Assuntos
Bioética , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Racismo , Humanos , Bioética/história , História do Século XX , Grupos Raciais , Fatores Raciais , Racismo/ética , Racismo/etnologia , Racismo/história , Racismo/legislação & jurisprudência , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Asiático/história , Estados Unidos , Legislação como Assunto/ética , Legislação como Assunto/história , História do Século XIXRESUMO
Population size history is essential for studying human evolution. However, ancient population size history during the Pleistocene is notoriously difficult to unravel. In this study, we developed a fast infinitesimal time coalescent process (FitCoal) to circumvent this difficulty and calculated the composite likelihood for present-day human genomic sequences of 3154 individuals. Results showed that human ancestors went through a severe population bottleneck with about 1280 breeding individuals between around 930,000 and 813,000 years ago. The bottleneck lasted for about 117,000 years and brought human ancestors close to extinction. This bottleneck is congruent with a substantial chronological gap in the available African and Eurasian fossil record. Our results provide new insights into our ancestry and suggest a coincident speciation event.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Genoma Humano , Dinâmica Populacional , Humanos , População Negra/genética , População Negra/história , Genômica , Fósseis , Dinâmica Populacional/história , População Europeia/genética , População Europeia/história , Asiático/genética , Asiático/históriaRESUMO
Anti-Asian discrimination and assaults have increased significantly during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, contributing to a "secondary contagion" of racism. The United States has a long and well-documented history of both interpersonal and structural anti-Asian discrimination, and the current pandemic reinforces longstanding negative stereotypes of this rapidly growing minority group as the "Yellow Peril."We provide a general overview of the history of anti-Asian discrimination in the United States, review theoretical and empirical associations between discrimination and health, and describe the associated public health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, citing relevant evidence from previous disasters in US history that became racialized.Although the literature suggests that COVID-19 will likely have significant negative effects on the health of Asian Americans and other vulnerable groups, there are reasons for optimism as well. These include the emergence of mechanisms for reporting and tracking incidents of racial bias, increased awareness of racism's insidious harms and subsequent civic and political engagement by the Asian American community, and further research into resilience-promoting factors that can reduce the negative health effects of racism.
Assuntos
Asiático , Infecções por Coronavirus/etnologia , Pneumonia Viral/etnologia , Racismo/estatística & dados numéricos , Asiático/história , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública/tendências , Racismo/história , SARS-CoV-2 , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The forcible relocation of Japanese-Canadians (Nikkei) during World War II has been widely examined; however, little scholarly attention has been paid to the impact of relocation on the medical services provided to, and by, the Nikkei. This article highlights the issue of providing sufficient medical care during forcible relocation and the experiences of one Nikkei physician, Dr Masajiro Miyazaki. His story illustrates both the limitations in the healthcare provided to the Nikkei community during relocation and the struggle for Nikkei medical professionals to continue their practice during the war. The agency of the Nikkei-who constantly balanced resistance and adaptation to oppressive conditions-comes to the forefront with this case study. Dr Miyazaki's personal records of forcible relocation, as well as his published memoir, reveal aspects of the lived reality of one Nikkei physician who was not included in the government discourse, or in the dialogue among his fellow Nikkei physicians, such as inter-racial medical care. It is evident through this case that there was great diversity in the level of medical care which the Nikkei received during their relocation in Canada. Furthermore, Dr Masajiro Miyazaki's story proves that healthcare professionals, from doctors to nurses' aides who were both Nikkei and white, provided extraordinary medical services during the forcible relocation, despite significant constraints.
Assuntos
Asiático/história , Assistência à Saúde Culturalmente Competente/história , Atenção à Saúde/etnologia , Médicos/história , II Guerra Mundial , Canadá , Atenção à Saúde/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Japão/etnologia , Narrativas Pessoais como AssuntoAssuntos
Asiático/história , História da Enfermagem , Hospitais Militares/história , Enfermagem Militar/história , Militares/história , Enfermeiros Internacionais/história , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar/história , Adulto , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , VirginiaRESUMO
There has been a 72% increase in the Asian American population from approximately 12 million in 2000 to 21 million in 2015. By 2050, there will be 33.4 million Asian Americans living in the United States, making this population the most rapidly growing ethnic group in the country. There is a myth that Asian Americans are a model conservative minority group in terms of sexual behavior and safe sexual practices and are not at risk of sexually transmitted infections including HIV. However, they are the only ethnic group in the United States that had a continuous increase in HIV infection rates from 4.9 per 100,000 in 2011 to 5.5 per 100,000 in 2016. Due to state and national methods of data collection for race and ethnicity with regard to sexually transmitted infection and HIV, the Asian American population's data are often limited. The purpose of this article is to identify the potential historical and political reasons why the Asian American population's HIV or sexual risk has not been fully documented and to propose potential health policy solutions.
