RESUMO
The classification of carambola, also known as starfruit, according to quality parameters is usually conducted by trained human evaluators through visual inspections. This is a costly and subjective method that can generate high variability in results. As an alternative, computer vision systems (CVS) combined with deep learning (DCVS) techniques have been introduced in the industry as a powerful and an innovative tool for the rapid and non-invasive classification of fruits. However, validating the learning capability and trustworthiness of a DL model, aka black box, to obtain insights can be challenging. To reduce this gap, we propose an integrated eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method for the classification of carambolas at different maturity stages. We compared two Residual Neural Networks (ResNet) and Visual Transformers (ViT) to identify the image regions that are enhanced by a Random Forest (RF) model, with the aim of providing more detailed information at the feature level for classifying the maturity stage. Changes in fruit colour and physicochemical data throughout the maturity stages were analysed, and the influence of these parameters on the maturity stages was evaluated using the Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), the Attention Maps using RF importance. The proposed approach provides a visualization and description of the most important regions that led to the model decision, in wide visualization follows the models an importance features from RF. Our approach has promising potential for standardized and rapid carambolas classification, achieving 91 % accuracy with ResNet and 95 % with ViT, with potential application for other fruits.
Assuntos
Averrhoa , Frutas , Redes Neurais de Computação , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/classificação , Averrhoa/química , Aprendizado Profundo , Inteligência Artificial , CorRESUMO
This research focused on the molecular diversity of A. carambola collected from three Brazilian biomes (Cerrado, Amazônia, and Mata Atlântica), whose results revealed significant differences in metabolite profiles among these biomes through PSI-MS analysis. Chemometric analysis provided valuable insights into the clustering patterns and metabolic distinctions. Cerrado and Mata Atlântica biomes exhibited a 70 % similarity, indicating a notable degree of resemblance. In Cerrado, carambolaside A was notably abundant, while carambolaside M was low in Amazônia and moderate in Cerrado samples. Carambolaside B was abundant in Amazônia but relatively low in the Cerrado and Mata Atlântica. In contrast, the Amazônia biome samples appeared to be more dissimilar. In Cerrado, epicatechin, kaempferol, and procyanidin B showed lower abundance, while apigenin, quercetin, myricetin, and rutin displayed moderate levels. Mata Atlântica showed relatively higher levels of kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin. This study indicated the environmental influence on secondary metabolites production in A. carambola fruits.
Assuntos
Averrhoa , Metabolômica , Brasil , Averrhoa/química , Averrhoa/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
The aim of this study was to develop a star fruit extract (SFE) and incorporate it into aerogels based on native and phosphorylated potato starches. The phosphorylation of starch enhances its properties by incorporating phosphate groups that increase the spaces between starch molecules, resulting in a more resilient, intact aerogel with enhanced water absorption. The bioactive aerogels based on potato starch and 10, 15, and 20 % (w/w) of SFE were characterized by their morphological and thermogravimetric properties, infrared spectra, water absorption capacity, loading capacity, and antioxidant activity. Epicatechin was the major compound present in SFE. The thermal stability of SFE increased when incorporated into phosphorylated starch aerogels at a concentration of 20 %. The water absorption capacity was higher in phosphorylated starch aerogels (reaching 1577 %) than in their native counterparts (reaching 1100 %). Native starch aerogels with 15 and 20 % SFE exhibited higher antioxidant activity against hydroxyl free radicals compared to phosphorylated starch aerogels, achieving 79.9 % and 86.4 % inhibition for the hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals, respectively. The ideal choice of freeze-dried aerogel depends on the desired effect, either to act as an antioxidant agent by releasing bioactive compounds from SFE or as a water-absorbent agent in food products.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Frutas , Géis , Extratos Vegetais , Solanum tuberosum , Amido , Solanum tuberosum/química , Géis/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Amido/química , Fosforilação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Frutas/química , Averrhoa/química , Água/químicaRESUMO
Averrhoa carambola L. presents in its composition diversity of nutrients and vitamins. The present study aimed to extract water and fat-soluble compounds from this fruit at different stages of maturation (green and mature), perform the physical-chemical characterization as well as evaluate its cytotoxicity against hepatoma cells of Rattus norvegicus (HTC). The physicochemical results showed that the pH and molar acidity is influenced by the fruit maturation state. The fruit presented high percentage of moisture, while the percentage of total minerals (ash) increased according to its maturation stage. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that star fruits present phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity showed greater potential for the ethanolic extracts of the green and mature star fruit. For HTC cells treated with ethanolic extract of green and mature star fruit the data show absence of cytotoxic effect. The tests with the aqueous extract showed cytotoxic/antiproliferative effect of green and mature star fruit extract, in 24, 48 and 72 hours. The presence of nutraceutical compounds and the cytotoxic/antiproliferative activity were more expressive in the aqueous extract, being an option of easily accessible solvent economic and not harmful to organisms.
