma imagem visível ao olho humano.A partir do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir o uso da termografia infravermelha na avicultura, com ênfase em frangos, galinhas poedeiras e codornas. Para tanto realizou-se um estudo descritivo com procedimento técnico de revisão de literatura. Foi possível observar que a tecnologia de termografia infravermelha é uma ferramenta que vem sendo utilizada em diversas pesquisas, especialmente que envolvem as galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte, e se mostram altamente eficazes e seguras. Em codornas esses estudos ainda são escassos. Demostrando assim que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos com esses animais. A utilização da termografia infravermelha é uma alternativa para determinar o impacto das condições ambientais na produção animal, auxiliando na tomada de decisão e promovendo a saúde e o bem-estar dos animais.o objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir o uso da termografia infravermelha na avicultura, com ênfase em frangos, galinhas poedeiras e codornas. Para tanto realizou-se um estudo descritivo com procedimento técnico de revisão de literatura. Foi possível observar que a tecnologia de termografia infravermelha é uma ferramenta que vem sendo utilizada em diversas pesquisas, especialmente que envolvem as galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte, e se mostram altamente eficazes e seguras. Em codornas esses estudos ainda são escassos. Demostrando assim que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos com esses animais. A utilização da termografia infravermelha é uma alternativa para determinar o impacto das condições ambientais na produção animal, auxiliando na tomada de decisão e promovendo a saúde e o bem-estar dos animais.o objetivo do presente estudo foi discutir o uso da termografia infravermelha na avicultura, com ênfase em frangos, galinhas poedeiras e codornas. Para tanto realizou-se um estudo descritivo com procedimento técnico de revisão de literatura. Foi possível observar que a tecnologia de termografia infravermelha é uma ferramenta que vem sendo utilizada em diversas pesquisas, especialmente que envolvem as galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte, e se mostram altamente eficazes e seguras. Em codornas esses estudos ainda são escassos. Demostrando assim que mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos com esses animais. A utilização da termografia infravermelha é uma alternativa para determinar o impacto das condições ambientais na produção animal, auxiliando na tomada de decisão e promovendo a saúde e o bem-estar dos animais.(AU)

Brazilian poultry is considered the most prominent agricultural activity in the world. Poultry farming is one of the most important activities in the economy, in recent years it has generated annual revenues of US$ 20 billion. Therefore, to maintain its position in production and export, the country has been seeking innovations to meet international quality and animal welfare requirements. To produce birds, a suitable indoor environment is necessary. For this it is necessary temperatures and humidity adapted to each age of the bird. Studies using infrared thermography has become one of the most requested technologies in animal production, being a non-invasive method capable of evaluating the temperature through the energy emitted by the surface of the animal body and transforming it into an image visible to the human eye. From the above, the objective of the present study was to discuss the use of infrared thermography in poultry, with emphasis on chickens, laying hens and quails. For this purpose, a descriptive study was carried out with a technical literature review procedure. It was possible to observe that infrared thermography technology is a tool that has been used in several research, especially involving laying hens and broilers, and is shown to be highly effective and safe. In quails these studies are still scarce. This demonstrates that further studies should be carried out with these animals. The use of infrared thermography is an alternative to determine the impact of environmental conditions on animal production, assisting in decision making and promoting the health and welfare of animals.(AU)

La avicultura brasileña es considerada la actividad agrícola más destacada del mundo. La avicultura es una de las actividades más importantes de la economía, en los últimos años ha generado ingresos anuales de US$ 20 mil millones. Por lo tanto, para mantener su posición en la producción y exportación, el país ha estado buscando innovaciones para cumplir con los requisitos internacionales de calidad y bienestar animal. Para la producción, las aves necesitan un ambiente interior adecuado. Para ello es necesario temperaturas y humedades adaptadas a cada edad del ave. Los estudios mediante termografía infrarroja se han convertido en una de las tecnologías más solicitadas en el área de producción animal, siendo un método no invasivo capaz de evaluar la temperatura a través de la energía emitida por la superficie del cuerpo animal y transformarla en una imagen visible. al ojo humano. A partir de lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue discutir el uso de la termografía infrarroja en la avicultura, con énfasis en pollos, gallinas ponedoras y codornices. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo con un procedimiento de revisión técnica de la literatura. Se pudo observar que la tecnología de termografía infrarroja es una herramienta que ha sido utilizada en diversas investigaciones, especialmente en gallinas ponedoras y pollos de engorde, y se muestra altamente efectiva y segura. En codornices estos estudios son aún escasos. Esto demuestra que se deben realizar más estudios con estos animales. El uso de la termografía infrarroja es una alternativa para determinar el impacto de las condiciones ambientales en la producción animal, auxiliando en la toma de decisiones y promoviendo la salud y el bienestar de los animales.(AU)