Assuntos
Asiático/história , Asiático/estatística & dados numéricos , Coleta de Dados/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Política de Saúde/história , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Política , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Evidence suggests that contemporary population distributions of estrogen-receptor (ER) status among breast cancer patients may be shaped by earlier major societal events, such as the 1965 abolition of legal racial discrimination in the United States (state and local "Jim Crow" laws) and the Great Famine in China (1959-1961). We analyzed changes in ER status in relation to Jim Crow birthplace among the 46,417 black and 339,830 white US-born, non-Hispanic women in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 13 Registry Group who were born between 1915 and 1979 and diagnosed (ages 25-84 years, inclusive) during 1992-2012. We grouped the cases according to birth cohort and quantified the rate of change using the haldane (which scales change in relation to biological generation). The percentage of ER-positive cases rose according to birth cohort (1915-1919 to 1975-1979) only among women diagnosed before age 55. Changes according to biological generation were greater among black women than among white women, and among black women, they were greatest among those born in Jim Crow (versus non-Jim Crow) states, with this group being the only group to exhibit high haldane values (>|0.3|, indicating high rate of change). Our study's analytical approach and findings underscore the need to consider history and societal context when analyzing ER status among breast cancer patients and racial/ethnic inequities in its distribution.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias da Mama/etnologia , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Receptores de Estrogênio/análise , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Asiático/história , Asiático/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , China/etnologia , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Racismo/história , Racismo/legislação & jurisprudência , Programa de SEER , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Branca/históriaRESUMO
This article discusses influences of historical time and place on the development of children and youth of Asian descent in the U.S. Chinese, Indian, Hmong, and Filipino American experiences illustrate how history has defined race and racial stereotypes, determined cultural and community contexts, established pre-/postmigration circumstances, and influenced oppression and discrimination. Cross-cutting issues as applied to other ethnicities are discussed. By recognizing history's reach on child development, this article intends to inspire others to acknowledge and consider historical influences in their work. It also lays a foundation for the two ensuing articles within this Special Section, which present a novel conceptual framework (Mistry et al., this volume) and methodological recommendations (Yoshikawa, Mistry, & Wang, this volume) for research.
Assuntos
Asiático , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Adolescente , Asiático/história , Criança , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , HumanosRESUMO
Women in the United States have made significant socioeconomic advances over the last generation. The second generation of post-1965 immigrants came of age during this "gender revolution." However, assimilation theories focus mainly on racial/ethnic trajectories. Do gendered trajectories between and within groups better capture mobility patterns? Using the 1980 decennial census and the 2003-2007 Current Population Survey (CPS), we observe the socioeconomic status of Latino and Asian immigrant parents and their second-generation children 25 years later. We compare the educational, occupational, and earnings attainment of second-generation daughters and sons with that of their immigrant mothers and fathers. We simultaneously compare those socioeconomic trajectories with a U.S.-born white, non-Latino reference group. We find that second-generation women experience greater status attainment than both their mothers and their male counterparts, but the earnings of second-generation women lag behind those of men. However, because white mainstream women experienced similar intergenerational mobility, many gaps between the second generation and the mainstream remain. These patterns remain even after we control for parenthood status. With feminized intergenerational mobility occurring similarly across race, the racial/ethnic gaps observed in 1980 narrow but persist into the next generation for many outcomes. Both gender and race shape mobility trajectories, so ignoring either leads to an incomplete picture of assimilation.
Assuntos
Aculturação/história , Asiático/história , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/história , Hispânico ou Latino/história , Asiático/estatística & dados numéricos , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Physicians and nurses of Japanese ancestry provided health care to 110000 persons incarcerated by the US government during World War II. They faced immense public health challenges created by overcrowding and inadequate resources. Their extraordinary service to their community reflected their professional devotion to their patients and the values of their Japanese homeland.