Assuntos
Averrhoa , Ratos , Animais , Averrhoa/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais , Vitaminas , Frutas/química , Água , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Etanol/análiseRESUMO
This study evaluated physical characteristics, chemical composition, content of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and minerals in biribiri fruits (Averrhoa bilimbi) from the Middle Doce River region (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Titratable acidity was determined by volumetric neutralization, pH by direct potentiometry, soluble solids by refractometry, humidity by gravimetry, ash by calcination in muffle, proteins by the micro-Kjeldahl method, dietary fiber by non-enzymatic gravimetric method and lipids using a Soxhlet extractor. Carotenoids and vitamin C were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and vitamin E by HPLC with fluorescence detector. Fourteen minerals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Biribiri showed high yield of edible portion (100%), low lipid, protein and carbohydrate content, and; consequently, low total energy value (25.36 kcal 100 g-¹). The fruit also showed low dietary fiber content (0.62 g 100 g-¹), total vitamin E (17.62 µg 100 g-¹), total carotenoids (0.32 g 100 g-¹), and high vitamin C, zinc, copper, iron content, manganese, molybdenum and chrome content. Regarding the heavy metals, the fruit showed no cadmium, and traces of aluminum and nickel. In conclusion, biribiri presented low energy value and expressive contents of dietary fibers, vitamin C, iron, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, and copper.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas, a composição química, teor de vitamina C, vitamina E, carotenoides e minerais em frutos de biribiri (Averrhoa bilimbi) do território do Médio Rio Doce (Minas Gerais, Brasil). A acidez titulável foi determinada por neutralização volumétrica, o pH por potenciometria direta, os sólidos solúveis por refratometria, a umidade por gravimetria, as cinzas por calcinação em mufla, as proteínas pelo método micro-Kjeldahl, as fibras alimentares pelo método gravimétrico não enzimático e os lipídios usando um extrator Soxhlet. Os carotenoides e a vitamina C foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A vitamina E foi analisada por CLAE com detector de fluorescência e quatorze minerais foram analisados por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. O biribiri apresentou alto rendimento de porção comestível (100%), baixos teores de lipídios, proteínas e carboidratos e, consequentemente, baixo valor total de energia (25,36 kcal 100 g-¹). Os frutos também apresentaram baixos teores de fibra alimentar (0,62 g 100 g-¹), vitamina E total (17,62 µg 100 g-¹), carotenoides totais (0,32 g 100 g-¹) e altos teores de vitamina C, zinco, cobre, ferro, manganês, molibdênio e conteúdo cromado. Em relação aos metais pesados, os frutos não apresentaram cádmio e tiveram vestígios de alumínio e níquel. Em conclusão, o biribiri apresentou baixo valor energético e conteúdos expressivos de fibras alimentares, vitamina C, ferro, manganês, molibdênio, cromo, zinco e cobre.
