RESUMO
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's leading cause of death from infectious disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized 6.3 million new TB cases in 2017, 16% corresponding to extrapulmonary forms; pleural tuberculosis (PT) is the most common extrapulmonary form in adults. PT diagnosis is often challenging because the scarcity of bacilli in pleural fluid (PF), sometimes requiring invasive procedures to obtain pleural tissue for histological, microbiological or molecular examination. In regions of medium and high disease prevalence, adenosine deaminase (ADA), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 27 (IL-27) dosages are useful to establish presumptive diagnosis in patients with compatible clinical/radiological picture who present with lymphocytic pleural effusion. PT treatment is similar to the pulmonary TB treatment regimen recommended by WHO. Area covered: In this update, we present a PT review, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy. Expert opinion: There is no PF test alone accurate for PT diagnosis, despite the evolution in clinical laboratory. ADA, IFN-γ and IL-27 are valuable laboratory biomarkers; however, IFN-γ and IL-27 are quite expensive. Molecular tests present low sensitivity in PF, being useful for diagnostic confirmation. Multidrug therapy remains the PT treatment choice. Advancing research in immunotherapy may bring benefits to PT patients.
Assuntos
Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Gerenciamento Clínico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-27/sangue , Hansenostáticos , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pleural/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pleural/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pleural/etiologiaRESUMO
Both oxidative stress and alterations in adenosinergic and cholinergic systems participate in initiation and progression of parasitic infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the involvement of these pathways during eimeriosis remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of adenosinergic and cholinergic systems in regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress in chicken chicks experimentally infected with Eimeria spp. Two groups were formed for comparison at 3 time points (days 5, 10 and 15) of infection (PI): uninfected (control) and infected. Erythrocyte counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were lower in infected chicks on day 15 post-infection (PI). Total leukocytes, heterophil and lymphocyte counts were higher in infected chicks on days 5 and 10 PI, while eosinophil counts were higher only on day 10 PI. Serum levels of total protein and globulins were higher in infected chicks on days 10 and 15 PI, while triglycerides and cholesterol levels were lower on day 15 PI. Acetylcholinesterase activity in total blood and butyrylcholinesterase activity in serum were higher in infected chicks on day 15 PI, while adenosine deaminase activity was higher on day 10 PI and lower on day 15 PI compared with the respective control. Finally, serum levels of reactive oxygen species and catalase activity in total blood were higher in infected chicks on day 15 PI, while superoxide dismutase activity in total blood was lower at the same time of infection. These data suggest that cholinergic and adenosinergic systems display a pro-inflammatory profile that contributes to impairment of immune and inflammatory responses in a mixed Eimeria infection. Furthermore, oxidative stress may contribute to clinical signs of disease as well as to pathogenesis. In summary, the impairment of immune response and alterations in blood antioxidant/oxidant status contributes to disease pathophysiology.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Coccidiose/veterinária , Eimeria , Estresse Oxidativo , Animais , Catalase/sangue , Galinhas/parasitologia , Coccidiose/fisiopatologia , Inflamação , Oócitos/fisiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/sangue , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/sangueRESUMO
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, through adenosine (Ado) levels, as well as xanthine oxidase (XO) activity through uric acid levels exerts an essential role on immune and inflammatory responses during infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of seric ADA and XO activities in the inflammatory and oxidative status of silver catfish naturally infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Seric ADA activity decreased, while Ado levels increased in infected animals compared to uninfected animals. Moreover, the seric XO activity increased in infected animals compared to uninfected animals, alongside the seric levels of uric acid, metabolites of nitric oxide (NOx) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on this evidence, the downregulation of seric ADA activity exerts an anti-inflammatory profile, contributing to restricting the inflammatory process. The most important finding is that upregulation of seric XO activity leads to an excessive formation of uric acid, which contributes to oxidative and inflammatory processes. Moreover, uric acid induces the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative mediators, such NOx and ROS, which contribute directly to disease pathogenesis. In summary, the upregulation of XO activity may be considered a pathway involved in NOx and ROS production in silver catfish infected with I. multifiliis.