RESUMO
Sistemas de cultivo in vitro de folículos pré-antrais e de complexos cumulus-oócitos (CCOs) se tornaram uma poderosa ferramenta capaz de subsidiar diversas biotécnicas reprodutivas, bem como possibilitar estudos do efeito de substâncias sobre a dinâmica folicular. No entanto, esses sistemas podem resultar em estresse oxidativo e na diminuição da proteção antioxidante das células, distúrbio associado a altas taxas de morte celular durante o cultivo in vitro. Para contornar esses efeitos adversos, a adição de substâncias antioxidantes aos meios de cultivo tem sido proposta. Abrangendo diferentes classes e mecanismos de ação, compostos antioxidantes têm por função interferir no processo de oxidação para inibir ou retardar o dano oxidativo causado pelos radicais livres às biomoléculas. Além de antioxidantes que têm sido rotineiramente utilizados com esse propósito, recentemente, substâncias alternativas de origem natural como extratos vegetais e óleos essenciais têm ganhado destaque. Dessa forma, diante da influência do estresse oxidativo e da importância do uso de antioxidantes no cultivo celular, a presente revisão objetiva abordar os principais mecanismos de síntese e atuação dos radicais livres bem como o papel dos antioxidantes em protocolos de cultivo in vitro de folículos ovarianos e de CCOs de animais domésticos.(AU)
In vitro culture systems for preantral follicles and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) have become a powerful tool capable of subsidizing several reproductive biotechniques, as well as enabling studies of the effect of substances on follicular dynamics. However, these systems can favor oxidative stress and decrease the antioxidant protection of cells, a disorder associated with high rates of cell death during in vitro culture. To overcome these adverse effects, the addition of antioxidant substances to the culture media has been proposed. Covering different classes and mechanisms of action, these antioxidant compounds have the function of interfering in the oxidation process to inhibit or delay the oxidative damage caused by free radicals to biomolecules. In addition to antioxidants that have been commonly used for this purpose, recently, alternative substances of natural origin such as plant extracts and essential oils have gained prominence. Thus, given the influence of oxidative stress and the importance of using antioxidants in cell culture, this review aims to address the main mechanisms of synthesis and action of free radicals as well as the role of antioxidants in in vitro protocols for ovarian follicles and COCs in domestic animals.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Oócitos/fisiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/efeitos adversos , Folículo Ovariano/fisiologia , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Técnicas In Vitro/veterinária , Técnicas Reprodutivas/veterinária , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Society has been increasingly concerned about the impact of pain on farm animal welfare. This systematic review aims to provide evidence relating to the measurement properties (i.e. reliability, validity, and sensitivity) of pain scoring instruments used for pain assessment in farm animals. A literature search will be performed using five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CAB abstracts and Biological Abstracts) and search terms related to pain, pain scales and different species of farm animals. Eligibility criteria will include full-text studies on the development and/or validation of acute and chronic pain scoring instruments for farm animals including bovine (beef and dairy), ovine, caprine, camel, swine and poultry. Exclusion criteria will include studies that report the use of pain scales for the validation of another instrument, or those reporting ethograms/list of behaviors potentially indicating pain without a scoring system. Study titles and their abstracts will be screened for eligibility by one investigator. Full-text articles will be independently reviewed for eligibility and evaluated by two investigators. Relevant information will be recorded and evaluated systematically according to the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist using an adapted data collection sheet. The following measurement properties and characteristics of the instruments will be assessed: content validity (internal consistency, structural and cross-cultural validity), reliability, measurement error, criterion and construct validity, responsiveness, interpretability and feasibility. Following the assessment of methodological quality and quality of the findings, evidence for each measurement property will be summarized into high, moderate, low or very low. This systematic review will provide further insights into the evidence-based measurement properties of pain scoring instruments in farm animals. It may identify possible gaps of knowledge with these tools as a potential target for future studies in farm animals with a positive impact on animal welfare.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos , Medição da Dor , Dor , Animais , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Dor/diagnóstico , Dor/veterinária , Medição da Dor/instrumentação , Medição da Dor/veterinária , Revisões Sistemáticas como AssuntoRESUMO
