RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early-life exposure to different extracts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) on airway inflammation in an allergic asthma model. The total soluble extract (TE) and the soluble extracts of the digestive (AcD), reproductive (AcR), and cuticle (AcC) systems of A. cantonensis were used for immunisation before ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitisation/challenge in an OVA-induced allergic asthma model. The initial hypothesis of the study was that some soluble extract of the systems (AcD, AcR, or AcC) could be more potent to the modulation of inflammation than the TE. Our data, however, shows that immunisation with the TE is more promising because it decreased the high influx of inflammatory cells on airways and promoted an increase of interferon-γ (IFN-ɣ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Besides this, the immunisation with the TE also led to a reduction of goblet cells and mucus overproduction in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice. We believe that the extracts have a distinct capacity to modulate the immune system, due to the TE possessing a greater variability of molecules, which together leads to control of airway inflammation. In conclusion, this is the first study to reveal that the TE of A. cantonensis adult worms has a greater potential for developing a novel therapeutic for allergic asthma.
Assuntos
Angiostrongylus cantonensis/metabolismo , Asma/imunologia , Imunomodulação , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Asma/induzido quimicamente , Asma/prevenção & controle , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Imunização , Inflamação , Pulmão/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ovalbumina/efeitos adversos , Mucosa Respiratória/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Worldwide expansion of this nematode is linked to the dispersion of their hosts. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of A. cantonensis infection in Achatina fulica in the nine municipalities that make up Baixada Santista, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae were analyzed using optical microscopy. We performed polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism using restriction endonuclease ClaI, directed to the internal transcribed spacer region 2 of A. cantonensis larval DNA. RESULTS: Of the 540 snails analyzed, 117 (21.7%) were infected by A. cantonensis. For morphological and morphometric analyses, 60 larvae were used. Second-stage larvae were, on average, 358.2µm long and 26.4µm wide, while third-stage larvae were, on average, 450µm long and 21.12µm wide. The tails of the larvae ended in a fine tip. CONCLUSIONS: All municipalities comprising Baixada Santista had A. fulica that were naturally infected with A. cantonensis. All of the observed characteristics were typical of the species.
Assuntos
Angiostrongylus cantonensis/isolamento & purificação , Vetores de Doenças , Caramujos/parasitologia , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/anatomia & histologia , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genética , Animais , Brasil , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica Populacional , Caramujos/classificaçãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Angiostrongylus cantonensis is causes eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Worldwide expansion of this nematode is linked to the dispersion of their hosts. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of A. cantonensis infection in Achatina fulica in the nine municipalities that make up Baixada Santista, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae were analyzed using optical microscopy. We performed polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism using restriction endonuclease ClaI, directed to the internal transcribed spacer region 2 of A. cantonensis larval DNA. RESULTS Of the 540 snails analyzed, 117 (21.7%) were infected by A. cantonensis. For morphological and morphometric analyses, 60 larvae were used. Second-stage larvae were, on average, 358.2µm long and 26.4µm wide, while third-stage larvae were, on average, 450µm long and 21.12µm wide. The tails of the larvae ended in a fine tip. CONCLUSIONS All municipalities comprising Baixada Santista had A. fulica that were naturally infected with A. cantonensis. All of the observed characteristics were typical of the species.