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Peixes-Gato , Doenças dos Peixes , Proteínas de Peixes/sangue , Inflamação/veterinária , Estresse Oxidativo , Xantina Oxidase/sangue , Animais , Infecções por Cilióforos/sangue , Infecções por Cilióforos/imunologia , Infecções por Cilióforos/metabolismo , Infecções por Cilióforos/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/sangue , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/metabolismo , Hymenostomatida/fisiologia , Inflamação/imunologiaRESUMO
The effects of diets co-contaminated with 300 µg/kg of aflatoxins and 8000 µg/kg of fumonisins on adenosinergic system of the pigs weaned at 15 days of age were studied. Piglets were inspected daily, and body weight measurement and blood collections were performed at every five days. Piglets intoxicated by mycotoxins presented lower weight gain (p < 0.001) in comparison to control. Intoxicated piglets also showed a reduction in the serum levels of zinc and adenosine and in adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity (p < 0.001). Positive correlations between zinc levels and ADA activity (p < 0.001) and between adenosine levels and ADA activity (p < 0.05) were observed. Ternary plot shows the influence of zinc levels on ADA activity and on adenosine levels, suggesting that low zinc levels, caused by subclinical mycotoxin intoxication, can cause immunomodulatory effects in piglets. We conclude that piglets intoxicated by fumonisins and aflatoxins have low ADA activity and adenosine levels in serum. This can be directly related to zinc reduction, which is a cofactor for ADA. The co-contamination by these mycotoxins in piglet feed impairs growth and immune defenses of the animals, adversely affecting animal health and production. Therefore, changes in the purinergic pathway may affect the pathogenesis of the disease.
Assuntos
Adenosina/metabolismo , Dieta , Contaminação de Alimentos , Micotoxinas/toxicidade , Adenosina/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Aflatoxinas/toxicidade , Ração Animal , Animais , Análise Química do Sangue , Peso Corporal , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fumonisinas/toxicidade , Masculino , Suínos , Desmame , Aumento de Peso , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
Bovine neosporosis is caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum and is one of the major causes of abortion in cows. Cattle are intermediate hosts of this parasite and may have asymptomatic or symptomatic infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress marker reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric reactive acid substances (TBARS) levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities in dairy cows seropositives for N. caninum (asymptomatic or symptomatic). Dairy cows (n=90) were tested by immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA) for N. caninum and divided accordingly into three groups: the group A (seronegatives, n=30), the group B (seropositives and asymptomatic, n=30), and the group C (seropositives and symptomatic, n=30). It was observed increased levels of TBARS and reduced (P<0.05) BChE activity in seropositives either asymptomatic or symptomatic animals. ROS levels and ADA activity increased, and GST activity decreased (P<0.05) only in seropositives symptomatic dairy cows (the group C) compared to seronegatives dairy cows (the group A). Based on these results, it was observed that seropositive animals showed cell damage associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, mainly in those with symptomatic infections. Increased seric ROS levels and BChE activity may have influenced N. caninum pathogenesis in symptomatic animals due to increased cell damage and exacerbated inflammatory response, leading to the development of clinical signs.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Coccidiose/veterinária , Neospora/patogenicidade , Estresse Oxidativo , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/metabolismo , Aborto Animal , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Animais , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/metabolismo , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Glutationa Transferase/sangue , Inflamação , Neospora/imunologia , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/parasitologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/sangue , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análiseRESUMO