The understanding of mammalian spermatogenesis niche factors active during sexual development may be leveraged to impact reproduction in farm animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of r-met-hu/G-CSF (filgrastim) on prepubertal sexual development of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and ram lambs (Ovis aries). Individuals of both species were administered r-met-hu/G-CSF daily for 4 days. During and after administration protocols, testicular function and development were assessed through hematological responses, hormonal profiles (gonadotropins, testosterone and cortisol) testicular morphometry and germ cell kinetics. As expected, r-met-hu/G-CSF acutely mobilized white-lineage blood cells in both species. LH was increased by r-met-hu/G-CSF in guinea pigs (P<0.01) but T remained unchanged. In ram lambs gonadotropins and T increased in dose-response fashion (P<0.01) while cortisol values were stable and similar in treated and control animals (P>0.05). In guinea pigs there were no differences in testicular weights and volumes 2-mo after r-met-hu/G-CSF application (P>0.05). However, ram lambs showed a dose-response effect regarding testis weight (P<0.05). 66.66% of ram lambs had initial testes not yet in meiosis or starting the first spermatogenic wave. After 60-days only 25% of control animals were pubertal while all treated animals (1140-µg) had reached puberty. We propose an integrated hypothesis that G-CSF can stimulate spermatogenesis through two possible ways. 1) r-met-hu/G-CSF may go through the brain blood barrier and once there it can stimulate GnRH-neurons to release GnRH with the subsequent release of gonadotrophins. 2) a local testicular effect through stimulation of steroidogenesis that enhances spermiogenesis via testosterone production and a direct stimulation over spermatogonial stem cells self-renewal. In conclusion, this study shows that r-met-hu/G-CSF differentially affects prepubertal sexual development in hystricomorpha and ovine species, a relevant fact to consider when designing methods to hasten sexual developmental in mammalian species.
Assuntos
Filgrastim/administração & dosagem , Maturidade Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Filgrastim/farmacocinética , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Cobaias , Masculino , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Carneiro Doméstico , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Testículo/metabolismo , Testosterona/metabolismoRESUMO
The trophoblast is the single most important functional structure of the placenta that mediates the attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium. Trophoblast has the capability to proliferate in concert with the uterine epithelium to form the only site for nutrient and metabolic exchange between the fetus and dam throughout pregnancy. Trophoblast is made up of a remarkable versatile epithelium showing great capacity for invasion, cell fusion, hormone production, specific nutrient absorption, selective transport, active metabolism, and has the ability to resist maternal immunological attack. These functions are attributed to its inherent ability to synthesize many developmental factors or molecular regulators. While there is an abundance of publications available on the structural, functional, and clinical relevance of the placenta in various mammalian species, a comprehensive review on the comparative aspects of the trophoblast of domestic and companion animals is lacking. Besides, a timely description on the clinical perspective on the functional aspects of the trophoblast in relation to pregnancy diagnosis, placental insufficiency, pregnancy loss, and structural abnormalities of domestic and companion animals is necessary. A brief description on the basic chronology of events in each animal is followed by the applied clinical perspectives of trophoblast. Both the above aspects of trophoblasts of domestic and companion animals including the terminologies are summarized in tables to facilitate discussion.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Domésticos/anatomia & histologia , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Trofoblastos/fisiologia , Preferência do PacienteRESUMO
The trophoblast is the single most important functional structure of the placenta that mediates the attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium. Trophoblast has the capability to proliferate in concert with the uterine epithelium to form the only site for nutrient and metabolic exchange between the fetus and dam throughout pregnancy. Trophoblast is made up of a remarkable versatile epithelium showing great capacity for invasion, cell fusion, hormone production, specific nutrient absorption, selective transport, active metabolism, and has the ability to resist maternal immunological attack. These functions are attributed to its inherent ability to synthesize many developmental factors or molecular regulators. While there is an abundance of publications available on the structural, functional, and clinical relevance of the placenta in various mammalian species, a comprehensive review on the comparative aspects of the trophoblast of domestic and companion animals is lacking. Besides, a timely description on the clinical perspective on the functional aspects of the trophoblast in relation to pregnancy diagnosis, placental insufficiency, pregnancy loss, and structural abnormalities of domestic and companion animals is necessary. A brief description on the basic chronology of events in each animal is followed by the applied clinical perspectives of trophoblast. Both the above aspects of trophoblasts of domestic and companion animals including the terminologies are summarized in tables to facilitate discussion.