Assuntos
Animais , Caramujos/parasitologia , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/isolamento & purificação , Vetores de Doenças , Caramujos/classificação , Brasil , Dinâmica Populacional , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Densidade Demográfica , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/anatomia & histologia , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genéticaRESUMO
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Cases have been recorded in many parts of the world, including Brazil. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in the biology and morphology of two different Brazilian haplotypes of A. : ac8 and ac9. A significantly larger number of L1 larvae eliminated in the faeces of rodents at the beginning of the patent period was observed for ac9 haplotype and compared to the total of L1 larvae eliminated, there was a significant difference between the two haplotypes. The ac9 haplotype showed a significant difference in the proportion of female and male specimens (0.6:1), but the same was not observed for ac8 (1.2:1). The morphometric analysis showed that male and female specimens isolated from ac8 haplotype were significantly larger with respect to body length, oesophagus length, spicule length (male) and distance from the anus to the rear end (female) compared to specimens from ac9. The morphological analysis by light microscopy showed little variation in the level of bifurcations at the lateral rays in the right lobe of the copulatory bursa between the two haplotypes. The biological, morphological and morphometric variations observed between the two haplotypes agree with the observed variation at the molecular level using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I marker and reinforce the possible influence of geographical isolation on the development of these haplotypes.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/anatomia & histologia , Tamanho Corporal/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/classificação , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genética , Brasil , Fezes/parasitologia , Geografia Médica , Haplótipos , Larva/genética , Microscopia de Polarização , Ratos Wistar , Razão de Masculinidade , Fatores de Tempo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the etiologic agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Cases have been recorded in many parts of the world, including Brazil. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in the biology and morphology of two different Brazilian haplotypes of A. cantonensis: ac8 and ac9. A significantly larger number of L1 larvae eliminated in the faeces of rodents at the beginning of the patent period was observed for ac9 haplotype and compared to the total of L1 larvae eliminated, there was a significant difference between the two haplotypes. The ac9 haplotype showed a significant difference in the proportion of female and male specimens (0.6:1), but the same was not observed for ac8 (1.2:1). The morphometric analysis showed that male and female specimens isolated from ac8 haplotype were significantly larger with respect to body length, oesophagus length, spicule length (male) and distance from the anus to the rear end (female) compared to specimens from ac9. The morphological analysis by light microscopy showed little variation in the level of bifurcations at the lateral rays in the right lobe of the copulatory bursa between the two haplotypes. The biological, morphological and morphometric variations observed between the two haplotypes agree with the observed variation at the molecular level using the cytochrome oxidase subunit I marker and reinforce the possible influence of geographical isolation on the development of these haplotypes.
Assuntos
Angiostrongylus cantonensis/anatomia & histologia , Tamanho Corporal/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/classificação , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/genética , Animais , Brasil , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Geografia Médica , Haplótipos , Larva/genética , Masculino , Microscopia de Polarização , Ratos Wistar , Razão de Masculinidade , Fatores de Tempo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Angiostrongylus cantonensis é responsável por causar meningoencefaliteeosinofílica em humanos e casos já foram registrados em diversas partes do mundoincluindo o Brasil (ES, PE e SP). Nesse estudo, relatamos a variabilidade genéticaentre isolados de A. cantonensis do Brasil utilizando sequências do genemitocondrial COI. Foram identificados três haplótipos brasileiros de A. cantonensis,baseados em oito haplótipos conhecidos (ac1-ac8). O haplótipo brasileiro ac5 ficouagrupado com isolados do Japão e o haplótipo brasileiro ac8 (isolados do RJ, SP,PA e PE) formaram um clado distinto. Foi relatado um novo haplótipo brasileiro,haplótipo ac9, o qual se encontra intimamente relacionado com os haplótipos daChina (ac6) e do Japão (ac7). Dois isolados brasileiros de A. cantonensis, Olinda eCaju (haplótipos ac8 e ac9, respectivamente) relatados no presente estudo, tiveramsua biologia e morfologia caracterizadas após infecção experimental. Foi observadadiferença significativa com maior carga parasitária recuperada nos isolados de Cajue um número significativamente maior de larvas L1 eliminadas nas fezes no início doperíodo patente. Entretanto, quando comparado o total de larvas eliminadas não foiverificada diferença significativa entre os dois isolados...
