RESUMO
Na prática, compreender a anatomia reprodutiva, a fisiologia e o comportamento do macho, da espécie selvagem com a qual se está trabalhando, é essencial para a avaliação andrológica e para a reprodução bem sucedida. Neste artigo damos especial ênfase à andrologia de felídeos selvagens. O profissional pode ser chamado para solucionar problemas quando a espécie apresenta dificuldade de reprodução em cativeiro e/ou encontra-se ameaçada de extinção. Baixas taxas de fertilidade e de prenhez podem estar associadas ao macho, com influências do estresse pelo cativeiro, nutrição inadequada e erros de manejo reprodutivo. E também, as instituições que mantêm essas espécies sob cuidado humano poderão ser auxiliadas no manejo reprodutivo com o exame andrológico periódico, que pode ser acompanhado de criopreservação de sêmen para formação ou manutenção de um banco de reserva genômica. Como componente de um programa holístico de conservação, incluindo os estudos de ecologia de campo, esta estratégia fortalece ainda mais o vínculo entre as populações ex situ e in situ.(AU)
In practice, understanding the male reproductive anatomy, physiology and the behavior, of the wild species that you are working, is essential for andrological assessment and successful reproduction. In this article we give special emphasis to the andrology of wild felids. The professional can be called to solve problems when the species has difficulty reproducing in captivity and/or is threatened with extinction. Low fertility and pregnancy rates may be associated with the male, with influences from stress in captivity, inadequate nutrition and reproductive management errors. Also, the institutions that keep these species under human care can be assisted in reproductive management with periodic andrological examination, which can be accompanied by semen cryopreservation for the formation or maintenance of a genome resource bank. As a component of a holistic conservation program, including field ecology studies, this strategy further strengthens the link between ex situ and in situ populations.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Felidae/embriologia , Animais Selvagens/embriologia , Andrologia/tendênciasRESUMO
O desenvolvimento de tecnologias reprodutivas e conhecimentos sobre a andrologia de grandes felinos caminham a pequenos passos, com avanços na última década. Estudos sobre o comportamento de onças-pintadas (Panthera onca) revelam as sequências de comportamentos sócio-sexuais e levantam a possibilidade de a ovulação poder ocorrer por estímulos sensoriais, e não somente pela estimulação mecânica durante a cópula. Um grande avanço na andrologia dos felinos foi o desenvolvimento da colheita farmacológica com α2-agonistas, que já se mostrou eficiente também nos grandes felinos neotropicais. Este foi um verdadeiro divisor de águas para a criopreservação de sêmen, especialmente em animais de vida livre. Pouco se avançou, no entanto, no meio de criopreservação, ainda hoje os meios indicados são à base de TRIS-gema-glicerol, porém a gema não é estável suficiente para uso em animais de vida livre, sendo necessária avaliação de substitutivos como as lipoproteínas de baixa densidade e lecitina de soja. O aprimoramento de reprodução assistida nos felinos neotropicais é pungente, em especial a onça-pintada visto que em alguns biomas a espécie está criticamente em perigo.
The development of reproductive technologies and knowledge about the andrology of big cats are taking small steps, with advances in the last decade. Studies on the sexual behavior of jaguars (Panthera onca) reveal the sequences of sexual behaviors and raise the possibility that ovulation may occur through sensory stimuli and not only through mechanical stimulation during copulation. A significant advance in feline andrology was the development of pharmacological semen collection with α2-agonists, which has proved efficient in neotropical big cats. It was disruptive for semen cryopreservation, especially in free-living animals. Little progress has been made; however, in the cryopreservation environment, even today, the indicated means are based on TRIS-yolk-glycerol. However, the yolk is not stable enough for use in free-living animals, requiring the evaluation of substitutes such as low-density lipoproteins and soy lecithin. The improvement of assisted reproduction in neotropical felines is poignant, especially the jaguar, since in some biomes, the species is critically endangered.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Andrologia/tendências , Criopreservação , Panthera , Puma , Fenômenos FarmacológicosRESUMO
O exame andrológico é uma ferramenta importante para o manejo reprodutivo do rebanho, uma vez que compreende etapas como, anamnese, exame clínico geral e dos órgãos genitais, avaliação do comportamento sexual, além da avaliação da produção, motilidade e morfologia espermática. Apesar de apresentar uma estrutura simples, o exame andrológico deve ser bem executado em cada uma de suas etapas, pois por meio desse procedimento é possível identificar precocemente e remover do rebanho machos inaptos à reprodução. Sendo assim, é fundamental ter conhecimento sobre as características anatômicas e fisiológicas básicas da espécie, e sobre os avanços obtidos em andrologia suína nos últimos anos para realizar adequadamente o exame e, consequentemente, beneficiar toda a cadeia produtiva de suínos.
