RESUMO
A cultura do alho é afetada pela queima-bacteriana causada por Pseudomomas marginalis pv. marginalis(Pmm). Com o objetivo de avaliar a relação da flutuação populacional epifítica de Pmm com a severidade da doença, bulbilhos do cultivar Chonan foram inoculados com a bactéria diferenciadora mutante a rifampicina (Pmmrf) e semeados a campo. A severidade foi avaliada semanalmente em 100 plantas ao acaso e a população epifítica de Pmmrf das folhas foi diluída em série e depositada em meio de cultura com rifampicina. Após a incubação a 28°C por 48 horas, as colônias de Pmmrfforam contadas. Os dados foram submetidos à correlação de Pearson e avaliada a sua significância pelo teste. A severidade da doença e a população epifítica iniciaram a partir da sétima semana. A severidade final atingiu 67 e 74% no ciclo de 2019 e 2020 respectivamente. A população epifítica quando atingiu a ordem de 105e 106 em cada ano, manteve-se estável até o final do ciclo da cultura. A correlação foi de 0,688 e 0,521 para cada ano, indicando uma correlação moderada e significativa entre a severidade da doença e a população bacteriana. Este trabalho servirá de base epidemiológica e para elaboração de um sistema de previsão para manejo da doença na cultura.(AU)
The garlic crop is affected by the bacterial blight caused by Pseudomomas marginalispv. marginalis(Pmm). Here, we evaluate the relationship between the epiphytic population fluctuation of Pmm and the severity of the disease. Cloves of the Chonan cultivar were inoculated with the mutant differentiating bacteria rifampicin (Pmmrf). After, they were then sown in the field. The severity was evaluated weekly over 100 random plants and the epiphytic population of Pmmrffrom the leaves was serially diluted and deposited in culture medium containing rifampicin. After incubation at 28 ° C for 48 hours, Pmmrfcolonies were counted. The data were submitted to Pearson's correlation, and its significance was also evaluated. The severity of the disease and the epiphytic population started from the seventh week. The final severity reached 67 and 74% in the 2019 and 2020 cycles, respectively. However, when the epiphytic population reached 105and 106each year, it remained stable until the end of the culture cycle. The Pearson's correlation achieves the 0.688 and 0.521 scores for both selected periods, indicating a moderate and significant correlation between the severity of the disease and the bacterial population. This research helps to elaborate epidemiological protocols and for the elaboration of forecasting systems.(AU)
Assuntos
Pseudomonas , Alho/microbiologiaRESUMO
A cultura do alho é afetada pela queima-bacteriana causada por Pseudomomas marginalis pv. marginalis(Pmm). Com o objetivo de avaliar a relação da flutuação populacional epifítica de Pmm com a severidade da doença, bulbilhos do cultivar Chonan foram inoculados com a bactéria diferenciadora mutante a rifampicina (Pmmrf) e semeados a campo. A severidade foi avaliada semanalmente em 100 plantas ao acaso e a população epifítica de Pmmrf das folhas foi diluída em série e depositada em meio de cultura com rifampicina. Após a incubação a 28°C por 48 horas, as colônias de Pmmrfforam contadas. Os dados foram submetidos à correlação de Pearson e avaliada a sua significância pelo teste. A severidade da doença e a população epifítica iniciaram a partir da sétima semana. A severidade final atingiu 67 e 74% no ciclo de 2019 e 2020 respectivamente. A população epifítica quando atingiu a ordem de 105e 106 em cada ano, manteve-se estável até o final do ciclo da cultura. A correlação foi de 0,688 e 0,521 para cada ano, indicando uma correlação moderada e significativa entre a severidade da doença e a população bacteriana. Este trabalho servirá de base epidemiológica e para elaboração de um sistema de previsão para manejo da doença na cultura.