Assuntos
Averrhoa/química , Frutas , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
The objective of this work was to perform the phytochemical characterization, to determine total phenols, antioxidant (AAO%) and antimicrobial potential of the ethanolic extracts of carambola. The phytochemical study was carried out through a qualitative analysis of the chemical constituents and quantitative determination of the phenol content By the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Qualitative and quantitative antioxidant tests were performed using the DPPH method (2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazila) and iron reduction (FRAP). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution in 96-well plates. The presence of pyrogallic tannins, steroids and saponins has been identified. The highest total phenol content, quantified in the samples, was found in the stem bark (0.0866 mgEAG/g) and in the fruit (0.0734 mgEAG/g). In the antioxidant evaluation, the extracts of the green fruit bagasse (AAO% 71.9%,) and stem bark at 50 g/mL (AAO% 94%) with CE50 23.7 g/mL. Leaf extracts, stem bark, ripe fruit bagasse and green fruit bagasse presented MICs of 100 g/mL against multiresistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi.(AU)
O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar a caracterização fitoquímica, determinar fenóis totais, potencial antioxidante (AAO%) e antimicrobiano dos extratos etanólicos de carambola O estudo fitoquímico foi realizado por meio de análise qualitativa dos constituintes químicos e determinação quantitativa do teor de fenóis totais pelo teste de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os testes antioxidantes qualitativos e quantitativos foram realizados pelo método do DPPH (2,2 difenil-1- picril-hidrazila) e redução do ferro (FRAP). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada por microdiluição em placas de 96 poços. Foi identificada a presença de taninos pirogálicos, esteroides e saponinas. O maior teor de fenóis totais, quantificado nas amostras, foi encontrado na casca do caule (0,0866 mg EAG/g) e no fruto (0,0734 mg EAG/g). Na avaliação antioxidante destacaram-se a 500 µg/mL os extratos do bagaço do fruto verde (AAO% 71,9%,), e casca do caule a 50 µg/mL (AAO% 94%) com CE50 23,7 µg/mL. Os extratos das folhas, casca do caule, bagaço do fruto maduro e bagaço do fruto verde apresentaram CIM de 100 µg/mL contra bactérias e fungos patogênicos multirresistentes.(AU)
Assuntos
Averrhoa/química , Averrhoa/microbiologia , Antioxidantes , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
A fisiologia pós-colheita da carambola é marcada por uma série de transformações fisiológicas e bioquímicas que favorecem a perda de qualidade do frutoao longo doperíodo de armazenamento, podendo-se destacar a elevada perda de água, o amolecimento da polpa, a perda de coloração natural, dentre outros. Com o intuito de minimizar esses efeitos o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes concentrações de quitosana como revestimento na preservação dos constituintes físico-químicos durante o armazenamento refrigerado de carambolas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado sob arranjofatorial 4x5, isto é, quatro concentrações de quitosana (0, 1, 2 e 3%) e cinco tempos de armazenamento (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 dias). Em intervalos de quatro dias determinou-se: perda de massa fresca, firmeza dos frutos, coloração da casca (H° e C), sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável, relação SS/AT, pH econteúdo de vitamina C total. O revestimento com 2 e 3% de quitosana resultaram em frutos mais firmes, com menor perda de massa, da coloração natural e do conteúdo de vitamina C total, além de não promover alterações quanto ao sabor através do conteúdo de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e pH.(AU)
The post-harvest physiology of the carambola is marked by a series of physiological and biochemical transformations that favor the loss of fruit quality during the storage period, being it possible to highlight the high loss of water, the softening of the pulp, the loss of natural coloration , among others. In order to minimize these effects, the present work aimed to evaluate different concentrations of chitosan as a coating in the preservation of physicochemical constituents during refrigerated storage of carambolas. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design under a 4x5 factorial arrangement, that is, four concentrations of chitosan (0, 1, 2 e 3%) and five storage times (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days). At four-day intervals, fresh weight loss, fruit firmness, peel color (H ° and C), total soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS / AT ratio, pH and total vitamin C content were determined. The 2 and 3% chitosan coating resulted in firmer fruits with lower mass loss, natural coloring and total vitamin C content, and did not promote flavor changes through the content of soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH.(AU)
Assuntos
Averrhoa/química , Averrhoa/fisiologia , Quitosana/efeitos adversos , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Quitosana/administração & dosagem , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
A fisiologia pós-colheita da carambola é marcada por uma série de transformações fisiológicas e bioquímicas que favorecem a perda de qualidade do frutoao longo doperíodo de armazenamento, podendo-se destacar a elevada perda de água, o amolecimento da polpa, a perda de coloração natural, dentre outros. Com o intuito de minimizar esses efeitos o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes concentrações de quitosana como revestimento na preservação dos constituintes físico-químicos durante o armazenamento refrigerado de carambolas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado sob arranjofatorial 4x5, isto é, quatro concentrações de quitosana (0, 1, 2 e 3%) e cinco tempos de armazenamento (0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 dias). Em intervalos de quatro dias determinou-se: perda de massa fresca, firmeza dos frutos, coloração da casca (H° e C), sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável, relação SS/AT, pH econteúdo de vitamina C total. O revestimento com 2 e 3% de quitosana resultaram em frutos mais firmes, com menor perda de massa, da coloração natural e do conteúdo de vitamina C total, além de não promover alterações quanto ao sabor através do conteúdo de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e pH.
