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PURPOSE: Aerobic training has been shown to be effective in improving cardiopulmonary fitness in asthmatic children. However, the actual impact of physical training on clinical indicators of disease control remains controversial. METHODS: Thirty-eight children with moderate to severe persistent asthma were randomly assigned to control (N=17) and training (N=21) groups. Spirometry, exercise challenge, and maximum incremental cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed 16 wk apart. Daily doses of inhaled steroids and Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) scores were also recorded. RESULTS: Physical training was associated with significant improvements in physiological variables at peak and submaximal exercise (P<0.05); in contrast, no significant changes were found in controls. Severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and postexercise breathlessness were significantly lessened in trained patients; improvement in fitness and EIB, however, were not linearly related (P>0.05). In addition, PAQLQ scores improved only in trained children (P<0.01). Daily doses of inhaled steroids were reduced in trained patients (52%), but they remained unchanged or increased in controls (70.6%) (P=0.07). CONCLUSION: Supervised exercise training might be associated with beneficial effects on disease control and quality of life in asthmatic children. These data suggest an adjunct role of physical conditioning on clinical management of patients with more advanced disease.

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OBJETIVO: Descrever os mecanismos da asma induzida pelo exercício (AIE), bem como os efeitos de diferentes tipos de treinamento físico na função pulmonar e nas capacidades aeróbia e anaeróbia. Destaca-se a importância de um diagnóstico correto mediante o teste de exercício e, no manejo, o uso de drogas beta-adrenérgicas e anticolinérgicas. FONTE DOS DADOS: Os artigos foram criteriosamente escolhidos utilizando as bases de dados PubMed e Scielo pelo ano de publicação e dando preferência a ensaios clínicos randomizados, com critérios de seleção da amostra bem definidos. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: Os mecanismos para explicar a AIE permanecem sem conclusão, mas parece haver uma interação fisiológica entre as hipóteses aqui apresentadas. O uso de medicamentos e as freqüentes crises durante o exercício aparecem como fatores limitantes para a prática de exercícios físicos, conduzindo para um estilo de vida sedentário. CONCLUSÃO: Deve-se incentivar a prática de exercícios devidamente prescritos e minimizar as restrições aos sujeitos com AIE.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA) as well as the effect of different kinds of physical training on pulmonary function, anaerobic fitness, and aerobic fitness. We highlighted the importance of a correct diagnostic through exercise testing and, concerning treatment, the utilization of drugs such as beta-adrenergics and anticholinergics. DATA SOURCE: The articles were chosen using the PubMed and Scielo databases, considering the year of publication and giving preference to clinical randomized trials with well-defined inclusion criteria. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The medication used and the frequent symptoms during and after exercise appear as a limiting factor to the practice of exercises among subjects with EIA. This may result in a sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSION: Subjects with EIA should be allowed to do exercise if well prescribed.

OBJETIVO: Describir los mecanismos del asma inducido por el ejercicio (AIE), así como los efectos de diferentes tipos de entrenamiento físico sobre la función pulmonar y las capacidades aeróbica y anaeróbica. Se destaca la importancia de un diagnóstico correcto mediante el test de ejercicio y el manejo o uso de drogas beta-adrenérgicas y anticolinérgicas. FUENTES: Los artículos fueron cuidadosamente escogidos utilizando las bases de dados de PubMed y Scielo por el año de publicación, dando preferencia a ensayos clínicos randomizados, con criterios de selección de muestra bien definidos. SíNTESES DE DATOS: Los mecanismos para explicar la AIE permanecen sin conclusión, pero parece haber una interacción fisiológica entre las hipótesis aquí presentadas. El uso de medicamentos y las frecuentes crisis durante el ejercicio aparecen como factores limitantes para la práctica de ejercicios físicos, conduciendo esto a un estilo de vida sedentario. CONCLUSION: Se debe incentivar la práctica de ejercicios debidamente prescritos y minimizar las restricciones a los individuos con AIE.