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Domésticos/anatomia & histologia , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Preferência do Paciente , Trofoblastos/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The intention of the following study was to describe the interrelationship between villagers, domestic animals and wildlife at the Community Forestry Concession of Uaxactún, Guatemala by means of participatory epidemiological methods. The main focus was generating information regarding different livestock diseases considered important by villagers and their relevance, as well as obtaining knowledge concerning hunting activities and cooking methods to gain a better understanding of the interrelationship of people and animals and the diseases of their animals. RESULTS: For poultry, an overall prevalence of 41% of Newcastle disease was found by means of the ELISA test by antibody detection, chicken being the most affected species in the village. No samples were positive to avian influenza with the HI test. No virus was isolated by means of the tracheal or cloaca swabbing of ducks. FOR HUNTING: All species could be hunted by chance at any time of the year. There was a difference in species hunted between seasons, peccaries being more frequently hunted during the dry season and in contrast, deer and wild avian during the rainy season. FOR COOKING: Villagers did not consume any raw meat. The cooking methods depended on the species. Stewing was the most favoured method for peccaries, wild birds, tepezcuintle and domestic poultry, whereas grilling was preferable for deer, roasting for armadillos and marinating for pork. CONCLUSION: According to the generated information, the most important domestic livestock species in the village are chickens and pigs, chickens being the most affected by diseases. No evident health problems on pigs were observed in this study. Hunting was shown as an activity enhanced by poverty and the lack of employment opportunities in the village and was mostly directed at larger species such as deer and peccaries. From the viewpoint of a transmission of zoonoses from animals to humans cooking methods mostly reflected a protective factor as no raw meat was eaten, stews and broths being the most common forms of cooking, involving an exposure of meat to high temperatures. Nonetheless, both agricultural and hunting activities represent a risk factor for the spread of diseases as hunters may act as mechanical vectors for different pathogens within domestic and wild animal populations.
Assuntos
Culinária/métodos , Florestas , Carne , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Clima Tropical , Animais , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Animais Selvagens/fisiologia , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves/transmissão , Doenças das Aves/virologia , Galinhas , Geografia , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Humanos , Gado/fisiologia , Doença de Newcastle/epidemiologia , Doença de Newcastle/transmissão , Doença de Newcastle/virologia , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Medicina Veterinária/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
In captive chinchillas, one of the most challenging behavioral problems is the development of a stress-related abnormal repetitive behavior (ARB) known as "fur-chewing". We investigated whether there is a relationship between the severity of fur-chewing behavior and reproductive function in male and female chinchillas. Regardless of the severity of abnormal behavior, fur-chewing males did not show significant differences in seminal quality (sperm concentration, motility and viability; integrity of sperm membrane and acrosome) and the response to the process of semen collection (the number of stimuli needed to achieve ejaculation) when compared to those with normal behavior. Also, females showing normal or fur-chewing behavior presented similar reproductive performance in terms of number of litters per female per year and litter size. However, pup survival rate was lower (p=0.05) in fur-chewing females than in normal females. These results seem to be consistent with data suggesting non-significant effects of ARBs on reproductive performance.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal , Chinchila/fisiologia , Imobilização/veterinária , Reprodução , Estresse Psicológico/etiologia , Desmame , Animais , Animais Domésticos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais Domésticos/psicologia , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Chinchila/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Chinchila/psicologia , Feminino , Cabelo , Imobilização/efeitos adversos , Imobilização/psicologia , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos , Masculino , Mastigação , Análise do Sêmen , Estresse Fisiológico , Estresse Psicológico/mortalidade , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the only large domesticated animals indigenous to the Americas. Pastoralism occupies a fundamental economic, social and religious role in Andean life. Today, camelid livestock are confined to the ecozone of the puna (above 3,500 masl), while their presence on the Pacific coast during pre-Hispanic times is attested by archaeological skeletal remains. This study aims to document herding practices on the northern Peruvian coast during the Early Intermediate Period (200 BC-600 AD) by gaining insights into diet, location of breeding and mobility of archaeological camelids from the funerary and ritual