The garlic crop is affected by the bacterial blight caused by Pseudomomas marginalispv. marginalis(Pmm). Here, we evaluate the relationship between the epiphytic population fluctuation of Pmm and the severity of the disease. Cloves of the Chonan cultivar were inoculated with the mutant differentiating bacteria rifampicin (Pmmrf). After, they were then sown in the field. The severity was evaluated weekly over 100 random plants and the epiphytic population of Pmmrffrom the leaves was serially diluted and deposited in culture medium containing rifampicin. After incubation at 28 ° C for 48 hours, Pmmrfcolonies were counted. The data were submitted to Pearson's correlation, and its significance was also evaluated. The severity of the disease and the epiphytic population started from the seventh week. The final severity reached 67 and 74% in the 2019 and 2020 cycles, respectively. However, when the epiphytic population reached 105and 106each year, it remained stable until the end of the culture cycle. The Pearson's correlation achieves the 0.688 and 0.521 scores for both selected periods, indicating a moderate and significant correlation between the severity of the disease and the bacterial population. This research helps to elaborate epidemiological protocols and for the elaboration of forecasting systems.
Assuntos
Alho/microbiologia , PseudomonasRESUMO
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the crops whose economic importance has increased considerably in recent years in Brazil. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) is a useful alternative for reducing the cost of agricultural inputs and, consequently, for increasing productivity. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to isolate and evaluate potential growth promoters in plants and plant pathogenic fungi growth inhibitors using endophytic bacteria from garlic roots and bacteria from the Agricultural Microbiology Culture Collection at the Federal University of Lavras. Besides verifying improvements in the growth and physiology of garlic meristems grown in vitro under the action of PGPB. Forty-eight endophytic bacteria were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry based on the protein profile of each isolate. Four isolates were chosen according to their ability to fix nitrogen, to produce auxin and solubilize phosphate. The cultivation of garlic meristems in tissue culture with these bacteria was established at a population level of 106 CFU/mL. The evaluated criteria were: (1) the colonization capacity of the bacteria inside the garlic plants determined through scanning electron microscopy; (2) the chlorophyll content; and (3) the growth of garlic plants in vitro post-PGPB inoculation. Volatiles emitted by those isolates inhibited fungi growth. The inoculation of garlic meristems with Enterobacter cloacae and Burkholderia cepacia promoted an improvement in the growth and physiological attributes of garlic, indicating the feasibility of their application as plant growth promoters for commercial cultivation.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , Alho/microbiologia , Meristema/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Desenvolvimento Vegetal/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Burkholderia cepacia/metabolismo , Clorofila/análise , Endófitos/metabolismo , Enterobacter cloacae/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Fixação de Nitrogênio/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS region, tef1-α, cal, act and rpb2 sequences. The genetic variability of the recovered Trichoderma species was analysed by AFLP and their phenotypic variability determined using MALDI-TOF. The strain clusters from both typing techniques coincided with the taxonomic determinations made from phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma erinaceum, in the soil samples. We also identified and describe two new Trichoderma species, both in the harzianum clade of section Pachybasium, which we have named Trichoderma azevedoi sp. nov. and Trichoderma peberdyi sp. nov. The examined strains of both T. azevedoi (three strains) and T. peberdyi (12 strains) display significant genotypic and phenotypic variability, but form monophyletic clades with strong bootstrap and posterior probability support and are morphologically distinct from their respective most closely related species.