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BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced asthma is a transitory bronchospasm, which occurs after 6 to 8 minutes of continuous exercise. Diagnosis is done by a suggestive clinical history and by 15 to 20% post-challenge fall in FEV1. It happens in about 6 to 13% of general population, 90% of asthmatic individuals and 40% of individuals with allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE: To know the frequency of asthma induced by exercise in a group of asthmatic children and teenagers who went to a summer camp. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study, which included 33 patients suffering from intermittent mild asthma, was based on espirometric measurements made before and after 8 minutes of continuous exercise (running). None of them had previous diagnosis of exercise-induced asthma. FEV1 greater than or equal to 15% was considered exercise-induced asthma. The test was performed at a room temperature of 73F and humidity of 40%. All patients were asymptomatic before the study and were given short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists as rescue medication, which was not administered during the 12 previous hours to the test. Data analysis was made by means of descriptive statistic. RESULTS: Thirty-three children aged 8-16 years with diagnosis of asthma were studied, with an average age of 12.5 years; 42.4% were female and 57.5% male. Of the 33 patients, 6 had (18.2%) a 15% fall in FEV1 after exercise; 50% of these patients showed exercise-induced mild asthma, 33% moderate and 17% severe. At the end of the test, in six patients (100%) FEV1 increased by 15%, five minutes after the administration of a beta2-agonist. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-induced asthma is frequent among asthmatic pediatric patients, occurring in 18.8% of this study. Likelihood of having exercise-induced asthma must be deliberately investigated in all asthmatic patients, in order to establish an opportune diagnosis of this condition and provide recommendations of preventing therapy.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine if a physician-administered physical examination and screening questionnaire accurately detects exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in adolescent athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 256 adolescents participating in organized sports from 3 suburban high schools. The number of persons screened positive for EIB by physical examination and questionnaire was compared with the number of persons with EIB diagnosed by a "gold standard" test that consisted of a 7-minute exercise challenge followed by serial spirometry. RESULTS: We diagnosed EIB in 9.4% of adolescent athletes. The screening history identified persons with symptoms or a previous diagnosis suggestive of EIB in 39.5% of the participants, but only 12.9% of these persons actually had EIB. Among adolescents with a negative review of symptoms of asthma or EIB, 7.8% had EIB. Among adolescents with no previous diagnosis of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or EIB, 7.2% had EIB diagnosed by exercise challenge. Persons who screened negative on all questions about symptoms or history of asthma, EIB, and allergic rhinitis accounted for 45.8% of the adolescents with EIB. CONCLUSIONS: EIB occurs frequently in adolescent athletes, and screening by physical examination and medical history does not accurately detect it.

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Objetivo: O autor apresenta uma revisão a respeito do broncoespasmo induzido por exercício com ênfase na sua prevalência e sintomas respiratórios. Métodos: Foram selecionados os artigos mais significativos e de maior destaque acerca da doença desde a sua descrição em 1946. Resultados: O broncoespasmo, induzido por exercício, representa um exemplo de responsividade brônquica anormal a estímulo não imunológico. A hiper-responsividade brônquica é uma condição básica para que haja o desenvolvimento do broncoespasmo induzido por exercício. É importante ressaltar que esta condição é reversível, principalmente se o tratamento é estabelecido no início da doença. Conclusão: O broncoespasmo, induzido por exercício, é uma patologia ainda pouco conhecida no que se refere ao seu tratamento, diagnóstico e prognóstico. A maioria necessita de um tratamento completo da asma, pois os sinais e sintomas relacionados ao exercício, na verdade são manifestações de um processo inflamatório mais acentuado e hiper-responsividade brônquica subjacente.

Objective: The author presents a review about exercise induced bronchospasm, with particular emphasis on prevalence and respiratory symptoms. Methods: The most relevant articles concerning the disorder were selected, from the inicial description of the disease, in 1946. Results: Exercise induce bronchospasm represents an abnormal bronchial responsiveness to a non immunological stimulus. Bronchial responsiveness in necessary to have exercise induce bronchospasm. It is important to emphasise that this condition is reversible particularly if the treatment is started in the beginning of the disease. Conclusions: Exercise induce bronchospasm is still a condition scarcely known among paediatricians, particularly regarding treatment, diagnosis and prognosis. The majority needs a complete treatment of asthma particularly because the respiratory symptoms related to exercise represents a great inflammatory process.