contexts of two Mochica sites, Uhle Platform in Huacas de Moche and El Brujo. The three first early years and the long-term life histories of the animals were documented by the combined bulk analysis of bone collagen (δ(13)C col and δ(15)N col) and bone structural carbonate (δ(13)C bone and δ(18)O bone) and the serial analysis of structural carbonate of molar tooth enamel (δ(13)C enamel and δ(18)O enamel). Mochica camelids were bred in the low and/or middle valleys, unlike their modern counterparts, who are restricted to highland puna C3 pastures. Archaeological camelids had diverse and complex life histories, usually with substantial maize foddering. An ontogenetic switch in diet and possible residential mobility during the course of life were identified for some specimens. Although the inference of geographic origin from δ(18)O bone and δ(18)O enamel values was limited because of the lack of understanding of the influence of environmental and biological factors, tooth enamel analysis has great potential for exploring camelid herding practices and Andean pastoralism. Our study suggested that Mochica herders adapted their practices to the difficult lowland environment and that herding practices were varied and not restricted to breeding at higher altitudes. The role of maize in different aspects of the economic life of the Mochicas is also underlined.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Cruzamento , Camelídeos Americanos/fisiologia , Fósseis , Animais , PeruRESUMO
Although domestic dogs play many important roles in rural households, they can also be an important threat to the conservation of wild vertebrates due to predation, competition and transmission of infectious diseases. An increasing number of studies have addressed the impact of dogs on wildlife but have tended to ignore the motivations and attitudes of the humans who keep these dogs and how the function of dogs might influence dog-wildlife interactions. To determine whether the function of domestic dogs in rural communities influences their interactions with wildlife, we conducted surveys in rural areas surrounding protected lands in the Valdivian Temperate Forests of Chile. Sixty percent of farm animal owners reported the use of dogs as one of the primary means of protecting livestock from predators. The probability of dog-wild carnivore interactions was significantly associated with the raising of poultry. In contrast, dog-wild prey interactions were not associated with livestock presence but had a significant association with poor quality diet as observed in previous studies. Dog owners reported that they actively encouraged the dogs to chase off predators, accounting for 25-75% of the dog-wild carnivore interactions observed, depending on the predator species. Humans controlled the dog population by killing pups and unwanted individuals resulting in few additions to the dog population through breeding; the importation of predominantly male dogs from urban areas resulted in a sex ratios highly dominated by males. These results indicate that dog interactions with wildlife are related to the role of the dog in the household and are directly influenced by their owners. To avoid conflict with local communities in conservation areas, it is important to develop strategies for managing dogs that balance conservation needs with the roles that dogs play in these rural households.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Cães , Animais , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Chile , Cães/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Predatório , População RuralRESUMO
Procyon cancrivorus is a wild mammal from the Procyonidae family, being one of the least studied Brazilian carnivores. The aim of this study was to describe the morphological aspects of the salivary glands of Procyon cancrivorus, and to compare with literature data on the morphology of domestic animals and wilds animals, such as coatis and possums. Three adult animals were collected on highways (roadkilled), fixed 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution and submitted to desiccation. The salivary glands of the crab-eating raccoon are formed by the parotid, mandibular, sublingual and zygomatic glands. The parotid gland shows irregularly triangular shape with its respective duct. The mandible gland shows rounded outline surrounded by a fibrous capsule with its respective duct. The sublingual gland is divided into two parts: the caudal part, located in the occiptomandibular region of the digastric muscle and the rostral part between the tunica mucosa of the mouth and the mylohyoid muscle with its respective duct. The zygomatic gland is small and rounded, located in the rostral part of the pterygopalatine fossa with its respective duct. The morphology of the salivary glands of crabeating raccoon presents great similarity in shape and arrangement with the glands of dog, cat, coatis and possum.(AU)