Assuntos
Alho/microbiologia , Cebolas/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Trichoderma/classificação , Trichoderma/isolamento & purificação , Análise do Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados , Biodiversidade , Brasil , DNA Fúngico/análise , DNA Fúngico/genética , Técnicas de Tipagem Micológica/métodos , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Especificidade da Espécie , Trichoderma/citologia , Trichoderma/genéticaRESUMO
The garlic contains sulfur bioactive compounds responsible for medicinal properties. The decrease of these compounds due to inadequate storage conditions reduces the beneficial properties and favors infection by microorganisms. Several studies have shown high frequency of garlic infected with Aspergillus section Nigri that potentially produce mycotoxin. Garlic samples were collected in markets of Brazil and a total of 32 samples (of 36) had the fungal infection with predominant genus Aspergillus (50.3%), Penicillium (34.7%), and Fusarium (11%). A total of 63% (649/1031) of infection with Aspergillus section Nigri, of which 60 isolates were selected for analysis of genetic variability that resulted in 4 clusters. Representatives of clusters were identified by the calmodulin gene. Isolates from cluster I were subdivided into A-I and identified as A. niger (16 isolates) and the isolates of clusters B-I, II, and III were identified as A. welwitschiae (43 isolates). Besides, an isolate of the IV-cluster was identified by A. luchuensis. Further, we used the multiplex PCR to verify genotypes of 59 isolates, and none of these had OTA production-associated genotype. Moreover, 19 A. welwitschiae and 15 A. niger were FB2 production-associated genotype. Our study is the first report to the incidence of garlic infection in Brazil and to show that A. welwitschiae causes most of these infections.
Assuntos
Aspergillus , Fumonisinas/metabolismo , Alho/microbiologia , Ocratoxinas/metabolismo , Aspergillus/genética , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Aspergillus/patogenicidade , Brasil , Microbiologia de Alimentos , GenótipoRESUMO
Bacterial soft rot of garlic caused by Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis is one of the crops main leaf diseases, and little is known about its dynamics of survival in the clove. Accordingly, this study set out to determine this bacteriums survival in the clove with and without asepsis during storage. Garlic cloves of the Chonan cultivar were inoculated with an isolated rifampicin-resistant mutant of P. marginalis pv. marginalis to distinguish them from other bacteria and were transplanted in the field. The population present in the clove was evaluated at the end of the crop cycle and then on a monthly basis until the sixth month in storage. To quantify the bacterial population, three replications were conducted with ten grams each of cloves with and without asepsis by sodium hypochlorite for three minutes. Serial dilution was then used for isolation, followed by plating in a King B culture medium with rifampicin for selective isolation of the bacterium. After 48 hours of incubation at 28 ºC, the colonies were counted on a monthly basis to analyze their survival in the clove. The results indicate that the bacterium is unable to survive in cloves subjected to asepsis during storage, but it can survive without asepsis for up to three months.(AU)
A queima-bacteriana-do-alho causada por Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis é uma das principais doenças foliares da cultura e pouco se conhece de sua dinâmica de sobrevivência no bulbilho. Dentro deste aspecto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência desta bactéria no bulbilho com e sem assepsia durante o armazenamento. Bulbilhos de alho do cultivar Chonan foram inoculados com isolado mutante a rifampicina de P. marginalis pv. marginalis para diferenciar de outras bactérias e foram transplantados a campo. Ao final do ciclo da cultura foi avaliada a população presente no bulbilho e mensalmente até o sexto mês de armazenamento. Para quantificação da população bacteriana foram realizadas três repetições composta de dez gramas cada de bulbilhos sem e com assepsia com hipoclorito de sódio por três minutos, seguida do isolamento pela técnica de diluição seriada seguida de plaqueamento em meio de cultura King-B com rifampicina para isolamento seletivo da bactéria. Após incubação de 48 horas a 28 ºC, as colônias foram contadas para analisar mensalmente a sua sobrevivência no bulbilho. Mediante aos resultados obtidos, a bactéria não tem capacidade de sobreviver nos bulbilhos submetidos à assepsia durante o armazenamento, mas consegue sobreviver sem assepsia por até três meses.(AU)
Assuntos
Alho/microbiologia , Pseudomonas/patogenicidade , Infecções por Pseudomonas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Bacterial soft rot of garlic caused by Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis is one of the crops main leaf diseases, and little is known about its dynamics of survival in the clove. Accordingly, this study set out to determine this bacteriums survival in the clove with and without asepsis during storage. Garlic cloves of the Chonan cultivar were inoculated with an isolated rifampicin-resistant mutant of P. marginalis pv. marginalis to distinguish them from other bacteria and were transplanted in the field. The population present in the clove was evaluated at the end of the crop cycle and then on a monthly basis until the sixth month in storage. To quantify the bacterial population, three replications were conducted with ten grams each of cloves with and without asepsis by sodium hypochlorite for three minutes. Serial dilution was then used for isolation, followed by plating in a King B culture medium with rifampicin for selective isolation of the bacterium. After 48 hours of incubation at 28 ºC, the colonies were counted on a monthly basis to analyze their survival in the clove. The results indicate that the bacterium is unable to survive in cloves subjected to asepsis during storage, but it can survive without asepsis for up to three months.