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A busca por custo x benefício na avicultura envolve compreender como melhorar o desempenho animal através da alimentação ao mesmo tempo em que haja diminuição dos custos. Tendo em vista o crescente aumento monetário da matéria prima da ração, várias pesquisas se voltam para novas fontes energéticas derivados de plantas, que contem quantidades significativas de fibras e agem como fatores antinutricionais, interferindo no desempenho zootécnico das aves. Os principais componentes das fibras, as beta glucanas e xilanas, podem ser quebradas e melhor aproveitadas quando no uso de enzimas exógenas chamadas de carboidrases, sendo a beta glucanase e xilase as respectivas enzimas que fazem a lise desses componentes. É necessário, portanto, melhor compreensão da forma de ação de cada enzima, assim como a fonte nutritiva das bases alimentares alternativas. Essa obra tem por objetivo abordar e revisar as duas principais fontes de fibras, beta glucanas e xilanas, e suas respectivas enzimas, beta glucanase e xilase.(AU)

The pursuit for cost-benefit in poultry farming involves understanding how to improve animal performance through feeding while reducing costs. In view of the growing monetary increase in feed raw material, several researches are focused on new energy sources derived from plants, which contain significant amounts of fiber and act as anti-nutritional factors, interfering with the zootechnical performance of birds. The main components of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, can be broken down and better utilized when using exogenous enzymes called carbohydrases, with beta glucanase and xylase being the respective enzymes that lyse these components. It is therefore necessary to better understand the mode of action of each enzyme, as well as the nutritive source of alternative food bases. This work aims to address and review the two main sources of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, and their respective enzymes, beta glucanase and xylase.(AU)

La búsqueda de la relación costo-beneficio en la avicultura implica comprender cómo mejorar el rendimiento animal a través de la alimentación y reducir los costos. Ante el creciente aumento monetario de la materia prima de los alimentos, varias investigaciones se enfocan en nuevas fuentes de energía derivadas de las plantas, que contienen cantidades significativas de fibra y actúan como factores antinutricionales, interfiriendo en el desempeño zootécnico de las aves. Los principales componentes de la fibra, los betaglucanos y los xilanos, se pueden descomponer y utilizar mejor cuando se usan enzimas exógenas llamadas carbohidrasas, siendo la betaglucanasa y la xilasa las enzimas respectivas que lisan estos componentes. Por lo tanto, es necesario comprender mejor el modo de acción de cada enzima, así como la fuente nutritiva de las bases alimenticias alternativas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar y revisar las dos principales fuentes de fibra, beta glucanos y xilanos, y sus respectivas enzimas, beta glucanasa y xilasa.(AU)

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O Brasil tem situação vantajosa relacionada às condições de acondicionamento das aves em relação a outros países. A evolução nas áreas de genética, nutrição e manejo das aves tem possibilitado a obtenção de produtos de baixo custo e de alta qualidade, proporcionando maior competitividade no mercado. O Brasil caracteriza-se por ser um país predominantemente agrícola, porém é um país tropical que apresenta altas temperaturas e estas por sua vez, influenciam diretamente no bem-estar das aves. A produção de frango de corte em regiões de clima quente, a exemplo do Acre, precisa ser considerada, pois apresentam condições climáticas diferenciadas, o que pode exercer uma influencia negativa nos resultados de desempenho animal, como resposta ao clima e ambiente de criação, portanto, este estudo de revisão de literatura objetivou analisar estudos inerentes às condições de conforto térmico ambiental e respostas fisiológicas e zootécnicas em frangos de corte criados em clima de verão amazônico.(AU)