The enzymatic activities of NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) are important in regulating the concentration of adenine nucleotides, molecules known to be involved on platelet aggregation. Fasciolosis causes coagulation disorders that have not been completely elucidated. Taking into consideration the association between the purinergic system and hemostasis, this study aimed to evaluate the enzymatic activities of NTPDase (hydrolyze ATP and ADP), 5'-nucleotidase (hydrolyze AMP) and ADA (deamination of adenosine) in platelets from cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica on days 20, 40, 60 and 80 post-infection (PI). For this study, 10 healthy Friesian steers were separated into two groups: the group A (n = 5) was used as uninfected control, and the group B was composed of steers experimentally infected by F. hepatica (n = 5). The number of platelets did not differ between groups in the periods evaluated. Reduction of NTPDase (p < 0.05) hydrolysing ATP (days 20, 40 and 60 PI), and ADP (days 40, 60 and 80 PI), and on 5'-nucleotidase hydrolyzing AMP (days 40 and 60 PI) was observed. A reduction (p < 0.05) in ADA activity on day 20 PI, as well as an increase (p < 0.05) in ADA activity on days 40 and 60 PI was observed when compared to the control. Based on these results, we can conclude that ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis and adenosine deamination were altered in platelets of cattle infected by F. hepatica. Considering the importance of the purinergic system in hemostasis, it is believed that those changes may contribute to the coagulation impairment observed in acute fasciolosis described in the literature.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Plaquetas/enzimologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Nucleotidases/sangue , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/enzimologia , Fasciola hepatica/fisiologia , Fasciolíase/sangue , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Contagem de Plaquetas/veterináriaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in serum and liver and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity of cattle experimentally infected by Fasciola hepatica. The group A consisted of five healthy animals (uninfected), and the group B was composed of five animals orally infected with 200 metacercariae of F. hepatica. On days 20, 40, 60 and 80 post-infection (PI) serum was collected to measure oxidative stress variables. On day 100 PI, animals were humanely euthanized and liver samples were collected. Infected animals showed lower (P < 0·05) seric ADA activities on days 40 and 60 PI but higher (P < 0·05) in the liver tissue compared with uninfected animals. Seric and hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher (P < 0·05) in infected compared with uninfected animals. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were higher (P < 0·05) in infected animals. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were lower in liver tissue of infected animals, while glutathione peroxidase was higher compared with uninfected (P < 0·05). In summary, we conclude that oxidative stress occurs in cattle experimentally infected by F. hepatica, mainly due to excessive ROS production in the course of fasciolosis, contributing to hepatic damage, and that increased in hepatic ADA activity may contribute to the inflammatory process.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fasciola hepatica , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/genética , Animais , Biomarcadores , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/enzimologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismo , Fasciolíase/enzimologia , Fasciolíase/parasitologia , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Espécies Reativas de OxigênioRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is a specific disorder of human pregnancy that is associated with hyperuricemia and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme present in all human tissues, and is considered an indicator of cellular inflammation. In the present study we assess whether adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity is altered in women with preeclampsia (PE) and contributes to elevated levels of uric acid and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. STUDY DESIGN: The population studied consisted of 60 women with PE, 30 normotensive pregnant women (NT) and 20 non-pregnant women (NP). Uric acid concentration and ADA activity were determined in the serum. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and evaluated for intracellular nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels and for endogenous tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) production. The data were evaluated with parametric or non-parametric tests with significance set at P<0.05. RESULTS: ADA levels were higher in the PE group compared with the NT and NP groups (P<0.001). A positive correlation between ADA and uric acid levels was identified in women with PE (P<0.001). Endogenous production of IL-1ß and TNF-α, as well as intracellular NF-κB levels, were higher in PBMCs from the PE group than from NT and NP women (P<0.01) and correlated with the ADA concentration in preeclamptic women (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: An elevation in ADA activity in women with PE may contribute to their increased levels of uric acid and pro-inflammatory immune activity.