The post-harvest physiology of the carambola is marked by a series of physiological and biochemical transformations that favor the loss of fruit quality during the storage period, being it possible to highlight the high loss of water, the softening of the pulp, the loss of natural coloration , among others. In order to minimize these effects, the present work aimed to evaluate different concentrations of chitosan as a coating in the preservation of physicochemical constituents during refrigerated storage of carambolas. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design under a 4x5 factorial arrangement, that is, four concentrations of chitosan (0, 1, 2 e 3%) and five storage times (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days). At four-day intervals, fresh weight loss, fruit firmness, peel color (H ° and C), total soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS / AT ratio, pH and total vitamin C content were determined. The 2 and 3% chitosan coating resulted in firmer fruits with lower mass loss, natural coloring and total vitamin C content, and did not promote flavor changes through the content of soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH.
Assuntos
Averrhoa/fisiologia , Averrhoa/química , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Quitosana/administração & dosagem , Quitosana/efeitos adversos , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma conserva acidificada, utilizando como matéria-prima o biri- -biri (Averrhoa bilimbi), no estágio de maturação verde, visando obter um produto com maior vida de prateleira. A caracterização físico-química foi realizada por meio das análises de pH, acidez total e sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), avaliando esses atributos nos tempos 0, 8 ,15 e 30 dias. As metodologias utilizadas para as análises do estudo foram as preconizadas pelas Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Os resultados obtidos para pH, nos tempos 0, 8,15 e 30 dias, foram de 1,91, 1,70, 2,27 e 3,30 respectivamente. No que se refere à acidez total, os valores encontrados foram, nos mesmos intervalos acima descritos, de 4,30%; 3,07%; 1,68% e 1,50% de ácido acético. Quanto aos teores de sólidos solúveis (ºBrix), os resultados foram: 3,30; 3,53; 3,46 e 3,33 ºBrix, nos tempos 0, 8,15 e 30 dias, respectivamente. Pelos resultados obtidos, observa-se que a conserva de biri-biri elaborada apresentou características físico-químicas conformes com o requerido pela legislação vigente, no que se refere aos valores de pH, podendo ser classificado como um produto de baixa acidez, mostrando-se como uma boa alternativa para o consumo e conservação dessa fruta, quando não encontrada in natura.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Regulador de Acidez , Alimentos em Conserva , Averrhoa/química , Composição de Alimentos , Picles , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar uma conserva acidificada, utilizando como matéria-prima o biri- -biri (Averrhoa bilimb i), no estágio de maturação verde, visando obter um produto com maior vida de prateleira. A caracterização físico-química foi realizada por meio das análises de pH, acidez total e sólidos solúveis (OBrix), avaliando esses atributos nos tempos 0, 8 ,15 e 30 dias. As metodologias utilizadas para as análises do estudo foram as preconizadas pelas Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Os resultados obtidos para pH, nos tempos 0, 8,15 e 30 dias, foram de 1,91, 1,70,2,27 e 3,30 respectivamente. No que se refere à acidez total, os valores encontrados foram, nos mesmos intervalos acima descritos, de 4,30%; 3,07%; 1,68% e 1,50% de ácido acético. Quanto aos teores de sólidos solúveis (oBrix), os resultados foram: 3,30; 3,53; 3,46 e 3,33 °Brix, nos tempos 0, 8,15 e 30 dias, respectivamente. Pelos resultados obtidos, observa-se que a conserva de biri-biri elaborada apresentou características físico-quimicas conformes com o requerido pela legislação vigente, no que se refere aos valores de pH, podendo ser classificado como um produto de baixa acidez, mostrando-se como uma boa alternativa para o consumo e conservação dessa fruta, quando hão encontrada in natura.(AU)