Brazil is at an advantageous position regarding the storage conditions of poultry in relation to other countries. The evolution in genetics, nutrition and bird management has made it possible to obtain low-cost, high quality products and provide greater competitiveness in the market. Brazil is a predominantly agricultural country, but it is a tropical country with high temperatures, which has direct influence on poultry welfare. The production of broiler chickens in states with hot climate, such as Acre, needs to be considered, since they have different climatic conditions that may exert a negative influence on the performance of animals as a response to the harsh climate and breeding environment. This literature review aimed at analyzing studies inherent to the conditions of environmental thermal comfort and physiological and zootechnical responses in broiler chickens reared in the Amazonian summer climate.(AU)

Brasil tiene una situación ventajosa en relación a las condiciones de acondicionamiento de las aves en relación a otros países. Los avances en las áreas de genética, nutrición y manejo de las aves ha permitido la consecución de bajo costo y productos de alta calidad, proporcionando una mayor competitividad en el mercado. Brasil se caracteriza por ser un país predominantemente agrícola, pero es un país tropical con altas temperaturas y estas a su vez influyen directamente en el bienestar de las aves. La producción de pollos de engorde en regiones de climas calurosos, como el Acre, debe ser considerado, ya que tienen diferentes condiciones climáticas, que puede ejercer una influencia negativa en los resultados de rendimiento de los animales en respuesta al clima y medio ambiente de creación, por lo tanto, este estudio bibliográfico ha objetivado analizar estudios inherentes a las condiciones de conforto térmico ambiental y respuestas fisiológicas y zootécnicas en pollos de engorde creados en clima de verano amazónico.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O Brasil tem situação vantajosa relacionada às condições de acondicionamento das aves em relação a outros países. A evolução nas áreas de genética, nutrição e manejo das aves tem possibilitado a obtenção de produtos de baixo custo e de alta qualidade, proporcionando maior competitividade no mercado. O Brasil caracteriza-se por ser um país predominantemente agrícola, porém é um país tropical que apresenta altas temperaturas e estas por sua vez, influenciam diretamente no bem-estar das aves. A produção de frango de corte em regiões de clima quente, a exemplo do Acre, precisa ser considerada, pois apresentam condições climáticas diferenciadas, o que pode exercer uma influencia negativa nos resultados de desempenho animal, como resposta ao clima e ambiente de criação, portanto, este estudo de revisão de literatura objetivou analisar estudos inerentes às condições de conforto térmico ambiental e respostas fisiológicas e zootécnicas em frangos de corte criados em clima de verão amazônico.(AU)

Brazil is at an advantageous position regarding the storage conditions of poultry in relation to other countries. The evolution in genetics, nutrition and bird management has made it possible to obtain low-cost, high quality products and provide greater competitiveness in the market. Brazil is a predominantly agricultural country, but it is a tropical country with high temperatures, which has direct influence on poultry welfare. The production of broiler chickens in states with hot climate, such as Acre, needs to be considered, since they have different climatic conditions that may exert a negative influence on the performance of animals as a response to the harsh climate and breeding environment. This literature review aimed at analyzing studies inherent to the conditions of environmental thermal comfort and physiological and zootechnical responses in broiler chickens reared in the Amazonian summer climate.(AU)

Brasil tiene una situación ventajosa en relación a las condiciones de acondicionamiento de las aves en relación a otros países. Los avances en las áreas de genética, nutrición y manejo de las aves ha permitido la consecución de bajo costo y productos de alta calidad, proporcionando una mayor competitividad en el mercado. Brasil se caracteriza por ser un país predominantemente agrícola, pero es un país tropical con altas temperaturas y estas a su vez influyen directamente en el bienestar de las aves. La producción de pollos de engorde en regiones de climas calurosos, como el Acre, debe ser considerado, ya que tienen diferentes condiciones climáticas, que puede ejercer una influencia negativa en los resultados de rendimiento de los animales en respuesta al clima y medio ambiente de creación, por lo tanto, este estudio bibliográfico ha objetivado analizar estudios inherentes a las condiciones de conforto térmico ambiental y respuestas fisiológicas y zootécnicas en pollos de engorde creados en clima de verano amazónico.(AU)