Assuntos
Asiático/história , Campos de Concentração/história , Atenção à Saúde/história , Médicos/história , II Guerra Mundial , Altruísmo , História do Século XX , Humanos , Preconceito , Estados UnidosRESUMO
How does the newly arrived immigrant respond to the news that an identity already awaits him? How does an African American hip-hop artist translate his struggles and triumphs across oceanic divides? What significance do American demographic shifts have in a global context? Hsu's essay examines what happens once individuals or identities migrate beyond the contexts that first produced them. He explores a variety of circuits: the satellite communities of Asian immigrant students who arrived on American university campuses in the late 1960s; enduring debates about a "post-city" identity, spurred by advances in cheap, efficient, world-shrinking communication technologies; and the new affinities and categories of self-identification made possible by a present-day culture that prizes interactivity and participation.
Assuntos
Asiático , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Comparação Transcultural , Comportamento Social , Identificação Social , Tecnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/educação , Negro ou Afro-Americano/etnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Negro ou Afro-Americano/legislação & jurisprudência , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Asiático/educação , Asiático/etnologia , Asiático/história , Asiático/legislação & jurisprudência , Asiático/psicologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/educação , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/história , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/legislação & jurisprudência , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Grupos Populacionais/educação , Grupos Populacionais/etnologia , Grupos Populacionais/história , Grupos Populacionais/legislação & jurisprudência , Grupos Populacionais/psicologia , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Comportamento Social/história , Mudança Social/história , Taiwan/etnologia , Tecnologia/economia , Tecnologia/educação , Tecnologia/história , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In this article, we analyze ethnoracial patterns in youth perceptions and responses to rights violations and advance a new model of legal mobilization that includes formal, quasi-, and extralegal action. Slightly more than half of the 5,461 students in our sample reported past rights violations involving discrimination, harassment, freedom of expression/assembly, and due process violations in disciplinary procedures. Students, regardless of race, are more likely to take extralegal than formal legal actions in response to perceived rights violations. Self-identified African American and Latino/a students are significantly more likely than white and Asian American students to perceive rights violations and are more likely to claim they would take formal legal action in response to hypothetical rights violations. However, when they perceive rights violations, African American and Asian American students are no more likely than whites to take formal legal action and Latino/a students are less likely than whites to take formal legal action. We draw on in-depth interviews with youth and adultswhich we interlace with our quantitative findingsto explore the interpretive dynamics underlying these survey findings, and we offer several theoretical and methodological implications of our work.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Asiático , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Direitos Civis , Hispânico ou Latino , Relações Raciais , Identificação Social , Negro ou Afro-Americano/educação , Negro ou Afro-Americano/etnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Negro ou Afro-Americano/legislação & jurisprudência , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Asiático/educação , Asiático/etnologia , Asiático/história , Asiático/legislação & jurisprudência , Asiático/psicologia , Direitos Civis/economia , Direitos Civis/educação , Direitos Civis/história , Direitos Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos Civis/psicologia , Diversidade Cultural , Hispânico ou Latino/educação , Hispânico ou Latino/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/história , Hispânico ou Latino/legislação & jurisprudência , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Função Jurisdicional/história , Jurisprudência/história , Psicologia do Adolescente/educação , Psicologia do Adolescente/história , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Comportamento Social/história , Estados Unidos/etnologiaRESUMO
This research examines the influence of messages from religious leaders and congregants on whether Korean women are overweight or obese. Data were drawn from telephone interviews with a probability sample (N = 591) of women of Korean descent living in California. Overweight or obese prevalence was measured using World Health Organization standards for Asians (BMI > 23). Respondents reported the frequency of messages discouraging "excessive eating" or encouraging "exercise" from religious leaders and congregants during a typical month. When conditioned on leaders' messages, the frequency of congregants' messages was associated with a significantly lower probability of being overweight or obese, although messages from either in the absence of the other were unassociated with being overweight or obese. At least for Korean women, religion may help prevent obesity via religious-based social mechanisms.