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AIMS: The exercise-induced bronchoespasm, also called asthma for exercise, it corresponds to a frequent clinical entity that commonly accompanies the asthmatic patient. Their frequency is of around the 80 to 90% for the patients with asthma; it is presented among 40 to 50% of the children with allergic rhinitis, in the athletes 14% and in the population's 12% in general. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a heating routine like preventive agent of the exercise-induced bronchoespasm. METHOD: 30 patients were included of between 10 and 16 years of age, asthmatic and with exercise-induced bronchoespasm by diagnosed by means of challenge test to the exercise. All the patients carried out an exercise routine with duration of 20 minutes during which movements of elasticity, calisthenics and light activity were made directed to the exercise to develop, taking as objective parameter 60% of the frequency heart submax. Did all the patients carry out challenge at once, again to the exercise, in which a band numberless was used, with speeds that were increased progressively from 1 to 8 km/h and with inclination of 0? 10 0. The spirometrics registrations was made before the challenge and at the 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 minutes after the same one. RESULTS: The average of the patient's age was of 12.8 +/- 2 years with size of 157 +/- 10 cm. CONCLUSION: The heating in children with broncoespasmo induced by exercise acts as a protective agent against the decrement of the VEF-1. Although the heating can be a good control method in the asthmatic patient, it is necessary to keep in mind that not all the patients have a benefit of this protection. This can only be used in patient with programmed physical activity, since in the preschoolers it is not possible to implant a heating routine for the characteristics characteristic of their activity.

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En el presente reporte se aborda el tema de la respuesta broncoconstrictora que se produce en los niños asmáticos luego de realizar ejercicio físico de cierta intensidad y duración. Se analizan los elementos etiopatogénicos reconocidos, en donde persiste como hecho central el nivel de hiperventilación alcanzado durante el ejercicio. Hasta hace poco tiempo la discusión se focalizó en la pérdida de agua y el enfriamiento del árbol bronquial producido por la hiperventilación, y en los distintos mediadores secretados producto de estos cambios locales en la vía aérea respiratoria. Actualmente el interés en los cambios vasculares ocasionados por el ejercicio en la vía aérea de sujetos hiperreactivos ocupa un lugar preponderante en la discusión de los hechos patogénicos del evento obstructivo. El conocimiento etiopatogénico del asma inducida por ejercicio (AIE), permite definir estrategias farmacológicas y no farmacológicas que son discutidas en este trabajo. Se analizan también los aspectos propios del esfuerzo físico como tipo, duración, intensidad de la actividad física o deportiva y su relación con el AIE

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El objetivo fue examinar el efecto preventivo de la terbutalina vía turbahaler en niños con asma inducido por ejercicio (AIE). Se estudiaron 20 casos (7-13 años), 12 varones y 8 mujeres, a quienes se les efectuó: una espirometría basal usando un espirómetro Flowmate 2500, test de provocación en cinta ergométrica Zuccolo Mod 315 llegando al 85 por ciento de su capacidad cardíaca durante 6', espirometria a los 7' y 30' post ejercicio. Durante la misma semana fue realizado el mismo estudio 15' posterior a la inhalación de 0,5 mg de terbutalina vía turbuhaler y el test con placebo a 12 pacientes. Fueron comparados los valores originales post ejercicio, y los encontrados posterior al uso de la terbutalina. Se encontraron 19 casos (95 por ciento) con Protección total (disminución < 5 por ciento del FEV1), 1 caso (5 por ciento) Protección parcial (disminución < del 10 por ciento FEV1) y sin encontrarse efectos significativos con placebos. La severidad del broncoespasmo en AIE fue significativamente reducida mediante el uso de terbutalina 15' previo al ejercicio y no observándose efectos adversos. La terbutalina vía turbuhaler es una droga B2 potente, y quizás su efecto mayor radica en el mejor depósito de la droga a nivel pulmonar, muy útil y práctico para casos de asma inducido por ejercicio, puesto que puede mejorar la calidad de vida de los asmáticos.