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An experiment with Leghorn laying hens was undertaken to determine the effect of oyster shell particle size and feeding time on different production variables, calcium retention, plasma calcium content and egg internal and external quality. Two hundred Leghorn layers (40 weeks old old) were allocated in five dietary treatments with four replicates during ten weeks. Two particle size combinations (wherein 50% of calcium substituted by medium or coarse particles (1-2 mm and 2-4 mm respectively) and two feeding time (8-pm or 9-am) were compared against a control diet (100% ground, 0.05). Hens fed diets containing coarse Ca had significantly greater feed intake and calcium content of excreta (p > 0.05), whereas medium particle size reduced feed intake compared to control. Coarse particle size and feeding time at 9-pm significantly increased the calcium content of egg shell, egg shell thickness, egg surface area (ESA) and shell weight per unit surface area (SWUSA) (p < 0.05). Plasma calcium concentration, gizzard digesta calcium content and egg specific gravity were not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). Providing of calcium at 9-pm resulted an increase of egg shell (%), shell weight and thickness (p < 0.05). The results have shown that substitution of fine oyster shell with 50% coarse particles (2-4 mm) and feeding time at 9-pm have better effects on egg shell quality.(AU)

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RESUMO

Dietary inclusion of lipid sources has been one of the methods adopted by nutritionists aiming at better energy balancing. However, alternative energy feedstuffs have been sought in an attempt to reduce production costs. In this regard, lipid sources that can replace conventional ones, such as beef tallow, cottonseed oil, and sunflower oil have been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different lipid sources on the performance, egg quality, biometrics of digestive organs, and bone quality of white-egg commercial layers in the first production cycle. A total of 216 Hy-Line White layers at 70 weeks of age, weighing 1.701 ± 0.103 kg, were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The diets provided to them contained equal amounts of protein, calories, and amino acids, with only the lipid source varying - soybean oil (control), cottonseed oil, beef tallow, and sunflower oil. No significant effect of lipid sources was observed on any of the performance or egg-quality variables assessed (p>0.05). Biometric variables were not influenced by lipid sources, except for abdominal fat, which was highest in the birds receiving the beef-tallow treatments and lowest in birds fed the sunflower-oil diets (p 0.05). Except for mineral matter, bone traits were not influenced by the treatments; this variable was highest in the control treatments and lowest in the beef-tallow treatments. In conclusion, cottonseed and sunflower oils can be used to fully replace soybean oil in diets for white-egg commercial layers.(AU)

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Este trabalhoavaliou o nível de conhecimento de nutricionistas de Maceió, capital do estado de Alagoas, Brasil, quanto à presença de hormônios na criação de frangos de corte. Foram entrevistados 82 profissionais residentes da cidade. Dentre os entrevistados, 79,27% consideraram-se como mal informados quanto à composição das rações de frango, mas 54,87% afirmaram que a carne de frango continha hormônio, deixando evidente a sua falta de informação sobre alimentação e utilização de hormônios na dieta de frangos de corte. Existe, portanto, a necessidade de maior divulgação sobre a proibição da utilização de hormônios na produção de aves de corte.(AU)

This study evaluated the level of knowledge of nutritionists in Maceió, in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, regarding the myth of the use of hormones in broilers. Eighty-two nutritionists living in the city were interviewed and 79.27% of them considered themselves to be poorly informed about the composition of chicken diets, but 54.87% stated that chicken meat contains hormone, making evident the lack of information on feeding and hormone use in the diet of broilers. Thus, it is clear the need for greater exposure on the ban of the use of hormones in broiler production.(AU)

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RESUMO

Este trabalhoavaliou o nível de conhecimento de nutricionistas de Maceió, capital do estado de Alagoas, Brasil, quanto à presença de hormônios na criação de frangos de corte. Foram entrevistados 82 profissionais residentes da cidade. Dentre os entrevistados, 79,27% consideraram-se como mal informados quanto à composição das rações de frango, mas 54,87% afirmaram que a carne de frango continha hormônio, deixando evidente a sua falta de informação sobre alimentação e utilização de hormônios na dieta de frangos de corte. Existe, portanto, a necessidade de maior divulgação sobre a proibição da utilização de hormônios na produção de aves de corte.