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Interleucina-1beta/sangue , NF-kappa B/sangue , Pré-Eclâmpsia/enzimologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Ácido Úrico/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Pré-Eclâmpsia/sangue , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Platelet aggregation and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity were evaluated in pregnant women living with some disease conditions including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and human immunodeficiency virus infection. The subject population is consisted of 15 non-pregnant healthy women [control group (CG)], 15 women with normal pregnancy (NP), 7 women with hypertensive pregnancy (HP), 10 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 12 women with human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnancy (HIP) groups. The aggregation of platelets was checked using an optical aggregometer, and serum ADA activity was determined using the colorimetric method. After the addition of 5 µM of agonist adenosine diphosphate, the percentage of platelet aggregation was significantly (p < 0·05) increased in NP, HP, GDM and HIP groups when compared with the CG, while the addition of 10 µM of the same agonist caused significant (p < 0·05) elevations in HP, GDM and HIP groups when compared with CG. Furthermore, ADA activity was significantly (p < 0·05) enhanced in NP, HP, GDM and HIP groups when compared with CG. In this study, the increased platelet aggregation and ADA activity in pregnancy and pregnancy-associated diseases suggest that platelet aggregation and ADA activity could serve as peripheral markers for the development of effective therapy in the maintenance of homeostasis and some inflammatory process in these pathophysiological conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Diabetes Gestacional/sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/complicações , Agregação Plaquetária , Difosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Adulto , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Feminino , Humanos , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas/metabolismo , GravidezRESUMO
Pleural tuberculosis ranks first in extrapulmonary sites. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion pleural TB among TB cases, and characterize the presentation, diagnostic methods and outcomes of patients hospitalized in the ángela I. de Llano hospital, Corrientes, Argentina, between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2014. We performed a descriptive and observational study. Ten patients were diagnosed with TB pleural effusion. The mean age was 48.5 ± 16.9 (16-63) years. The average evolution time before the consultation was 21.3 ± 11.6 (7-45) days. All were unilateral, exudates, with cell count of 2152 ± 687 (84-7000) cells; 8 cases had lymphocyte predominance. The average value of adenosine deaminase determination (ADA) was 92.7 ± 27.0 (60-150) IU/l. The pleural effusion smear was positive in 4 cases; development of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was obtained in 3 cases; histologically, three presented caseating granulomas. One death was recorded. Although pleural TB usually occurs in male patients, middle-aged, as a unilateral exudative pleural effusion with lymphocytic predominance, with less than a month's evolution, diagnostic certainty has its limitations, thus clinical suspicion, epidemiology, imaging, pathology and laboratory tests, and determination of adenosine deaminase levels, represent a valuable contribution to diagnosis.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Tuberculose Pleural/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Granuloma/epidemiologia , Hospitais/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La tuberculosis (TB) pleural ocupa el primer lugar dentro de las localizaciones extrapulmonares. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la proporción de TB pleural entre los casos de TB y caracterizar la forma de presentación, métodos de diagnóstico y evolución de los pacientes internados en el Servicio de Clínica Médica del hospital Ángela I. de Llano, Corrientes, Argentina, durante el período enero de 2011 a junio de 2014. Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo. Fueron diagnosticados 10 pacientes con TB pleural. La edad media fue 48.5 ± 16.9 (16-63) años. El tiempo de evolución antes de la consulta fue 21.3 ± 11.6 (7-45) días. Todos fueron exudados unilaterales, con recuento celular de 2152 ± 687 (84-7000) células; 8 casos presentaron predominio linfocitario. El valor promedio de adenosina deaminasa (ADA) fue 92.7 ± 27.0 (60-150) UI/l. La baciloscopia del líquido pleural fue positiva en 4 casos; se obtuvo desarrollo de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en 3 casos. En el estudio histológico 3 presentaron granulomas caseificantes. Se registró un óbito. Si bien suele darse en hombres, de mediana edad, con un tiempo de evolución menor al mes, como un derrame pleural unilateral exudativo a predominio de linfocitos, el diagnóstico de certeza presenta sus limitaciones, por ende la clínica, la epidemiología, los estudios por imágenes, la anatomía patológica y los exámenes de laboratorio, como la determinación de los niveles de ADA, constituyen un aporte valioso para el diagnóstico.