A queima-bacteriana-do-alho causada por Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis é uma das principais doenças foliares da cultura e pouco se conhece de sua dinâmica de sobrevivência no bulbilho. Dentro deste aspecto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência desta bactéria no bulbilho com e sem assepsia durante o armazenamento. Bulbilhos de alho do cultivar Chonan foram inoculados com isolado mutante a rifampicina de P. marginalis pv. marginalis para diferenciar de outras bactérias e foram transplantados a campo. Ao final do ciclo da cultura foi avaliada a população presente no bulbilho e mensalmente até o sexto mês de armazenamento. Para quantificação da população bacteriana foram realizadas três repetições composta de dez gramas cada de bulbilhos sem e com assepsia com hipoclorito de sódio por três minutos, seguida do isolamento pela técnica de diluição seriada seguida de plaqueamento em meio de cultura King-B com rifampicina para isolamento seletivo da bactéria. Após incubação de 48 horas a 28 ºC, as colônias foram contadas para analisar mensalmente a sua sobrevivência no bulbilho. Mediante aos resultados obtidos, a bactéria não tem capacidade de sobreviver nos bulbilhos submetidos à assepsia durante o armazenamento, mas consegue sobreviver sem assepsia por até três meses.
Assuntos
Alho/microbiologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/epidemiologia , Pseudomonas/patogenicidadeRESUMO
O risco de Doenças Veiculadas por Alimentos - DVA em hambúrgueres pode ser minimizado pelo uso de antimicrobianos naturais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes concentrações do Extrato Aquoso de Alho - EAA na inibição de Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Cronobacter sakazakii, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus e Bacillus cereus e avalia r sensorialmente as amostras de hambúrguer adicionadas de EAA. Os resultados indicaram que o EAA inibiu o crescimento das cepas bacterianas, sendo a ação inibitória proporcional às concentrações usadas sendo que a refrigeração a 7°C por 72 h do EAA não afetou seu efeito inibitório. Na análise sensorial, houve boa aceitabilidade e intenção de compra positiva para as amostras, com destaque para aquelas com maior concentração de EAA (1000μL/mL).(AU)
Assuntos
Produtos da Carne/análise , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/análise , Alho/microbiologia , Comportamento do Consumidor/estatística & dados numéricos , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/análise , Doenças Transmitidas por AlimentosRESUMO
O risco de Doenças Veiculadas por Alimentos - DVA em hambúrgueres pode ser minimizado pelo uso de antimicrobianos naturais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes concentrações do Extrato Aquoso de Alho - EAA na inibição de Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Cronobacter sakazakii, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus e Bacillus cereus e avalia r sensorialmente as amostras de hambúrguer adicionadas de EAA. Os resultados indicaram que o EAA inibiu o crescimento das cepas bacterianas, sendo a ação inibitória proporcional às concentrações usadas sendo que a refrigeração a 7°C por 72 h do EAA não afetou seu efeito inibitório. Na análise sensorial, houve boa aceitabilidade e intenção de compra positiva para as amostras, com destaque para aquelas com maior concentração de EAA (1000μL/mL).