This study evaluated the level of knowledge of nutritionists in Maceió, in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, regarding the myth of the use of hormones in broilers. Eighty-two nutritionists living in the city were interviewed and 79.27% of them considered themselves to be poorly informed about the composition of chicken diets, but 54.87% stated that chicken meat contains hormone, making evident the lack of information on feeding and hormone use in the diet of broilers. Thus, it is clear the need for greater exposure on the ban of the use of hormones in broiler production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dietary inclusion of lipid sources has been one of the methods adopted by nutritionists aiming at better energy balancing. However, alternative energy feedstuffs have been sought in an attempt to reduce production costs. In this regard, lipid sources that can replace conventional ones, such as beef tallow, cottonseed oil, and sunflower oil have been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different lipid sources on the performance, egg quality, biometrics of digestive organs, and bone quality of white-egg commercial layers in the first production cycle. A total of 216 Hy-Line White layers at 70 weeks of age, weighing 1.701 ± 0.103 kg, were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The diets provided to them contained equal amounts of protein, calories, and amino acids, with only the lipid source varying - soybean oil (control), cottonseed oil, beef tallow, and sunflower oil. No significant effect of lipid sources was observed on any of the performance or egg-quality variables assessed (p>0.05). Biometric variables were not influenced by lipid sources, except for abdominal fat, which was highest in the birds receiving the beef-tallow treatments and lowest in birds fed the sunflower-oil diets (p 0.05). Except for mineral matter, bone traits were not influenced by the treatments; this variable was highest in the control treatments and lowest in the beef-tallow treatments. In conclusion, cottonseed and sunflower oils can be used to fully replace soybean oil in diets for white-egg commercial layers.

Assuntos

RESUMO

An experiment with Leghorn laying hens was undertaken to determine the effect of oyster shell particle size and feeding time on different production variables, calcium retention, plasma calcium content and egg internal and external quality. Two hundred Leghorn layers (40 weeks old old) were allocated in five dietary treatments with four replicates during ten weeks. Two particle size combinations (wherein 50% of calcium substituted by medium or coarse particles (1-2 mm and 2-4 mm respectively) and two feeding time (8-pm or 9-am) were compared against a control diet (100% ground, 0.05). Hens fed diets containing coarse Ca had significantly greater feed intake and calcium content of excreta (p > 0.05), whereas medium particle size reduced feed intake compared to control. Coarse particle size and feeding time at 9-pm significantly increased the calcium content of egg shell, egg shell thickness, egg surface area (ESA) and shell weight per unit surface area (SWUSA) (p 0.05). Providing of calcium at 9-pm resulted an increase of egg shell (%), shell weight and thickness (p < 0.05). The results have shown that substitution of fine oyster shell with 50% coarse particles (2-4 mm) and feeding time at 9-pm have better effects on egg shell quality.

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RESUMO

An experiment was designed to study the efficacy of Zinc and or creatine monohydrate (CMH) supplementation, either alone or in combination, on improving growth performance of Balady chicks. A total number of 144 Balady chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups. The first treatment was fed the basal diet and served as control, while groups 2, 3, and 4 were given the basal diet and supplemented drinking water with, 0.6 mg/ml (zinc sulphat); 0.45 mg/ml (CMH); 0.6 mg/ml (zinc sulphat) + 0.45 mg/ml (CMH), respectively. The results indicated that the live body weight, weekly body weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly (p≤0.05) improved in all treated groups compared with the control. Also, significant decrease (p≤0.05) has been recorded in water consumption values of treated groups compared to control. Moreover, significant increase was recorded in carcass yield, kidney, spleen, bursa, thymus and intestine density (weight/length) with treated groups as compared to control group. On the other hand, serum total protein, globulin, total lipids, total antioxidant, thyroxine hormone level were significantly higher in treated groups than the control. Furthermore, Red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin level, hematocrit values and antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus, were significantly improved in all treated groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that Zn and or CMH supplementation improved the physiological, productive traits of Balady chicks. The best significant results of performance were recorded for group the supplemented with Zn and CMH in combination compared with those of other treatments.(AU)