O Procyon cancrivorus é um mamífero silvestre da família Procyonidae, sendo um dos carnívoros brasileiros menos estudados. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os aspectos morfológicos das glândulas salivares do Procyon cancrivorus, e comparar com dados literários sobre a morfologia de animais domésticos e silvestres, como gambás e quatis. Foram utilizados três animais adultos, procedentes de coleta em rodovias (mortos por acidente), fixados em solução aquosa 10% de formaldeído e submetidos à dissecação. As glândulas salivares do mão-pelada são formadas pelas glândulas parótida, mandibular, sublingual e zigomática. A glândula parótida apresenta formato irregularmente triangular com seu respectivo ducto. Na mandibular observa-se contorno arredondado circundada por uma cápsula fibrosa com seu respectivo ducto. A sublingual se divide em duas partes: uma parte caudal que se situa na região occiptomandibular do músculo digástrico e a parte rostral situa-se entre a túnica mucosa da boca e o músculo milo-hióideo com seu respectivo ducto. A glândula zigomática é pequena e arredondada, situada na parte rostral da fossa pterigopalatina com seu respectivo ducto. Observando a morfologia das glândulas salivares do mão-pelada podemos dizer que possuem grande similaridade em forma e disposição com as glândulas de cão, gato, quati e gambá.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Guaxinins/anatomia & histologia , Guaxinins/fisiologia , Glândulas Salivares , Animais Domésticos/anatomia & histologia , Animais Domésticos/fisiologiaRESUMO
In past and modern human societies, dogs have played an important role as hunting companions. Given considerable ethnographic evidence that dogs vary in their hunting abilities, this paper addresses the effects of key demographic variables, namely age and sex, on the amount of harvested game that dogs contribute in an indigenous Nicaraguan community. Controlling for variation in the time spent potentially hunting, male dogs and older dogs are significantly associated with greater harvests. These results may account for documented preferences for males in both archaeological and ethnographic contexts. Among societies in which dogs are used both as hunting companions and sources of food, the age-related delay in peak hunting ability also suggests a tradeoff that might explain the consumption of dogs shortly after they have reached adult size. Informant rankings of two cohorts of dogs indicate that residents of the community exhibit high agreement about the relative abilities of the dogs, and the rankings indicate that dogs from the same household exhibit comparable skill. There is little evidence that talented, highly-ranked dogs are provided a more nutritious diet, as measured by nitrogen-based and carbon-based isotopic analysis of hair samples. Overall, although dogs can be quite advantageous as hunting companions, this research suggests that the heterogeneity of hunting ability combines with the high mortality of dogs to impose risks on households that depend on dogs as a source of harvested meat.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Cães/fisiologia , Ecossistema , Estado Nutricional , Comportamento Predatório , Animais , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Carne , Modelos Biológicos , Nicarágua , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Genomewide marker information can improve the reliability of breeding value predictions for young selection candidates in genomic selection. However, the cost of genotyping limits its use to elite animals, and how such selective genotyping affects predictive ability of genomic selection models is an open question. We performed a simulation study to evaluate the quality of breeding value predictions for selection candidates based on different selective genotyping strategies in a population undergoing selection. The genome consisted of 10 chromosomes of 100 cM each. After 5,000 generations of random mating with a population size of 100 (50 males and 50 females), generation G(0) (reference population) was produced via a full factorial mating between the 50 males and 50 females from generation 5,000. Different levels of selection intensities (animals with the largest yield deviation value) in G(0) or random sampling (no selection) were used to produce offspring of G(0) generation (G(1)). Five genotyping strategies were used to choose 500 animals in G(0) to be genotyped: 1) Random: randomly selected animals, 2) Top: animals with largest yield deviation values, 3) Bottom: animals with lowest yield deviations values, 4) Extreme: animals with the 250 largest and the 250 lowest yield deviations values, and 5) Less Related: less genetically related animals. The number of individuals in G(0) and G(1) was fixed at 2,500 each, and different levels of heritability were considered (0.10, 0.25, and 0.50). Additionally, all 5 selective genotyping strategies (Random, Top, Bottom, Extreme, and Less Related) were applied to an indicator trait in generation G(0,) and the results were evaluated for the target trait in generation G(1), with the genetic correlation between the 2 traits set to 0.50. The 5 genotyping strategies applied to individuals in G(0) (reference population) were compared in terms of their ability to predict the genetic values of the animals in G(1) (selection candidates). Lower correlations between genomic-based estimates of breeding values (GEBV) and true breeding values (TBV) were obtained when using the Bottom strategy. For Random, Extreme, and Less Related strategies, the correlation between GEBV and TBV became slightly larger as selection intensity decreased and was largest when no selection occurred. These 3 strategies were better than the Top approach. In addition, the Extreme, Random, and Less Related strategies had smaller predictive mean squared errors (PMSE) followed by the Top and Bottom methods. Overall, the Extreme genotyping strategy led to the best predictive ability of breeding values, indicating that animals with extreme yield deviations values in a reference population are the most informative when training genomic selection models.