The objective of this study was to develop an acidified canned, using as raw material known as biri-biri (Averrhoa bilimbi) in its green maturation stage, to obtain a product with longer shelf life. The physicochemical characterization was performed using the pH, total acidity and soluble solids (oBrix), assessing these attributes for 0, 8, 15 and 30 days. The Analytical Standards Institute Adolf Lutz recommended the methodologies used for this study analysis. The results obtained for pH at 0, 8, 15 and 30 days, were 1.91, 1.70, 2.27 and 3.30 respectively. As regards the total acidity, the values were in the same range described above 4.30%, 3.07%, 1.68% and 1.50% acetic acid. As for soluble solids (Brix), the results were 3.30, 3.52, 3.46 and 3.33 Brixo at times O, 8, 15 and 30 days, respectively. From the results, it is observed that the biri-biri preserve elaborate presented physicochemical characteristics within the required by law, with respect to pH and can be classified as a low acid product, showing how a good alternative to the consumption and conservation of this fruit when notfound in nature.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Alimentos em Conserva , Regulador de Acidez , Averrhoa/química , Fenômenos Químicos , Composição de Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , PiclesRESUMO
A structural characterization of polysaccharides from edible tropical fruit named starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) was carried out. After the purification steps, two homogeneous fractions were obtained. Fraction 50R was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and uronic acid in 4.3:56.2:37.4:2M ratio, respectively and fraction 10R was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose and uronic acid in 2.8:65.8:28.5:3M ratio, respectively. Methylation and NMR spectroscopy analyses showed that these fractions are formed by pectic arabinogalactans, which contain (1â3), (1â6) and (1â3,6)-linked Galp units. The side chains have 3-O-, 5-O- and 3,5-di-O-linked α-Araf and nonreducing end-units of α-Araf, Arap, ß-Galp and α-GlcpA. These arabinogalactans were linked to type I rhamnogalacturonans.
Assuntos
Averrhoa/química , Frutas/química , Galactanos/química , Pectinas/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Arabinose/análise , Galactose/análise , Ramnose/análise , Ácidos Urônicos/análiseRESUMO
Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is an edible tropical fruit, which is usually consumed as a fresh table fruit or as fruit juice. It also exhibits various pharmacological activities. In this study, polysaccharides were extracted with boiling water and purified by freeze-thawing and Fehling treatments. After purification steps, a homogenous fraction was obtained. It was analyzed by sugar composition, gel permeation chromatography, methylation, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy analyses. It comprised arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), and galacturonic acid (GalA) in a molar ratio of 12.3:1.7:86.0. Methylation and NMR spectroscopy analyses showed that it contained a substituted galacturonan composed of (1â4)-linked α-D-Galp A units branched at O-2 by (1â5)-linked α-L-Araf and terminal α-L-Araf and α-D-Galp A units. The effect of PFSCW (10-300mg/kg, i.p.) on nocifensive behavior induced by intraplantar injection of formalin in mice was evaluated. The fraction demonstrated antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting that it may be useful in therapeutic intervention for the management of inflammatory pain.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Averrhoa/química , Pectinas/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Pectinas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of micronized insoluble fiber from starfruit bagasse as an ingredient of a functional food (FF) or as micronized insoluble fiber-rich fraction (IFRF) and its effects in vivo on lipids metabolism in a murine model. Experimental animals were divided in four isoproteic (15.8%) treatments differing on the fiber and cholesterol level used. The micronized IFRF particle size ranged from 37.5 to 149 µm. Treatments with added IFRF and those including the FF lowered serum triacylglycerols, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) concentrations (IFRF: 14.2, 25.4, 55.06, and 12.18%, respectively; FF: 30.18, 39.47, 35.11, and 43.18%, respectively). IFRF produced the overall highest serum hypolipidemic effect and prevented the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver. Both the IFRF and the FF exhibited hypolipidemic effects that suggest a potential role of starfruit insoluble fiber as a component of FFs aimed against cardiovascular diseases.