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Feed costs are the main limiting factors in poultry industry and alternative sources of food and/or feed supplements to optimize the bird´s life cycle and to extend their production period need to be explored. This study evaluated morphometric parameters of the small intestine and gonadotropin transcript levels in Isa Brown laying hens supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid (Aminogut®) during a second production cycle. Molting was induced and groups of 100 hens each, were supplemented with 0, 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4% Aminogut® in their diet. At the end of the experimental period, tissue sections from duodenum, jejunum and ileum were processed by the Hematoxylin-Eosin technique and samples from hypothalamus and hypophysis were collected for RT-PCR analysis of GnRH and GnRHR transcript levels. As results, the height of the intestinal villi of the duodenum and ileum was significantly (p<0.05) higher in hens supplemented with 0.8% and 1.6% Aminogut®, while in the jejunum, no significant differences were found. Hens treated with increased doses of Aminogut® tended to increase GnRH transcripts levels, whereas those of GnRHR tended to decrease proportionally. It is concluded that supplementation of Isa Brown laying hens during a second production cycle with Aminogut® developed increased villus height in duodenum and ileum that may promote better absorption of nutrients and potentially to increase the egg production. This study shows the importance of molecular techniques such as RT-PCR to support the biological effects of nutritional compounds on morphological parameters and hen productivity.(AU)

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Birds fed with vegetable diets rely on the endogenous synthesis of creatine, which requires amino acids, some of which, for example arginine (Arg), are considered essential for several physiological and metabolic functions. Creatine is limited to high energy expenditure cells, particularly muscle cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of guanidinoacetic acid and arginine (as precursors of creatine) in vegetable diets, on the performance, quality, and yield of broiler chickens. The treatments consisted of diets based on corn and soybean meal (T1); corn, soybean meal + 3% meat meal (T2); corn, soybean meal + 0.08% guanidinoacetic acid (T3); and corn, soybean meal + 0.08% L-arginine (T4). The productive performance of the birds aged 7-, 21-, and 42-days-old was determined. Eighteen 7-day-old birds were sacrificed per treatment to evaluate breast and leg yield, and breast muscle fibers,and eighteen 42-day-old birds were sampled per treatment to determine serum uric acid, urea, creatine,lactate, and glucose concentrations. The same birds were slaughtered to calculate carcass yield in relation to live weight and commercial cut yield. The right pectoralis major muscle of each bird was used to test pH, color (luminosity L*, red index a*, and yellow index b*), and loss of water by pressure analysis, and the left side was used to analyze losses by defrosting and cooking. The data were analyzed using the software SAS. Diets to which meat or vegetable meal plus guanidinoacetic acid or L-Arginine were added resulted in higher live weight and breast meat percentage at 7 days old. Feed conversion was affected for a total period of 1 to 42 days of age (P < 0.0002).[...](AU)