Pleural tuberculosis ranks first in extrapulmonary sites. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion pleural TB among TB cases, and characterize the presentation, diagnostic methods and outcomes of patients hospitalized in the Ángela I. de Llano hospital, Corrientes, Argentina, between January 1, 2011 and June 30, 2014. We performed a descriptive and observational study. Ten patients were diagnosed with TB pleural effusion. The mean age was 48.5 ± 16.9 (16-63) years. The average evolution time before the consultation was 21.3 ± 11.6 (7-45) days. All were unilateral, exudates, with cell count of 2152 ± 687 (84-7000) cells; 8 cases had lymphocyte predominance. The average value of adenosine deaminase determination (ADA) was 92.7 ± 27.0 (60-150) IU/l. The pleural effusion smear was positive in 4 cases; development of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was obtained in 3 cases; histologically, three presented caseating granulomas. One death was recorded. Although pleural TB usually occurs in male patients, middle-aged, as a unilateral exudative pleural effusion with lymphocytic predominance, with less than a month´s evolution, diagnostic certainty has its limitations, thus clinical suspicion, epidemiology, imaging, pathology and laboratory tests, and determination of adenosine deaminase levels, represent a valuable contribution to diagnosis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Tuberculose Pleural/epidemiologia , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Argentina/epidemiologia , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Granuloma/epidemiologia , Hospitais/estatística & dados numéricos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive motor impairment attributed to progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta. In addition to an accumulation of iron, there is also an increased production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and inflammatory markers. These observations suggest that iron dyshomeostasis may be playing a key role in neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying this metal-associated oxidative stress and neuronal damage have not been fully elucidated. To determine peripheral levels of iron, ferritin, and transferrin in PD patients and its possible relation with oxidative/nitrosative parameters, whilst attempting to identify a profile of peripheral biomarkers in this neurological condition. Forty PD patients and 46 controls were recruited to compare serum levels of iron, ferritin, transferrin, oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitrosative stress marker (NOx), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), non-protein thiols (NPSH), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and vitamin C) as well as inflammatory markers (NTPDases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, adenosine deaminase (ADA), ischemic-modified albumin (IMA) and myeloperoxidase). Iron levels were lower in PD patients, whereas there was no difference in ferritin and transferrin. Oxidative stress (TBARS and AOPP) and inflammatory markers (NTPDases, IMA, and myeloperoxidase) were significantly higher in PD, while antioxidants FRAP, vitamin C, and non-protein thiols were significantly lower in PD. The enzymes SOD, CAT, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase were not different among the groups, although NOx and ADA levels were significantly higher in the controls. Our data corroborate the idea that ROS/RNS production and neuroinflammation may dysregulate iron homeostasis and collaborate to reduce the periphery levels of this ion, contributing to alterations observed in the pathophysiology of PD.
Assuntos
Catalase/sangue , Ferro/sangue , Doença de Parkinson/sangue , Espécies Reativas de Nitrogênio/sangue , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/sangue , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , 5'-Nucleotidase/sangue , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Adenosina Trifosfatases/sangue , Produtos da Oxidação Avançada de Proteínas/sangue , Idoso , Ácido Ascórbico/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/patologia , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Parte Compacta da Substância Negra/metabolismo , Parte Compacta da Substância Negra/patologia , Peroxidase/sangue , Compostos de Sulfidrila/sangue , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMO
The adenosine deaminase represents a control point in the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels, thus playing a critical role in the modulation of purinergic responses to certain pathophysiological events. Several studies have shown that serum and plasma enzyme levels are elevated in some diseases caused by microorganisms, which may represent a compensatory mechanism due to the elevated levels of adenosine and the release of inflammatory mediators. Recent research indicates that adenosine deaminase activity decreases and affects hematological parameters of infected animals with Trypanosoma evansi, so that such alterations could have implications in the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, the enzyme has been detected in this parasite; allowing the inference that it could be associated with the vital functions of the same, similar to what occurs in mammals. This knowledge may be useful in the association of chemotherapy with specific inhibitors of the enzyme in future studies.