Breeding soundness evaluation is a valuable tool for herd management, since the exam includes anamnesis, general and physical exams, boar sexual behavior, and the traditional exams such as sperm production, sperm motility and sperm morphology evaluations. Regardless of its easy execution, examinations must be well performed, considering every step, since this procedure allows the early identification of boars unsuitable for reproduction and their removal from a herd. Thus, it is essential to know about anatomic and physiologic aspects of this species and the updates in swine breeding soundness over the last years, in order to perform this exam properly and, consequently, bringing benefits for whole swine production.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Andrologia/métodos , Andrologia/tendências , Análise do Sêmen/métodos , Suínos/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual AnimalRESUMO
O exame andrológico é uma ferramenta importante para o manejo reprodutivo do rebanho, uma vez que compreende etapas como, anamnese, exame clínico geral e dos órgãos genitais, avaliação do comportamento sexual, além da avaliação da produção, motilidade e morfologia espermática. Apesar de apresentar uma estrutura simples, o exame andrológico deve ser bem executado em cada uma de suas etapas, pois por meio desse procedimento é possível identificar precocemente e remover do rebanho machos inaptos à reprodução. Sendo assim, é fundamental ter conhecimento sobre as características anatômicas e fisiológicas básicas da espécie, e sobre os avanços obtidos em andrologia suína nos últimos anos para realizar adequadamente o exame e, consequentemente, beneficiar toda a cadeia produtiva de suínos.(AU)
Breeding soundness evaluation is a valuable tool for herd management, since the exam includes anamnesis, general and physical exams, boar sexual behavior, and the traditional exams such as sperm production, sperm motility and sperm morphology evaluations. Regardless of its easy execution, examinations must be well performed, considering every step, since this procedure allows the early identification of boars unsuitable for reproduction and their removal from a herd. Thus, it is essential to know about anatomic and physiologic aspects of this species and the updates in swine breeding soundness over the last years, in order to perform this exam properly and, consequently, bringing benefits for whole swine production.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Suínos/fisiologia , Andrologia/métodos , Andrologia/tendências , Análise do Sêmen/métodos , Comportamento Sexual AnimalRESUMO
Ultrassonografias foi método auxiliar na avaliação andrológica. Cortes diferentes nos testículos e glândulas vesicais, analisando a imagem, quantificando a escala de cinza e aferido as medidas biométricas e forma testicular. 111 bovinos jovens Nelore foram examinados dos 9 aos 15 meses. Foi dividido em 3 grupos: Nelore tradicional (NeT); Seleção (NeS); Controle (NeC). Usando o aparelho Pie Medical Scanner 200C, ligado a um transdutor linear de 8 MHz, com o auxílio do software Echo Image Viewer (EIV), sendo aferido a escala de cinza (EC) dos testículos. A média obtida foi 30,43; 30,51 e 31,44% para NeT; NeS; NeC, respectivamente. A EC nos planos de varreduras, média no período de 9 a 15 meses foi de 33,09 e 28,18% nos planos transversal e frontal. Não houve diferenças da EC para o testículo esquerdo e direito. Animais púberes e impúberes tiveram a média da EC diferente, e houve diferença significativa da EC nas diferentes idades, no testículo e nas glândulas vesicais. A porcentagem nas diferentes formas testiculares foram 61,39; 32,12; 6,07, 0,30 e 0% para as formas longo oval, longo moderado, oval esférico e esférico, respectivamente. A diferença testicular nas idades 9, 13 e 15 meses foi 5,15, 3,54 e 2,64% respectivamente.