Assuntos
Animais Domésticos/genética , Cruzamento/métodos , Genoma , Seleção Genética , Animais , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Masculino , Modelos Genéticos , Fenótipo , ReproduçãoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Determinar aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos en pacientes con diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis ocular, que asistieron a la consulta de oftalmología del Policlínico de Guanajay, durante el año 2008. MÉTODOS: Fue realizado un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, donde se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, presencia de animales domésticos, hábitos alimentarios, signos y síntomas, número de lesiones, localización, actividad, ojo afectado y complicaciones. Fueron atendidos 11 pacientes en consulta con el diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis ocular. RESULTADOS: Predominaron las edades comprendidas entre 30 y 44 años, con 36,3 por ciento. Tenían animales domésticos el 72,2 por ciento de los pacientes y el 81,8 por ciento presentaban hábitos no adecuados de alimentación. Predominó la visión borrosa (72,7 por ciento). La retinocoroiditis se presentó en el 72,7 por ciento de los pacientes. De ellos, 54,5 por ciento tenían un daño severo. Predominaron las lesiones inactivas con 72,7 por ciento y las lesiones únicas (90,9 por ciento). El 45,4 por ciento tuvo una localización macular y el 36,3 por ciento perimacular. Las complicaciones que se presentaron fueron el déficit visual y la catarata. CONCLUSIÓN: La toxoplasmosis ocular predomina en el sexo masculino y es más frecuente en regiones de bajas condiciones de salud pública e inadecuados hábitos alimenticios. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se encuentra la presencia de animales domésticos, sobre todo los felinos. La visión borrosa y la retinocoroiditis son referidos por los pacientes. Generalmente cursa con algún grado de afectación visual, y es severa en el mayor número de los pacientes. Las lesiones inactivas, únicas y con localización macular, y el déficit visual y la catarata son complicaciones predominantes en estos casos
OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical-epidemiological features in patients diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis seen in the Ophthalmology consultation of the Guanajay municipality polyclinic during 2008. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, descriptive and observational study was conducted to analyze the following variables: age, sex, and presence of domestic animals, food habits, signs and symptoms, number of lesions, location, activity, involved eye and complications. In consultation 11 patients were seen diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis. RESULTS: There was predominance of ages between 30 and 44 years for a 36.3 percent. The 71.2 percent of patients had domestic animals and the 81.8 percent had no appropriate feeding habits. Also, there was predominance of blurred vision (72.7 percent). Retinochoroiditis was present in the 72.7 percent of patients. From them, the 54.5 percent had a severe damage. There were many inactive lesions with a 72.7 percent and unique lesions (90.9 percent) The 45.4 percent had a macular location and the 36.3 percent a perimacular one. Complications present were a visual deficit and cataract. CONCLUSION: Ocular toxoplasmosis is more predominant in male sex and is more frequent in regions with poor conditions of public health and inappropriate food habits. Included in factors is the presence of domestic animals, mainly the cats. The blurred vision and retinochoroiditis are referred by patients. In general, it has some degree of visual involvement and it is severe in most of patients. The unique inactive lesions and with macular location as well as the visual deficit and cataract are complications predominant in these cases
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gatos , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Higiene dos Alimentos , Saneamento de Residências , Toxoplasmose Ocular/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose Ocular/veterinária , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Longitudinais , Estudos Observacionais como Assunto , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
O transplante ovariano constitui-se numa técnica em que um ovário ou parte dele é transferido de um doador para receptoras que podem ser o mesmo indivíduo, outro ser da mesma espécie ou ainda de espécie diferente, para locais próximos ou distantes da posição anatômica original. A presente revisão aborda conceitos importantes para a elucidação dos principais eventos da foliculogênese e maturação folicular bem como, as aplicações dos transplantes ovarianos e perspectivas dessa técnica na reprodução de animais domésticos, silvestres e humanos. Outros estudos ainda são necessários para a melhor compreensão dos eventos relacionados ao desenvolvimento do tecido ovariano, da interação entre tecidos doadores e receptores, seus locais de transplante, assim como indivíduos e espécies envolvidas.