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Trypanosoma/enzimologia , Tripanossomíase/enzimologia , Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Chagas disease is a public health problem worldwide. The availability of diagnostic tools to predict the development of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Here we analyze the prognostic value of adenosine deaminase serum activity (ADA) and C-reactive protein serum levels (CRP) in chagasic individuals. One hundred and ten individuals, 28 healthy and 82 chagasic patients were divided according to disease severity in phase I (n = 35), II (n = 29), and III (n = 18). A complete medical history, 12-lead electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and M-mode echocardiogram were performed on each individual. Diagnosis of Chagas disease was confirmed by ELISA and MABA using recombinant antigens; ADA was determined spectrophotometrically and CRP by ELISA. The results have shown that CRP and ADA increased linearly in relation to disease phase, CRP being significantly higher in phase III and ADA at all phases. Also, CRP and ADA were positively correlated with echocardiographic parameters of cardiac remodeling and with electrocardiographic abnormalities, and negatively with ejection fraction. CRP and ADA were higher in patients with cardiothoracic index ≥ 50%, while ADA was higher in patients with ventricular repolarization disturbances. Finally, CRP was positively correlated with ADA. In conclusion, ADA and CRP are prognostic markers of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in Chagas disease.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Doença de Chagas/sangue , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/sangue , Doença de Chagas/enzimologia , Doença Crônica , Progressão da Doença , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , EspectrofotometriaRESUMO
SUMMARY Chagas disease is a public health problem worldwide. The availability of diagnostic tools to predict the development of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Here we analyze the prognostic value of adenosine deaminase serum activity (ADA) and C-reactive protein serum levels (CRP) in chagasic individuals. One hundred and ten individuals, 28 healthy and 82 chagasic patients were divided according to disease severity in phase I (n = 35), II (n = 29), and III (n = 18). A complete medical history, 12-lead electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, and M-mode echocardiogram were performed on each individual. Diagnosis of Chagas disease was confirmed by ELISA and MABA using recombinant antigens; ADA was determined spectrophotometrically and CRP by ELISA. The results have shown that CRP and ADA increased linearly in relation to disease phase, CRP being significantly higher in phase III and ADA at all phases. Also, CRP and ADA were positively correlated with echocardiographic parameters of cardiac remodeling and with electrocardiographic abnormalities, and negatively with ejection fraction. CRP and ADA were higher in patients with cardiothoracic index ≥ 50%, while ADA was higher in patients with ventricular repolarization disturbances. Finally, CRP was positively correlated with ADA. In conclusion, ADA and CRP are prognostic markers of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in Chagas disease.
Introdução e objetivo . A Doença de Chagas é um problema de saúde pública mundial. A disponibilidade de ferramentas diagnósticas para prever o desenvolvimento de miocardiopatia chagásica crônica é fundamental para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade. Aqui estudamos o valor prognóstico da atividade sérica da adenosina deaminase (ADA) e dos níveis de proteína C reativa (PCR) em indivíduos chagásicos. Métodos : 110 indivíduos: 28 saudáveis e 82 pacientes chagásicos foram divididos de acordo com a gravidade da doença em fase I (n = 35), II (n = 29) e III (n = 18). Para cada indivíduo foram feitos uma história médica, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de tórax e ecocardiografía transtorácica. O diagnóstico de Chagas foi confirmado por ELISA e MABA utilizando antígenos recombinantes, a atividade sérica da enzima ADA foi determinada por espectrofotometria, e os níveis séricos de PCR por ELISA. Resultados : os níveis de PCR e da atividade da ADA aumentaram linearmente em relação à fase da doença, sendo a PCR significativamente maior na fase III, e a ADA em todas as fases. Além disso, PCR e ADA foram correlacionados positivamente com parâmetros ecocardiográficos de remodelamento cardíaco e alterações eletrocardiográficas, e negativamente com a fração de ejeção. PCR e ADA foram mais elevadas em pacientes com índice cardiotorácico ≥ 50%, enquanto que a ADA foi maior em pacientes com alterações da repolarização ventricular. Finalmente, os níveis de PCR foram correlacionados positivamente com a atividade da ADA. Conclusão : ADA e PCR são marcadores prognósticos de disfunção e remodelamento cardíaco na Doença de Chagas, e devem ser incluídos na avaliação e acompanhamento dos pacientes.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Doença de Chagas/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença Crônica , Cardiomiopatia Chagásica/sangue , Doença de Chagas/enzimologia , Progressão da Doença , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , EspectrofotometriaRESUMO
La adenosin deaminasa representa un punto de control en la regulación de los niveles extracelulares de adenosina, desempeñando así un papel fundamental en la modulación de las respuestas purinérgicas a ciertos eventos patofisiológicos. Diversos estudios señalan que los niveles séricos y plasmáticos de la enzima se elevan en algunas enfermedades causadas por microorganismos, lo cual podría representar un mecanismo compensatorio como consecuencia de la elevación de las concentraciones de adenosina y la liberación de mediadores inflamatorios. Recientes investigaciones indican que la actividad de la adenosin deaminasa disminuye e influye en los parámetros hematológicos de animales infectados con Trypanosoma evansi, de manera que tales alteraciones podrían tener implicaciones en la patogénesis de la enfermedad. Adicionalmente, la enzima ha sido detectada en este parásito; lo que permite inferir que podría estar asociada a las funciones vitales del mismo, de manera similar a lo que ocurre en los mamíferos. Este conocimiento puede ser útil al asociar la quimioterapia con inhibidores específicos de la enzima en futuros estudios.