Assuntos
Alho/microbiologia , Antibacterianos/análise , Comportamento do Consumidor/estatística & dados numéricos , Produtos da Carne/análise , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Técnicas Bacteriológicas/análise , Doenças Transmitidas por AlimentosRESUMO
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) plays an important role in popular culture due to its dietary and medicinal uses. It is also used to produce a wide range of pharmacologically interesting molecules. Several pathogens affect garlic plants, especially Athelia (Sclerotium) rolfsii, a fungus that is widespread and causes large economic losses. It causes direct damage to crops and leads to plant stress, which induces secondary metabolite production in plants. The use of microorganisms as biocontrol agents may induce the production of beneficial metabolites in plants that will protect it and promote resistance to pathogen attack. In addition to suppressing disease, biological control agents may have elicitor effects that could induce an increase in the production of useful bioactive secondary metabolites in plants, some of which may be of pharmacological interest. Therefore, the search for new biological control agents should also consider their potential as elicitor agents. This paper presents an analysis of the biological control of Athelia (Sclerotium) rolfsii by antagonistic microrganisms, the potential of yeasts and bacteria of the genus Bacillus for the biocontrol of phytopathogens, microrganisms influence in nutritional and bioactive compounds content of interest to the pharmaceutical industry.
Assuntos
Basidiomycota/patogenicidade , Agentes de Controle Biológico , Alho/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have different mechanisms of action in the development of plants, such as growth promotion, production of phytohormones and antibiotic substances and changes in root exudates. These help to control plant diseases. In order to evaluate the potential of microorganisms in the control of Meloidogyne javanica and Ditylenchus spp., five rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of garlic cultivated in the Curitibanos (SC) region were tested. Hatching chambers were set on Petri dishes, in which were added 10 mL of bacterial suspension and 1 mL of M. javanica eggs suspension, at the rate of 4500, on the filter paper of each chamber. The same procedure was performed with 300 juvenile Ditylenchus spp. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The evaluations were performed every 72 h for nine days. The antagonized population of nematodes was determined in Peters counting chamber, determining the percentage hatching (for M. javanica) and motility (for Ditylenchus spp). Isolates CBSAL02 and CBSAL05 significantly reduced the hatching of M. javanica eggs (74% and 54.77%, respectively) and the motility of Ditylenchus spp. (55.19% and 53.53%, respectively) in vitro. Isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (CBSAL05) and Bacillus (CBSAL02).(AU)
Assuntos
Alho/microbiologia , Alho/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glycine max/microbiologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Tylenchoidea , Nematoides/parasitologiaRESUMO
Garlic in Mexico is one of the most profitable vegetable crops, grown in almost 5,451ha; out of which more than 83% are located in Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Sonora, Puebla, Baja California and Aguascalientes. Blossom-end rot caused by Fusarium spp is widely distributed worldwide and has been a limiting factor in onion and garlic production regions, not only in Mexico but also in other countries. The presence of Fusarium oxysporum has been reported in Guanajuato and Aguascalientes. Fusarium culmorum has been reported in onion cultivars of Morelos; and Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium solani and Fusarium acuminatum have been previously reported in Aguascalientes. The goal of this work was identifying the Fusarium species found in Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes, to assess their pathogenicity. Plants with disease symptoms were collected from hereinabove mentioned States. The samples resulted in the identification of: F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. solani and F. acuminatum species; out of which Aguascalientes AGS1A (F. oxysporum), AGS1B (F. oxysporum) and AGSY-10 (F. acuminatum) strains showed higher severity under greenhouse conditions.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologia , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Alho/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/patogenicidade , Fusarium/ultraestrutura , México , Especificidade da Espécie , VirulênciaRESUMO
El ajo en México es uno de los cultivos de hortalizas más rentables, más del 83% de esta superficie es aportada por los estados de Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Sonora, Puebla, Baja California y Aguascalientes. La pudrición basal ocasionada por Fusarium spp. se encuentra ampliamente distribuida a nivel mundial; esta enfermedad se ha convertido en una limitante en zonas productoras de cebolla y ajo, no solo en México, sino también en otros países, En México, se ha informado la presencia de Fusarium oxysporum en plantas en Guanajuato y en semillas de ajo en Aguascalientes. En el estado de Morelos se ha reportado la presencia de Fusarium culmorum en cultivares de cebolla. Asimismo, en Aguascalientes se tienen antecedentes de otras especies como Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium solani y Fusarium acuminatum. Para este trabajo se planteó como objetivo identificar las especies de Fusarium encontradas en los estados de Zacatecas, Guanajuato y Aguascalientes, y evaluar su patogenicidad. Se realizaron recolectas de plantas con síntomas de la enfermedad en los estados antes mencionados. De los muestreos realizados se identificaron las especies F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. solani y F. acuminatum; las cepas de Aguascalientes identificadas como AGS1A (F. oxysporum), AGS1B (F. oxysporum) y AGSY-10 (F. acuminatum) fueron las que presentaron bajo condiciones de invernadero un mayor índice de severidad.
