RESUMO
ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the sedative and anaesthetic effect of the essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum) (EOOB) and lemongrass (Cymbopogum flexuosus) (EOCF) in Nile tilapia juveniles. The fish were transferred to aquaria containing different concentrations of each essential oil: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 μL L-1. The time of sedation ranged from 7 to 31 seconds and the recommended concentration was 10 or 25 μL L-1 for both essential oils. The best times for anaesthesia and recovery were found for the concentrations of 400 μL L-1 for EOOB (135.2 and 199.1 seconds, respectively) and 600 μL L-1 for EOCF (327.1 and 374.8 seconds, respectively). In conclusion, we recommend the use of EOOB and EOCF for the sedation and anaesthesia of Nile tilapia at concentrations of 10-25 (for both), 400 and 600 μL L-1, respectively.
Assuntos
Animais , Óleos Voláteis , Ocimum basilicum/química , Ciclídeos , Cymbopogon/química , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/isolamento & purificação , Anestesia , Anestésicos/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
This study aimed to verify the sedative and anaesthetic effect of the essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum) (EOOB) and lemongrass (Cymbopogum flexuosus) (EOCF) in Nile tilapia juveniles. The fish were transferred to aquaria containing different concentrations of each essential oil: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 µL L-1. The time of sedation ranged from 7 to 31 seconds and the recommended concentration was 10 or 25 µL L-1 for both essential oils. The best times for anaesthesia and recovery were found for the concentrations of 400 µL L-1 for EOOB (135.2 and 199.1 seconds, respectively) and 600 µL L-1 for EOCF (327.1 and 374.8 seconds, respectively). In conclusion, we recommend the use of EOOB and EOCF for the sedation and anaesthesia of Nile tilapia at concentrations of 10-25 (for both), 400 and 600 µL L-1, respectively.
Assuntos
Anestesia , Anestésicos , Ciclídeos , Cymbopogon/química , Hipnóticos e Sedativos , Ocimum basilicum/química , Óleos Voláteis , Anestésicos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The present study describes the isolation of linalool from the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown, and its anesthetic effect in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) in comparison with essential oil. The potentiation of depressant effects of linalool with a benzodiazepine (BDZ) and the involvement of GABAergic system in its antagonism by flumazenil were also evaluated. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Juvenile silver catfish unknown sex weighing mean 9.24 ± 2.83 g (n = 6 for each experimental group per experiment). METHODS: Column chromatography was used for the isolation of S-(+)-linalool. Fish (n = 6 for each concentration) were transferred to aquaria with linalool (30, 60, and 180 µL L(-1)) or EO of L. alba (50, 100, and 300 µL L(-1)) to determine the induction time for anesthesia. After induction, the animals were transferred to anesthetic-free aquaria to assess their recovery time. To observe the potentiation, fish were exposed to linalool (30, 60, and 180 µL L(-1)) in the presence or absence of BDZ (diazepam 150 µm). In another experiment, fish exposed to linalool (30 and 180 µL L(-1) or BDZ were transferred to an anesthetic-free aquaria containing flumazenil (5 µm) or water to assess recovery time. RESULTS: Linalool had a similar sedation profile to the essential oil at a proportional concentration in silver catfish. However, the anesthesia profile was different. Potentiation of linalool effect occurred only when tested at low concentration. Fish exposed to BDZ showed faster anesthesia recovery in water with flumazenil, but the same did not occur with linalool. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of linalool as a sedative and anesthetic for silver catfish was effective at 30 and 180 µL L(-1), respectively. The mechanism of action seems not to involve the benzodiazepine site of the GABAergic system.
Assuntos
Anestesia/veterinária , Peixes-Gato , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Lippia/química , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Anestesia/métodos , Anestésicos/isolamento & purificação , Anestésicos/farmacologia , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos dos fármacos , Diazepam/farmacologia , Flumazenil/farmacologia , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/isolamento & purificação , Monoterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study evaluated the sedative and anesthetic effects of the essential oils (EO) of Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. and their isolated components on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Quantitative chemical differences between the EOs obtained from leaves and inflorescences were verified, and a new chemotype rich in globulol was described. Although there were no significant differences in the time of induction for sedation and anesthesia between the EOs, only the leaf EO at 344 mg/L anesthetized all fish without side effects. Fractionation of the leaf EO was carried out by column chromatography. The isolated compounds [(+)-1-terpinen-4-ol and (-)-globulol] showed different activity from that detected for the leaf EO in proportional concentrations and similar sedation to a eugenol control at 10 mg/L. However, fish exposed to 1-terpinen-4-ol (3 and 10 mg/L) did not remain sedated for 30 min. Anesthesia was obtained with 83-190 mg/L globulol, but animals showed loss of mucus during induction and mortality at these concentrations. Synergism of the depressor effects was detected with the association of globulol and benzodiazepine (BDZ), compared with either drug alone. Fish exposed to BDZ or globulol+BDZ association showed faster recovery from anesthesia in water containing flumazenil, but the same did not occur with globulol. In conclusion, the use of globulol in aquaculture procedures should be considered only at sedative concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/L, and its mechanism of action seems not to involve the GABAA-BDZ system.
Assuntos
Anestésicos/farmacologia , Peixes-Gato , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Hyptis/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Análise de Variância , Anestésicos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , GABAérgicos/metabolismo , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/isolamento & purificação , Inflorescência/química , Mortalidade , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/química , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Sesquiterpenos/farmacocinética , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Terpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study evaluated the sedative and anesthetic effects of the essential oils (EO) of Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. and their isolated components on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Quantitative chemical differences between the EOs obtained from leaves and inflorescences were verified, and a new chemotype rich in globulol was described. Although there were no significant differences in the time of induction for sedation and anesthesia between the EOs, only the leaf EO at 344 mg/L anesthetized all fish without side effects. Fractionation of the leaf EO was carried out by column chromatography. The isolated compounds [(+)-1-terpinen-4-ol and (-)-globulol] showed different activity from that detected for the leaf EO in proportional concentrations and similar sedation to a eugenol control at 10 mg/L. However, fish exposed to 1-terpinen-4-ol (3 and 10 mg/L) did not remain sedated for 30 min. Anesthesia was obtained with 83-190 mg/L globulol, but animals showed loss of mucus during induction and mortality at these concentrations. Synergism of the depressor effects was detected with the association of globulol and benzodiazepine (BDZ), compared with either drug alone. Fish exposed to BDZ or globulol+BDZ association showed faster recovery from anesthesia in water containing flumazenil, but the same did not occur with globulol. In conclusion, the use of globulol in aquaculture procedures should be considered only at sedative concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/L, and its mechanism of action seems not to involve the GABAA-BDZ system.