Ovarian transplantation constitutes a technique in which one ovary or part of this is transferred from a donor to recipients that may be the same individual, other recipient of the same specie or no, near or far from the original anatomical site. This review covers important concepts for the elucidation of the main events of folliculogenesis and follicular maturation as well as the applications of ovarian transplantation and prospects of this technique in the breeding of domestic animals, wildlife and humans. Other studies are still necessary to better understanding of the events regarding to the ovarian development, interactions between donor and receptor tissues, their site of transplantation as well as individuals and involved species.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Ovário/transplante , Ovulação/fisiologia , Transplante de Órgãos/tendências , Folículo Ovariano/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Animais Selvagens/fisiologiaRESUMO
Dogs (Canis familiaris) trained to receive a preferred food (dry beef liver) from an experimenter learned to maintain a longer gaze on the experimenter than dogs receiving a less preferred food (dog pellets). Dogs downshifted from dry liver to pellets rejected food more frequently than nonshifted controls. Gaze duration also decreased in downshifted dogs below the level of a group always reinforced with pellets. In addition, downshifted dogs tended to move away from the experimenter, adopting a lying down posture. This phenomenon, called successive negative contrast, has been described in analogous experiments with a variety of mammalian species, but has failed to occur in similar experiments with nonmammalian vertebrates. Unlike similar previous observations, the present data were obtained in an environment involving interspecific communication.
Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Cães/fisiologia , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Motivação , Comunicação não Verbal , Percepção Visual/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Aprendizagem por Discriminação/fisiologia , Extinção Psicológica/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Feminino , Fixação Ocular/fisiologia , Frustração , Humanos , Masculino , Postura/fisiologia , Comportamento Social , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists may have a future role in the control of canine reproductive function. In this study, the effects of a single dose of the potent GnRH antagonist, acyline, on serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) were evaluated in male dogs. Blood samples were drawn before (Day -1) and after (30, 60, and 90 min, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24h, and 3, 6, 9, 14, 22, and 29 d) treatment with acyline (330 microg/kg, sc); serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and T varied throughout the study period (P<0.01, <0.05, and <0.01, respectively). Gonadotrophins decreased below pretreatment concentrations 60 min after injection, whereas T took 90 min to decrease below baseline (P>0.05). Follicle-stimulating hormone, LH and T decreased until Day 9, when they reached their nadir at 2.0 +/-1.1 ng/mL (P<0.01), 1.2+/-0.2 ng/mL (P>0.05), and 0.5+/-0.2 ng/mL (P<0.05), respectively. Both gonadotrophins and T began increasing on Day 14 after treatment, although FSH and T serum concentrations still remained below baseline on that day (P>0.05). Follicle-stimulating hormone and T rebounded above baseline on Day 29, whereas LH reached concentrations were similar to baseline at this time (P>0.05). No local or systemic side effects were detected in any dog following acyline treatment. In conclusion, a single acyline treatment safely and reversibly decreased serum gonadotrophin and T concentrations in dogs for 9 d.
Assuntos
Cães , Sistema Endócrino/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos/sangue , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Cães/sangue , Cães/fisiologia , Sistema Endócrino/fisiologia , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Antagonistas de Hormônios/farmacologia , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Alto grau de insucesso reprodutivo resulta de falhas no funcionamento ovariano. Tal insucesso implica em prejuízo financeiro para produtores de animais domésticos e limita a propagação de espécies selvagens. Assim, a compreensão dos mecanismos endócrinos, celulares e moleculares envolvidos no controle dos processos ovarianos é fundamental para embasar procedimentos, estratégias e tecnologias que visem a manipulação de tais processos para aumentar sua eficiência e conseqüentemente o sucesso reprodutivo. Especificamente, serão tratados na presente revisão os seguintes tópicos: a dinâmica da formação e depleção da população de folículos ovarianos, a dinâmica da ativação de folículos e a dinâmica do desenvolvimento e funcionamento folicular pós-ativação e sua relação à ovulação, fertilização e gestação inicial.