Assuntos
Asiático , Obesidade , Religião , Grupos de Autoajuda , Saúde da Mulher , Asiático/educação , Asiático/etnologia , Asiático/história , Asiático/legislação & jurisprudência , Asiático/psicologia , California/etnologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Obesidade/economia , Obesidade/etnologia , Obesidade/história , Obesidade/psicologia , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Religião/história , Grupos de Autoajuda/história , Aumento de Peso/etnologia , Aumento de Peso/fisiologia , Saúde da Mulher/etnologia , Saúde da Mulher/história , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/educação , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/história , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/legislação & jurisprudência , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/psicologiaRESUMO
In 1942 over 110,000 Japanese Americans were evacuated from the West Coast to ten inland, barbed wire-enclosed relocation centers in the name of national security. Agriculture was a key component of the eight arid to semi-arid centers located in the western United States. Each center's agricultural program included produce for human consumption, feed crops, and livestock. Some centers also grew seed, ornamental, and war crops. Evacuees raised and consumed five types of livestock and sixty-one produce varieties, including many traditional foods. Seasonal surpluses were preserved, shipped to other centers, or sold on the open market. Short growing seasons, poor soils, initially undeveloped lands, pests, equipment shortages, and labor issues hampered operations. However, imprisoned evacuee farmers proved that diverse agricultural programs could succeed in the harsh settings primarily because of labor-intensive farming methods, ingenuity, and the large markets provided by the centers. These agricultural programs played major roles in feeding, providing meaningful employment, and preparing evacuees for life outside the centers, and readied lands for post-war "homesteaders."
Assuntos
Agricultura , Animais Domésticos , Asiático , Direitos Civis , Medidas de Segurança , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Agricultura/economia , Agricultura/educação , Agricultura/história , Agricultura/legislação & jurisprudência , Animais , Asiático/educação , Asiático/etnologia , Asiático/história , Asiático/legislação & jurisprudência , Asiático/psicologia , Direitos Civis/economia , Direitos Civis/educação , Direitos Civis/história , Direitos Civis/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos Civis/psicologia , Clima , Emprego/economia , Emprego/história , Emprego/legislação & jurisprudência , Emprego/psicologia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Abastecimento de Alimentos/história , História do Século XX , Direitos Humanos/economia , Direitos Humanos/educação , Direitos Humanos/história , Direitos Humanos/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos Humanos/psicologia , Humanos , Medidas de Segurança/economia , Medidas de Segurança/história , Medidas de Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Solo , Estados Unidos/etnologia , II Guerra MundialRESUMO
An overview of the history of Asian American psychology is provided by reviewing the context for the development of the field as well as the early founding of the Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA). The presidents of AAPA as well as key events and conferences are noted. The involvement of AAPA leaders in national mental health policies and activities are reviewed. The substantive areas of Asian American psychology and the education and training of Asian American psychologists are also discussed. The article ends with some comments about the future of Asian American psychology.
Assuntos
Asiático/história , Psicologia/história , Asiático/educação , Asiático/psicologia , Pesquisa Comportamental/história , California , Congressos como Assunto/história , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Serviços de Saúde Mental/história , Grupos Minoritários/história , População , Psicologia/educação , Sociedades Científicas/história , Estados Unidos , Washington , Mulheres/históriaRESUMO
This article focuses on my interpretation of the history of ethnic minority psychology, using as a base the presentations of the contributing authors to this special issue of Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Because each contributing author has focused on a particular ethnic group or a particular aspect of history, my goal is to focus on 3 common issues and problems. First, what are the themes and issues that confronted African Americans, American Indians and Alaska Natives, Asian Americans, and Latinos? Second, what were characteristics of the ethnic leaders on whose shoulders we now stand? Third, what kinds of relationships existed between members of different ethnic minority groups?
Assuntos
Etnicidade/psicologia , Grupos Minoritários/psicologia , Psicologia/história , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Asiático/história , Asiático/psicologia , Diversidade Cultural , Etnicidade/história , Hispânico ou Latino/história , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/história , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/psicologia , Grupos Minoritários/história , Preconceito , Política Pública/história , Relações Raciais , Sociedades Científicas/história , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Asiático/história , Emigração e Imigração/história , Regulamentação Governamental , Preconceito , Saúde Pública/história , Asiático/legislação & jurisprudência , California , Emigração e Imigração/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Parasitological analysis of 5 sediment samples from San Bernardino, California latrine deposits spanning the time period from about 1880 to the 1930s are presented. Two sediment samples are from a latrine used by European-Americans. Three sediment samples are from latrines used by Chinese-Americans on the property of Wong Nim, an important member of the Chinese community. Two of the Chinese latrines were positive for human parasites. The human parasites encountered include the human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), the giant intestinal roundworm (Ascaris lubricoides, c.f.), and the Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis). Evidence of the liver fluke is especially important. This parasite cannot complete its life cycle outside of its endemic range in Asia because suitable intermediate hosts are not present in the American continents. Its presence signals that at least some of the Chinese-Americans who used the latrines were immigrants who were infected in Asia and then sustained infections while in the Americas.