Aves alimentadas com dietas vegetais dependem da síntese endógena de creatina, que requer a participação de aminoácidos, alguns deles considerados essenciais para diversas funções fisiológicas e metabólicas, como a arginina (Arg). A creatina limita-se a células de alto gasto energético, em particular as células musculares. O objetivo foi avaliar a inclusão do ácido guanidinoacético e de arginina como precursor da creatina em dietas vegetais sobre o desempenho, a qualidade e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte. Os tratamentos consistiram em dietas baseadas em milho e farelo de soja (T1); dieta a base de milho, farelo de soja + 3% de farinha de carne (T2); dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja +0,08% de ácido guanidinoacético (T3) e dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja +0,08% de L-arginina(T4). O desempenho produtivo das aves foi determinado aos 7, 21 e 42 dias de idade. Aos sete dias de idade, 18 aves/tratamento foram sacrificadas para avaliação do rendimento de peito e pernas e parafibras musculares do peito. Aos 42 dias de idade foi coletado sangue de 18 aves/tratamento para a determinação das concentrações séricas de ácido úrico, uréia, creatina, lactato e glicose. As mesmas aves foram abatidas, para o cálculo de rendimento de carcaça em relação ao peso vivo e rendimento de cortes nobres. O músculo Pectoralis major direito de cada ave foi utilizado para as análises de pH,cor (luminosidade L*, índice de vermellho a* e índice de amarelo b*) e a perda de água por pressão e o lado esquerdo para as análises de perdas por descongelamento e por cozimento. Os dados foram analisados pelo software SAS. As dietas com adição de farinha de carne ou vegetais acrescidas de ácido guanidionacético ou L-Arginina resultaram em maior peso vivo e percentual de carne de peito aos sete dias. Para o período total de 1 a 42 dias de idade, observou-se efeito (P<0,0002) sobre a conversão alimentar.[...](AU)

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Feed costs are the main limiting factors in poultry industry and alternative sources of food and/or feed supplements to optimize the bird´s life cycle and to extend their production period need to be explored. This study evaluated morphometric parameters of the small intestine and gonadotropin transcript levels in Isa Brown laying hens supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid (Aminogut®) during a second production cycle. Molting was induced and groups of 100 hens each, were supplemented with 0, 0.8, 1.6 or 2.4% Aminogut® in their diet. At the end of the experimental period, tissue sections from duodenum, jejunum and ileum were processed by the Hematoxylin-Eosin technique and samples from hypothalamus and hypophysis were collected for RT-PCR analysis of GnRH and GnRHR transcript levels. As results, the height of the intestinal villi of the duodenum and ileum was significantly (p<0.05) higher in hens supplemented with 0.8% and 1.6% Aminogut®, while in the jejunum, no significant differences were found. Hens treated with increased doses of Aminogut® tended to increase GnRH transcripts levels, whereas those of GnRHR tended to decrease proportionally. It is concluded that supplementation of Isa Brown laying hens during a second production cycle with Aminogut® developed increased villus height in duodenum and ileum that may promote better absorption of nutrients and potentially to increase the egg production. This study shows the importance of molecular techniques such as RT-PCR to support the biological effects of nutritional compounds on morphological parameters and hen productivity.

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An experiment was designed to study the efficacy of Zinc and or creatine monohydrate (CMH) supplementation, either alone or in combination, on improving growth performance of Balady chicks. A total number of 144 Balady chicks were randomly divided into four equal groups. The first treatment was fed the basal diet and served as control, while groups 2, 3, and 4 were given the basal diet and supplemented drinking water with, 0.6 mg/ml (zinc sulphat); 0.45 mg/ml (CMH); 0.6 mg/ml (zinc sulphat) + 0.45 mg/ml (CMH), respectively. The results indicated that the live body weight, weekly body weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly (p≤0.05) improved in all treated groups compared with the control. Also, significant decrease (p≤0.05) has been recorded in water consumption values of treated groups compared to control. Moreover, significant increase was recorded in carcass yield, kidney, spleen, bursa, thymus and intestine density (weight/length) with treated groups as compared to control group. On the other hand, serum total protein, globulin, total lipids, total antioxidant, thyroxine hormone level were significantly higher in treated groups than the control. Furthermore, Red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin level, hematocrit values and antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus, were significantly improved in all treated groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that Zn and or CMH supplementation improved the physiological, productive traits of Balady chicks. The best significant results of performance were recorded for group the supplemented with Zn and CMH in combination compared with those of other treatments.