Garlic in Mexico is one of the most profitable vegetable crops, grown in almost 5,451 ha; out of which more than 83% are located in Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Sonora, Puebla, Baja California and Aguascalientes. Blossom-end rot caused by Fusarium spp is widely distributed worldwide and has been a limiting factor in onion and garlic production regions, not only in Mexico but also in other countries. The presence of Fusarium oxysporum has been reported in Guanajuato and Aguascalientes. Fusarium culmorum has been reported in onion cultivars of Morelos; and Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium solani and Fusarium acuminatum have been previously reported in Aguascalientes. The goal of this work was identifying the Fusarium species found in Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes, to assess their pathogenicity. Plants with disease symptoms were collected from hereinabove mentioned States. The samples resulted in the identification of: F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. solani and F. acuminatum species; out of which Aguascalientes AGS1A (F. oxysporum), AGS1B (F. oxysporum) and AGSY-10 (F. acuminatum) strains showed higher severity under greenhouse conditions.
Assuntos
Fusarium/patogenicidade , Alho/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produção Agrícola , Economia , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium/classificação , Alho/microbiologiaRESUMO
Considered as a functional food, the garlic contributes for improving the metabolism and for preventing the health problems. Allicin, its main compound, is responsible for the majority of pharmacological, antioxidant and antibiotic properties, and for combating fungiand bacteria. The objective of this work was to assess the hygienic and sanitary quality of garlic originated from the micro-region of Picos/PI. For conducting this study, the following samples were collected: 35 garlic specimens produced in Picos, and 15 imported garlic samples for sale at the town market and sent to the NUEPPA/UFPI Laboratory. The analyses were performed by following the Normative Instruction 62. Regarding to the total and thermotolerant coliforms, the garlic samples showed no statistical difference. The presence of fungi of the genus Absidia spp, Alternaria spp, Aspergillus spp, Chrysonilia spp, Cladosporium spp, Moniliella spp and Penicillium spp were detected in samples from the both sources. The samples produced in Picos showed satisfactory hygienic and sanitary conditions. Among the imported garlic samples, only one showed unsatisfactory conditions. Nevertheless, it is worth to remark the occurrence of different fungi genera in the analyzed samples, which suggests that it needs a substantial attention in the foods storage and preservation.(AU)
Considerado um alimento funcional, o alho colabora na melhoria do metabolismo e na prevenção de problemas de saúde. Seu principal composto, a alicina, é responsável pela maioria das propriedades farmacológicas, antioxidantes e antibióticas, além de combater bactérias e fungos. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade higiênica e sanitária do alho oriundo da microrregião de Picos/PI. Foram coletadas 35 amostras de alho produzido em Picos e 15 amostras do alho importado exposto à venda no mercado da cidade e encaminhadas ao Laboratório NUEPPA/UFPI. Para efetuar as análises seguiu-se a Instrução Normativa 62. Com relação a coliformes totais e termotolerantes, as amostras de alho não apresentaram diferença significativa. Em amostras de ambas as procedências, foram encontrados os gêneros fúngicos Absidia spp, Alternaria spp, Aspergillus spp, Chrysonilia spp, Cladosporium spp, Moniliella spp e Penicillium spp. As amostras produzidas em Picos apresentaram condições higiênicas e sanitárias satisfatórias; e das importadas, apenas uma apresentou condições insatisfatórias. No entanto, vale destacar a presença de gêneros fúngicos, o que sugere maior atenção no armazenamento e conservação.(AU)
Assuntos
Alho/microbiologia , Absidia , Alternaria , Aspergillus , Cladosporium , Penicillium , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Micotoxinas , Fungos , ComércioRESUMO