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is responsible for causing eosinophilicmeningoencephalitis in humans and cases have been recorded in various parts ofthe world including Brazil (ES, PE and SP). In this study, we report the geneticvariability among Brazilian isolates of A. cantonensis using sequences of themitochondrial COI gene. We identified three Brazilian haplotypes of A. cantonensis,based on eight known haplotypes (ac1-ac8). The Brazilian haplotype ac5, wasclustered with isolates from Japan and the Brazilian haplotype ac8 (isolates from RJ,SP, PA and PE) formed a distinct clade. It was reported a new Brazilian haplotype,haplotype ac9, which is closely related to haplotype from China (ac6) and Japan(ac7). Two Brazilian isolates of A. cantonensis, Olinda and Caju (haplotypes ac8 andac9, respectively) reported in this study, had their biology and morphologycharacterized after experimental infection. Significant differences were observed withhigher parasite load recovered in the isolates from Caju and a significantly greaternumber of L1 larvae eliminated in the feces at the beginning of the patent period.However, when compared to the total larvae eliminated there was no significantdifference between the two isolates. The isolates from Caju showed significantdifference in the proportion of female and male specimens (0,64:1), but it was notobserved for isolates from Olinda (1,16:1)...
Assuntos
Animais , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/anatomia & histologia , Haplótipos , Infecções/induzido quimicamente , Meningoencefalite , Filogenia , Tipagem Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a worldwide-distributed zoonotic nematode that can cause human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Here, for the first time, we report the isolation of A. cantonensis from Achatina fulica from two Brazilian states: Rio de Janeiro (specifically the municipalities of Barra do Piraí, situated at the Paraiba River Valley region and São Gonçalo, situated at the edge of Guanabara Bay) and Santa Catarina (in municipality of Joinville). The lungworms were identified by comparing morphological and morphometrical data obtained from adult worms to values obtained from experimental infections of A. cantonensis from Pernambuco, Brazil, and Akita, Japan. Only a few minor morphological differences that were determined to represent intra-specific variation were observed. This report of A. cantonensis in South and Southeast Brazil, together with the recent report of the zoonosis and parasite-infected molluscs in Northeast Brazil, provide evidence of the wide distribution of A. cantonensis in the country. The need for efforts to better understand the role of A. fulica in the transmission of meningoencephalitis in Brazil and the surveillance of molluscs and rodents, particularly in ports, is emphasized.
Assuntos
Angiostrongylus cantonensis/isolamento & purificação , Vetores de Doenças , Gastrópodes/parasitologia , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/anatomia & histologia , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/classificação , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , Masculino , Meningoencefalite/parasitologia , Meningoencefalite/transmissão , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Infecções por Strongylida/transmissãoRESUMO
The human cases of eosinophilic meningitis recently reported from Brazil have focused the attention of the public health agencies on the role the introduced snail Achatina fulica plays as hosts of the metastrongylid nematodes. Determining the potential of this snail to host and develop infective larval stages of metastrongylids in the wild and identify the species harbored by them is crucial for designing effective control measures. Here we assess if A. fulica may act as intermediate host of A. cantonensis at the peridomiciliary areas of a patient's house from state of Pernambuco (PE), who was diagnosed with eosinophilic meningitis and a history of ingesting raw molluscs. Larvae obtained from naturally infected A. fulica were orally administered to Rattus norvegicus. The worms were collected from the pulmonary artery and brain, and were morphologically characterized and compared to the Japan isolate of A. cantonensis. Adult worms and infective L(3) larvae (PE isolate) recovered from A. fulica specimens were also analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of ITS2 region from rDNA and compared to A. cantonensis (ES isolate), A. vasorum (MG isolate) and A. costaricensis (RS isolate). The large size of the spicules (greater than those observed in other species of Angiostrongylus) and the pattern of the bursal rays agree with the original species description by Chen (1935). Furthermore, the morphology of the PE isolate was similar to that of Japan isolate. The PCR-RFLP profiles obtained were distinctive among species and no variation in patterns was detected among adult individuals from A. cantonensis isolates from PE and ES. The importance of A. fulica as an intermediate host of eosinophilic menigoencepahlitis in Brazil is emphasized.