Ultrasonography was auxiliary methods of breeding soundness evaluation. Different cuts testicles and urinary glands, analyzing image, quantifying the gray scale and mensuared biometric measurements and testicular form. 111 Nellore steers were examinated from 9 to 15 months. It was divided into 3 groups: Traditional Nelore (NeT); Selection (Nellore); Control (NeC). Using the device Pie Medical Scanner 200C, attached to a linear transducer of 8 MHz, with the help of software "Echo Image Viewer" (EIV) and is quoted grayscale (EC) of the testicles. The average was 30.43; 30.51 and 31.44% for NeT; Nellore; NeC, respectively. The JV plans scans average in the period 9-15 months was 33.09 and 28.18% in the transverse and frontal planes. There were no differences of CE to the left testicle and right. Pubertal animals and im-pubescent had the average of different CE, and there was significant difference in the EC diferent ages, in the testicle and the bladder glands. The percentage is different, but the testes were 61.39; 32.12; 6.07, 0.30 and 0% for long oval shapes, moderately long oval spherical and spherical, respectively. The difference in testicular ages 9, 13 and 15 months was 5.15, 3.54 and 2.64% respectively.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Bovinos , Andrologia/métodos , Andrologia/tendências , Bovinos/embriologia , Bovinos/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Ultrassonografia/tendências , Ultrassonografia/veterináriaRESUMO
Ultrassonografias foi método auxiliar na avaliação andrológica. Cortes diferentes nos testículos e glândulas vesicais, analisando a imagem, quantificando a escala de cinza e aferido as medidas biométricas e forma testicular. 111 bovinos jovens Nelore foram examinados dos 9 aos 15 meses. Foi dividido em 3 grupos: Nelore tradicional (NeT); Seleção (NeS); Controle (NeC). Usando o aparelho Pie Medical Scanner 200C, ligado a um transdutor linear de 8 MHz, com o auxílio do software Echo Image Viewer (EIV), sendo aferido a escala de cinza (EC) dos testículos. A média obtida foi 30,43; 30,51 e 31,44% para NeT; NeS; NeC, respectivamente. A EC nos planos de varreduras, média no período de 9 a 15 meses foi de 33,09 e 28,18% nos planos transversal e frontal. Não houve diferenças da EC para o testículo esquerdo e direito. Animais púberes e impúberes tiveram a média da EC diferente, e houve diferença significativa da EC nas diferentes idades, no testículo e nas glândulas vesicais. A porcentagem nas diferentes formas testiculares foram 61,39; 32,12; 6,07, 0,30 e 0% para as formas longo oval, longo moderado, oval esférico e esférico, respectivamente. A diferença testicular nas idades 9, 13 e 15 meses foi 5,15, 3,54 e 2,64% respectivamente.(AU)
Ultrasonography was auxiliary methods of breeding soundness evaluation. Different cuts testicles and urinary glands, analyzing image, quantifying the gray scale and mensuared biometric measurements and testicular form. 111 Nellore steers were examinated from 9 to 15 months. It was divided into 3 groups: Traditional Nelore (NeT); Selection (Nellore); Control (NeC). Using the device Pie Medical Scanner 200C, attached to a linear transducer of 8 MHz, with the help of software "Echo Image Viewer" (EIV) and is quoted grayscale (EC) of the testicles. The average was 30.43; 30.51 and 31.44% for NeT; Nellore; NeC, respectively. The JV plans scans average in the period 9-15 months was 33.09 and 28.18% in the transverse and frontal planes. There were no differences of CE to the left testicle and right. Pubertal animals and im-pubescent had the average of different CE, and there was significant difference in the EC diferent ages, in the testicle and the bladder glands. The percentage is different, but the testes were 61.39; 32.12; 6.07, 0.30 and 0% for long oval shapes, moderately long oval spherical and spherical, respectively. The difference in testicular ages 9, 13 and 15 months was 5.15, 3.54 and 2.64% respectively.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Bovinos , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Ultrassonografia/tendências , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Andrologia/métodos , Andrologia/tendências , Bovinos/embriologia , Bovinos/fisiologiaRESUMO
T he aim of this study was to evaluate the rejection rates of bulls in the behavioral assessment (libido and mounting capacity) and the importance of this step in the breeding soundness evaluation of 30, 700 beef bulls i n the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Bulls from the following breeds were evaluated: Aberdeen Angus, Red Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Devon, Shorthorn, Brangus, Braford, Montana, Santa Gertrudis, Charolais, Limousin, Brahman, Nelore, and Tabapua. In order to investigate the relationship between the binary variable ( approved or rejected in different steps of the breeding soundness evaluation) and age groups (young and mature bulls), the Chi - Square test (PROC - FREQ) and the Tukey test were used. The general rejection rates in the breeding soundne ss evaluation were 13.7 and 22.7 % for young and mature bulls, respectively. In the present study, problems in the sexual behavior of bulls accounted for the rejection of 3. 