The endophytic fungus strain 0248, isolated from garlic, was identified as Trichoderma brevicompactum based on morphological characteristics and the nucleotide sequences of ITS1-5.8S- ITS2 and tef1. The bioactive compound T2 was isolated from the culture extracts of this fungus by bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified as 4ß-acetoxy-12,13- epoxy-Δ(9)-trichothecene (trichodermin) by spectral analysis and mass spectrometry. Trichodermin has a marked inhibitory activity on Rhizoctonia solani, with an EC50 of 0.25 µg mL(-1). Strong inhibition by trichodermin was also found for Botrytis cinerea, with an EC50 of 2.02 µg mL(-1). However, a relatively poor inhibitory effect was observed for trichodermin against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (EC50 = 25.60 µg mL(-1)). Compared with the positive control Carbendazim, trichodermin showed a strong antifungal activity on the above phytopathogens. There is little known about endophytes from garlic. This paper studied in detail the identification of endophytic T. brevicompactum from garlic and the characterization of its active metabolite trichodermin.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Endófitos/química , Alho/microbiologia , Trichoderma/química , Tricodermina/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise por Conglomerados , Colletotrichum/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Endófitos/classificação , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 5,8S/genética , Rhizoctonia/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Trichoderma/classificação , Trichoderma/isolamento & purificação , Tricodermina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The endophytic fungus strain 0248, isolated from garlic, was identified as Trichoderma brevicompactum based on morphological characteristics and the nucleotide sequences of ITS1-5.8SITS2 and tef1. The bioactive compound T2 was isolated from the culture extracts of this fungus by bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified as 4β-acetoxy-12,13-epoxy-Δ9-trichothecene (trichodermin) by spectral analysis and mass spectrometry. Trichodermin has a marked inhibitory activity on Rhizoctonia solani, with an EC50 of 0.25 µgmL-1. Strong inhibition by trichodermin was also found for Botrytis cinerea, with an EC50 of 2.02 µgmL-1. However, a relatively poor inhibitory effect was observed for trichodermin against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (EC50 = 25.60 µgmL-1). Compared with the positive control Carbendazim, trichodermin showed a strong antifungal activity on the above phytopathogens. There is little known about endophytes from garlic. This paper studied in detail the identification of endophytic T. brevicompactum from garlic and the characterization of its active metabolite trichodermin.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Endófitos/química , Alho/microbiologia , Trichoderma/química , Tricodermina/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise por Conglomerados , Colletotrichum/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Endófitos/classificação , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , /genética , Rhizoctonia/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Trichoderma/classificação , Trichoderma/isolamento & purificação , Tricodermina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The endophytic fungus strain 0248, isolated from garlic, was identified as Trichoderma brevicompactum based on morphological characteristics and the nucleotide sequences of ITS1-5.8SITS2 and tef1. The bioactive compound T2 was isolated from the culture extracts of this fungus by bioactivity-guided fractionation and identified as 4β-acetoxy-12,13-epoxy-Δ9-trichothecene (trichodermin) by spectral analysis and mass spectrometry. Trichodermin has a marked inhibitory activity on Rhizoctonia solani, with an EC50 of 0.25 µgmL-1. Strong inhibition by trichodermin was also found for Botrytis cinerea, with an EC50 of 2.02 µgmL-1. However, a relatively poor inhibitory effect was observed for trichodermin against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (EC50 = 25.60 µgmL-1). Compared with the positive control Carbendazim, trichodermin showed a strong antifungal activity on the above phytopathogens. There is little known about endophytes from garlic. This paper studied in detail the identification of endophytic T. brevicompactum from garlic and the characterization of its active metabolite trichodermin.(AU)
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Endófitos/química , Alho/microbiologia , Trichoderma/química , Tricodermina/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise por Conglomerados , Colletotrichum/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/química , Endófitos/classificação , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , Rhizoctonia/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Trichoderma/isolamento & purificação , Tricodermina/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