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The performance and breast skin color of slow-growing broilers from 30 to 90 days old fed diets with different inclusions of cassava bagasse and annatto colorific were evaluated. 308 slow-growing broilers were used in a completely randomized experimental design, in a factorial scheme with an additional treatment 3 X 2 + 1, with three levels of annatto colorific as a pigmentant agent (1%, 2% and 3%), two levels of cassava bagasse (10% and 20%) and an additional treatment (control diet), totaling seven treatments, four replicates and 11 broilers per experimental unit. Feed intake and feed conversion were affected by treatments, with interaction. The weight gain and final weight were influenced by the treatments and the best results were found for the inclusion of 10% cassava bagasse and 2% annatto colorific. There was no effect of treatment and no interaction on carcass yield. The color parameters L*, a* and b* were not influenced by treatments. The inclusion of 10% cassava bagasse and 1% annatto colorific for slow-growing broilers from 30 to 90 days of age is recommended. However, the use of these ingredients proved to be economically unfeasible.

Foram avaliados o desempenho e a cor da pele de frangos de corte de crescimento lento no período de 30 a 90 dias, alimentados com dietas com diferentes inclusões de bagaço de mandioca e colorífico de urucum. 308 frangos de corte de crescimento lento foram utilizados em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional 3 X 2 + 1, sendo três níveis de colorífico de urucum como agente pigmentante (1%, 2% e 3%), dois níveis de bagaço de mandioca (10% e 20%) e um tratamento adicional (dieta de controle), totalizando sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e 11 frangos de corte por unidade experimental. O consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, com interação. O ganho de peso e o peso final foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (p<0,001) e os melhores resultados foram encontrados para a inclusão de 10% de bagaço de mandioca e 2% de colorífico de urucum. Não houve efeito dos tratamento e nenhuma interação sobre o rendimento da carcaça. Os parâmetros de cor L *, a * e b * não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. É recomendável a inclusão de bagaço de mandioca a 10% e 1% de colorífico de urucum para frangos de crescimento lento de 30 a 90 dias de idade. No entanto, o uso desses ingredientes provou ser economicamente inviável.

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RESUMO

The performance and breast skin color of slow-growing broilers from 30 to 90 days old fed diets with different inclusions of cassava bagasse and annatto colorific were evaluated. 308 slow-growing broilers were used in a completely randomized experimental design, in a factorial scheme with an additional treatment 3 X 2 + 1, with three levels of annatto colorific as a pigmentant agent (1%, 2% and 3%), two levels of cassava bagasse (10% and 20%) and an additional treatment (control diet), totaling seven treatments, four replicates and 11 broilers per experimental unit. Feed intake and feed conversion were affected by treatments, with interaction. The weight gain and final weight were influenced by the treatments and the best results were found for the inclusion of 10% cassava bagasse and 2% annatto colorific. There was no effect of treatment and no interaction on carcass yield. The color parameters L*, a* and b* were not influenced by treatments. The inclusion of 10% cassava bagasse and 1% annatto colorific for slow-growing broilers from 30 to 90 days of age is recommended. However, the use of these ingredients proved to be economically unfeasible.(AU)

Foram avaliados o desempenho e a cor da pele de frangos de corte de crescimento lento no período de 30 a 90 dias, alimentados com dietas com diferentes inclusões de bagaço de mandioca e colorífico de urucum. 308 frangos de corte de crescimento lento foram utilizados em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com tratamento adicional 3 X 2 + 1, sendo três níveis de colorífico de urucum como agente pigmentante (1%, 2% e 3%), dois níveis de bagaço de mandioca (10% e 20%) e um tratamento adicional (dieta de controle), totalizando sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e 11 frangos de corte por unidade experimental. O consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, com interação. O ganho de peso e o peso final foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (p<0,001) e os melhores resultados foram encontrados para a inclusão de 10% de bagaço de mandioca e 2% de colorífico de urucum. Não houve efeito dos tratamento e nenhuma interação sobre o rendimento da carcaça. Os parâmetros de cor L *, a * e b * não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. É recomendável a inclusão de bagaço de mandioca a 10% e 1% de colorífico de urucum para frangos de crescimento lento de 30 a 90 dias de idade. No entanto, o uso desses ingredientes provou ser economicamente inviável.(AU)

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