6 to 5.2% of young and mature bulls, respectively . Lack of libido and / or mounting capacity were shown to be importan t problems in relation to the total number of possible causes of rejection of bulls in the breeding soundness evaluation. Several factors may affect the expression of libido and / or mounting capacity at pasture , and the conditions under which this step is carried out may influence the results. P erform ing behavioral assessment as part of the breeding soundness evaluatio n has been shown to be important to the thorough reproductive e valuation of bulls. The rejection of bulls i n the behavioral assessment may suggest that this step should be performed regularly , rather than just being complementary to the standard breeding soundness evaluation.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Comportamento Animal , /fisiologia , Libido/fisiologia , Bovinos/classificação , Andrologia/tendênciasRESUMO
Bull fertility is extremely important for beef cattle production systems and has a multiplier impact on the economical and zootechnical indexes of the herd. Bulls raised in tropical conditions may present varied seminal characteristics due to, among other causes, different management practices and quality of pastures. Another factor that influences the semen characteristics is the age of the sire. The reproductive potential of bull evaluated through the andrological exam aims to ensure the semen quality and to improve the herd reproductive efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main semen parameters of Brangus- Ibagé bulls extensively reared in eastern Mato Grosso do Sul state and to verify the effect of age on the andrological characteristics analyzed. It was also evaluated the correlation between age, scrotal circumference, and physical and morphological sperm characteristics produced by the Brangus bulls.[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Fatores Etários , Bovinos/classificação , Andrologia/tendências , Sêmen/citologiaRESUMO
Bull fertility is extremely important for beef cattle production systems and has a multiplier impact on the economical and zootechnical indexes of the herd. Bulls raised in tropical conditions may present varied seminal characteristics due to, among other causes, different management practices and quality of pastures. Another factor that influences the semen characteristics is the age of the sire. The reproductive potential of bull evaluated through the andrological exam aims to ensure the semen quality and to improve the herd reproductive efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the main semen parameters of Brangus- Ibagé bulls extensively reared in eastern Mato Grosso do Sul state and to verify the effect of age on the andrological characteristics analyzed. It was also evaluated the correlation between age, scrotal circumference, and physical and morphological sperm characteristics produced by the Brangus bulls.[...]
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos/classificação , Fatores Etários , Andrologia/tendências , Sêmen/citologiaRESUMO
T he aim of this study was to evaluate the rejection rates of bulls in the behavioral assessment (libido and mounting capacity) and the importance of this step in the breeding soundness evaluation of 30, 700 beef bulls i n the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Bulls from the following breeds were evaluated: Aberdeen Angus, Red Angus, Hereford, Polled Hereford, Devon, Shorthorn, Brangus, Braford, Montana, Santa Gertrudis, Charolais, Limousin, Brahman, Nelore, and Tabapua. In order to investigate the relationship between the binary variable ( approved or rejected in different steps of the breeding soundness evaluation) and age groups (young and mature bulls), the Chi - Square test (PROC - FREQ) and the Tukey test were used. The general rejection rates in the breeding soundne ss evaluation were 13.7 and 22.7 % for young and mature bulls, respectively. In the present study, problems in the sexual behavior of bulls accounted for the rejection of 3. 6 to 5.2% of young and mature bulls, respectively . Lack of libido and / or mounting capacity were shown to be importan t problems in relation to the total number of possible causes of rejection of bulls in the breeding soundness evaluation. Several factors may affect the expression of libido and / or mounting capacity at pasture , and the conditions under which this step is carried out may influence the results. P erform ing behavioral assessment as part of the breeding soundness evaluatio n has been shown to be important to the thorough reproductive e valuation of bulls. The rejection of bulls i n the behavioral assessment may suggest that this step should be performed regularly , rather than just being complementary to the standard breeding soundness evaluation.