The adenosine deaminase represents a control point in the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels, thus playing a critical role in the modulation of purinergic responses to certain pathophysiological events. Several studies have shown that serum and plasma enzyme levels are elevated in some diseases caused by microorganisms, which may represent a compensatory mechanism due to the elevated levels of adenosine and the release of inflammatory mediators. Recent research indicates that adenosine deaminase activity decreases and affects hematological parameters of infected animals with Trypanosoma evansi, so that such alterations could have implications in the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, the enzyme has been detected in this parasite; allowing the inference that it could be associated with the vital functions of the same, similar to what occurs in mammals. This knowledge may be useful in the association of chemotherapy with specific inhibitors of the enzyme in future studies.
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Trypanosoma/enzimologia , Tripanossomíase/enzimologia , Adenosina Desaminase/metabolismo , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Adenosina/metabolismo , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Mammary carcinoma is the most common cancer that affects dogs, and in many cases it leads to death. Thus, given the importance of this disease, to clarify its pathogenesis is an important measure. In this sense, the aim of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO), oxidative and antioxidant status, as well as the activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in dogs diagnosed with mammary carcinoma. With this purpose, thirty-three (33) serum samples from female dogs with histopathological diagnosis of mammary carcinoma, without evidence of metastasis, were used (group B). The material was classified based on the degree of malignancy, as follows: subgroup B1 (low-grade malignancy; n=26) and subgroup B2 (high grade of malignancy; n=7). Serum samples from healthy females (group A; n=10) were used as negative control. Our results showed that levels of cytokines (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1, and IL-6), NOx (nitrite/nitrate), AOPP (protein oxidation), and FRAP (antioxidant power) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in dogs with mammary carcinoma (group B), when compared with group A. On the other hand, ADA activity was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in both subgroups B1 and B2, when compared with group A. BChE activity, however, was reduced (P<0.05) only in subgroup B2 when compared with group A and subgroup B1. Unlike other variables, NO, AOPP, and IFN-γ were influenced by the degree of tumor malignancy, i.e., their levels were even higher in subgroup B2. Therefore, based on these results, we can conclude that all variables investigated are related to the pathogenesis of this disease, since they were altered in dogs with mammary tumor. Additionally, we suggest that ADA activity had an anti-inflammatory effect on these tumor samples, probably in order to modulate the inflammatory response.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/veterinária , Citocinas/sangue , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Produtos da Oxidação Avançada de Proteínas/sangue , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/imunologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/imunologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/patologia , Gradação de Tumores , Nitratos/sangue , Nitritos/sangueRESUMO
Haemonchus contortus (order Strongylida) is a common parasitic nematode infecting small ruminants and causing significant economic losses worldwide. It induces innate and adaptive immune responses, which are essential for the clearance of this nematode from the host. Ecto-adenosine deaminase (E-ADA) is an enzyme that plays an important role in the immune system, while Zinc (Zn) has been found playing a critical role in E-ADA catalysis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of Zn supplementation on E-ADA activity in serum of lambs experimentally infected with H.contortus. To reach this purpose 28 male lambs (in average 25 kg) were used. The animals were divided into four groups: A and B composed of healthy animals (uninfected); C and D, infected with H.contortus. Groups B and D were supplemented with Zn Edetate, subcutaneously with 3 mg kg of live weight, on days 11 and 25 post-infection (PI). Blood and fecal samples were collected on