A microbiological study during the process and the storage of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) dehydrated, with the additional barriers of blanching or brine immersion, was made. In all raw materials the average counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria expressed in CFU/g ranged from 1.2 x 10(2) to 1.6 x 10(3), molds and yeasts from 60 to 1.6 x 10(3), Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides between 10 and 50. Microorganisms identified were Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and yeasts in garlic; Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis and yeasts in both types of onions. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides was detected in only kind of onion. In dehydrated garlic storage, Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis and yeasts were detected. In garlic, when a blanching step was carried out no microflora was detected. Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp. and Lactobacillus brevis were identified in both types of dehydrated onions. When brine immersion was included the microflora detected was significantly lower and only Penicillium spp. were found. The use of additional barriers such as blanching or brine immersion produces an important effect on the microbiological stability in these products.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Dessecação , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Alho/microbiologia , Cebolas/microbiologia , Sais/farmacologia , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Temperatura Alta , Lactobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Leuconostoc/isolamento & purificação , Mucor/isolamento & purificação , Penicillium/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
En este trabajo se efectuó un estudio microbiológico durante la deshidratación y el almacenamiento de ajo (Allium sativum L.) y de cebolla (Allium cepa L.). Al ajo se le efectuó un proceso de escaldado y a la cebolla un salmuereado previo a la deshidratación. En las materias primas los recuentos promedio expresados en UFC/g fueron: bacterias aerobias mesófilas entre 1,2 x 102y 1,6 x 103, mohos y levaduras entre 60 y 1,6 x 103, Lactobacillus spp. y Leuconostocmesenteroidessubesp. mesenteroides entre 10 y 50.Se identificaron: Penicillium spp., Monilia spp. Lactobacillus brevis,Leuconostoc mesenteroides subesp. mesenteroides y levaduras en ajo; Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis y levaduras en dos tipos de cebolla. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subesp. mesenteroides sólo se detectó en un tipo de cebolla. En ajos deshidratados y durante el almacenamiento se hallaron Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis y levaduras mientras que los mismos con escaldado no presentaron desarrollo. Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp. y Lactobacillus brevis se identificaron en los dos tipos de cebolla deshidratadas. Con la incorporación del salmuereado la microflora se redujo significativamente hallándose solamente Penicillium spp. La utilización de barreras adicionales de control microbiano tales como escaldado y salmuereado produce un aporte importante a la estabilidad microbiológica de los productos.
A microbiological study during the process and the storage of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) dehydrated, with the additional barriers of blanching or brine immersion, was made. In all raw materials the average counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria expressed in CFU/g ranged from 1.2 x 102to 1.6 x 103, molds and yeasts from 60 to 1.6 x 103, Lactobacillus spp. and Leuconostocmesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides between 10 and 50. Microorganisms identified were Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and yeasts in garlic; Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis and yeasts in both types of onions. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides was detected in only kind of onion. In dehydrated garlic storage, Penicillium spp., Monilia spp., Lactobacillus brevis and yeasts were detected. In garlic, when a blanching step was carried out no microflora was detected. Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Monilia spp. and Lactobacillus brevis were identified in both types of dehydrated onions. When brine immersion was included the microflora detected was significantly lower and only Penicillium spp. were found. The use of additional barriers such as blanching or brine immersion produces an important effect on the microbiological stability in these products.