A significant proportion of reproductive failure results from poor ovarian function. Such failure results in financial losses to domestic animal commercial operations and limits wildlife species propagation. Therefore, the understanding of endocrine, cellular and molecular mechanisms that control ovarian processes is critical to provide the basis for procedures, strategies and technologies that aim the manipulation of such processes to increase their efficiency and, thereby, reproductive success. Specifically, in the present review the following topics will be addressed: the dynamics of formation and depletion of ovarian follicle population, the dynamics of activation of follicles and the dynamics of follicle development and function after activation and their relationship to ovulation, fertilization and early gestation.
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Animais Domésticos/genéticaRESUMO
Alto grau de insucesso reprodutivo resulta de falhas no funcionamento ovariano. Tal insucesso implica em prejuízo financeiro para produtores de animais domésticos e limita a propagação de espécies selvagens. Assim, a compreensão dos mecanismos endócrinos, celulares e moleculares envolvidos no controle dos processos ovarianos é fundamental para embasar procedimentos, estratégias e tecnologias que visem a manipulação de tais processos para aumentar sua eficiência e conseqüentemente o sucesso reprodutivo. Especificamente, serão tratados na presente revisão os seguintes tópicos: a dinâmica da formação e depleção da população de folículos ovarianos, a dinâmica da ativação de folículos e a dinâmica do desenvolvimento e funcionamento folicular pós-ativação e sua relação à ovulação, fertilização e gestação inicial. (AU)
A significant proportion of reproductive failure results from poor ovarian function. Such failure results in financial losses to domestic animal commercial operations and limits wildlife species propagation. Therefore, the understanding of endocrine, cellular and molecular mechanisms that control ovarian processes is critical to provide the basis for procedures, strategies and technologies that aim the manipulation of such processes to increase their efficiency and, thereby, reproductive success. Specifically, in the present review the following topics will be addressed: the dynamics of formation and depletion of ovarian follicle population, the dynamics of activation of follicles and the dynamics of follicle development and function after activation and their relationship to ovulation, fertilization and early gestation. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Domésticos/genética , Animais Domésticos/fisiologiaRESUMO
The Chilean chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) is threatened in its natural habitat and there is very little information concerning the reproductive biology of this species. Our main objectives were to investigate the postnatal testis development in this rodent, with emphasis on Sertoli and Leydig cell proliferation and the establishment of puberty and sexual maturity. Forty-four animals from one day to 30 months of age had their testis and epididymis prepared (time of collection for animals from 5 to 30 months of age, May-November in the southern hemisphere) for histological and stereological analyses. Both Sertoli and Leydig cell proliferation occurred up to two months after birth and their total number per testis were stable thereafter. Based on spermatid release from the seminiferous epithelium and the presence of sperm in the epididymis, puberty in chinchilla took place at around three months of age. However, testis weight and tubular diameter and epithelium height appeared to stabilise only after the animals reached 17 months of age, indicating that the establishment of full sexual maturity in this species takes a relatively long period of time. This particular finding indicates that chinchilla might represent an interesting experimental model to investigate the mechanisms that regulate the establishment of this important event of reproductive physiology in mammals.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Chinchila/fisiologia , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/fisiologia , Células de Sertoli/fisiologia , Maturidade Sexual/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Domésticos/fisiologia , Chinchila/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Epididimo/citologia , Masculino , Espermatogênese/fisiologia , Testículo/anatomia & histologia , Testículo/citologia , Testículo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Accompanying the expansion of modern beef production in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were technologies and methods that proponents assumed were applicable to all ecosystems. successes in Europe, the United States, and Argentina convinced ranchers, investors, and animal scientists that these could be applied in the tropical Americas with ease. This assumption contributed to a wave of foreign ranching investment in semi-tropical Mato Grosso, Brazil, beginning in the early twentieth century. However, such a view failed to consider the specific characteristics of such environments and led to difficulties for several ventures and a re-evaluation of the relationship between ecosystems and the type of ranching appropriate to them. Ultimately, local Brazilian practice and experimentation proved more successful in tropical and semi-tropical Brazil, forcing foreign ranching concerns to adapt their techniques. Following the logic of earlier decades, more recently cattle-raising practices developed in Mato Grosso and similar regions have been applied in the tropical Amazon, resulting in widespread ecological devastation. The uneven experiences of foreign entrepreneurs in Mato Grosso offer valuable lessons for understanding the application of modernization technologies to diverse ecosystems; such knowledge can lead to a more sustainable approach to meat production.