the days 11, 25 and 39 PI, in order to assess hematocrit, seric E-ADA, and eggs per gram (EPG) counting, respectively. The animals of groups C and D showed severe hematocrit reduction (days 25 and 39 PI) and were EPG positive (days 11, 25 and 39 PI). On day 41 PI, three animals each group were subjected to necropsy. This procedure showed that animals of groups A and B did not have helminths in abomasum and intestines, while H.contortus were observed in groups C (5782.5 ± 810.9) and D (6185.0 ± 150.0). Infected and untreated animals (group C) showed a reduction in E-ADA activity, but this was not observed when the animals were supplemented with Zn (Group D). Therefore, based on our results, it was possible to observe that Zn supplementation exercised a positive effect on E-ADA activity in lambs infected with H.contortus, and did not allow a reduction in E-ADA activity, as occurred in the group infected and without supplementation. However, Zn supplementation was not able to prevent the worm burden.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Hemoncose/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Doença Aguda , Anemia/parasitologia , Anemia/veterinária , Animais , Fezes/parasitologia , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/enzimologia , Hematócrito/veterinária , Intestinos/parasitologia , Masculino , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Ovinos/enzimologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on the ecto-adenosine deaminase activity (E-ADA), zinc seric levels and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL -10) on rats experimentally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. Four groups with 10 rats each were used as negative controls (groups A and B), while the animals from the groups C and D were infected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL of cryopreserved blood containing 1.4 × 10(4) of trypanosomes. Animals of groups B and D received two doses of Zinc (Zn) at 5 mg kg(-1), subcutaneously, on the 2nd and 7th day post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected on days 5 (n = 5) and 15 PI (n = 5). Zn supplementation was able to increase the rat's longevity and to reduce their parasitemia. It was observed that seric Zn levels were increased on infected animals under Zn supplementation. Animals that were infected and supplemented with Zn showed changes in E-ADA activity and in cytokine levels (P < 0.05). Zn supplementation of healthy animals (Group B), increased the E-ADA activity, as well as reduced the concentration of cytokines. Infected animals from groups C and D showed increased levels of cytokines. Finally, we observed that Zn supplementation led to a modulation on cytokine's level in rats infected by T. evansi, as well as in E-ADA activity.
Assuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Trypanosoma/imunologia , Tripanossomíase/imunologia , Tripanossomíase/patologia , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Zinco/sangue , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Imunológicos/sangue , Longevidade , Carga Parasitária , Parasitemia , Ratos Wistar , Soro/química , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Subjects with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune disorders. ATP, adenosine, and acetylcholine contribute to the immune response regulation, and NTPDase, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are important enzymes in the control of the extracellular levels of these molecules. We evaluated the activities of these enzymes and the cytokine levels in samples of DS individuals. METHODS: The population consisted of 23 subjects with DS and 23 healthy subjects. Twelve milliliters of blood was obtained from each subject and used for lymphocyte and serum preparation. Lymphocytes were separated on Ficoll density gradients. After isolation, NTPDase and AChE activities were determined. RESULTS: The NTPDase activity using ADP as substrate was increased in lymphocytes of DS patients compared to control (P<0.05); however, no alterations were observed in the ATP hydrolysis. An increase was observed in the AChE activity in lymphocytes and in ADA activity in serum of DS patients when compared to healthy subjects (P<0.05). In DS subjects, an increase in the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ and a decrease in the IL-10 levels were also observed (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in the NTPDase, ADA and AChE activities as well changes in the cytokine levels may contribute to immunological alterations observed in DS.