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El objetivo fue examinar el efecto preventivo de la terbutalina vía turbahaler en niños con asma inducido por ejercicio (AIE). Se estudiaron 20 casos (7-13 años), 12 varones y 8 mujeres, a quienes se les efectuó: una espirometría basal usando un espirómetro Flowmate 2500, test de provocación en cinta ergométrica Zuccolo Mod 315 llegando al 85 por ciento de su capacidad cardíaca durante 6, espirometria a los 7 y 30 post ejercicio. Durante la misma semana fue realizado el mismo estudio 15 posterior a la inhalación de 0,5 mg de terbutalina vía turbuhaler y el test con placebo a 12 pacientes. Fueron comparados los valores originales post ejercicio, y los encontrados posterior al uso de la terbutalina. Se encontraron 19 casos (95 por ciento) con Protección total (disminución < 5 por ciento del FEV1), 1 caso (5 por ciento) Protección parcial (disminución < del 10 por ciento FEV1) y sin encontrarse efectos significativos con placebos. La severidad del broncoespasmo en AIE fue significativamente reducida mediante el uso de terbutalina 15 previo al ejercicio y no observándose efectos adversos. La terbutalina vía turbuhaler es una droga B2 potente, y quizás su efecto mayor radica en el mejor depósito de la droga a nivel pulmonar, muy útil y práctico para casos de asma inducido por ejercicio, puesto que puede mejorar la calidad de vida de los asmáticos. (AU)

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Se comparó la efectividad de nedocromil sódico, cromoglicato de sodio y placebo (beclometasona) en la prevención de la broncoconstricción provocada por ejercicio en 22 niños con asma leve o moderado de 6 a 14 años de edad, mediante el registro de la caída del flujo espiratorio máximo después de una carrera libre de 6 minutos de duración en espacio abierto. Para estos efectos todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a una serie de 4 ejercicios (basal, después de inhalación de beclometasona, cromoglicato y nedocromil, estos dos últimos fueron suministrados bajo un régimen de doble ciego). El índice de caída promedio basal (sin medicamentos) fue 33 por ciento, ante 28,9 por ciento (NS) después de inhalar placebo y 15 por ciento después de inhalar cromoglicato y nedocromil

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In view of the high incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) in asthmatic adolescents and adults, the aim of the present study was to examine the preventive effect of nedocromil sodium administered prior to an exercise provocation test. The study involved 30 adolescents with EIA, aged between 14 and 19 years, who attended gymnastics classes at the Children's Hospital and Aerobics School. Baseline spirometry, six-minute treadmill running and spirometry for 7-15 minutes post-exercise were performed. During the same week and under identical temperature and humidity conditions, the same test was carried out with 4 mg nedocromil sodium (two inhalations) administered 30 minutes before exercise. Original post-exercise FEV1 values were compared with the findings after administration of nedocromil sodium. Seventeen subjects (56%) were totally protected (< 5% decrease in FEV1) and 13 subjects (44%) were partially protected (< 10% decrease in FEV1). EIA persisted in the fifteen subjects who received placebo pretreatment. Nedocromil sodium, administered 30 minutes prior to exercise, was effective, providing an opportunity to enhance the quality of life of the asthmatic patient troubled by exercise-induced symptoms.

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Gran parte de los niños asmáticos son hiperreactores al ejercicio; diferentes autores han informado que la frecuencia varía entre 55 y 80%. Con el objetivo de valorar el efecto preventivo del bromuro de ipratropio concomitante a fenoterol sobre el broncoespasmo inducido por ejercicio se estudiaron 16 niños de 6 a 15 años de edad con antecedentes clínicos de asma inducida por ejercicio (AIE). Se les adminsitró 40 µg de bromuro de ipratropio y 400 µg de fenoterol en erosol empleando inhaladores dosificados. Se concluyó que la relación de un beta-adrenérgico (fenoterol) y un anticolinérgico (bromuro de ipratropio), es eficaz para prevenir el broncoespasmo inducido por el ejercicio en el niño asmático

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Las dificultades para la inhalación de drogas envasadas a presión excluyen de esta importante arma terapéutica, a un numeroso grupo de pacientes. Buscando solucionar esto, desarrollamos un método alternativo consistente en una mascarilla confeccionada con parte de un matraz desechable para soluciones endovenosas. El asma inducida por ejercicio fue inhibida por la inhalación de Salbutamol en dosificador presurizado administrado mediante el método clásico directo y el método alternativo usando la aerocámara descrita en un grupo de 17 niños asmáticos (5 a 11 años), con índices iniciales de caída del FEM iguales o mayores que 12%, provocados con prueba de ejercicio estándar

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