RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acori graminei Rhizoma is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for treating TD, with its main component being calamus volatile oil. Volatile Oil from Acori graminei Rhizoma (VOA)can protect nerve cells and alleviate learning and memory disorders. However, the mechanism of anti-tic of VOA is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: We aimed to explore the effects of Volatile Oil from Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (VOA) on striatal dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems and synaptic plasticity of rats with Tic Disorder (TD), as well as its pharmaceutical mechanism against TD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved 48 (three-week-old) Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, which were randomly divided into two primary groups: Control (8) and TD (40). Rats in the TD group were injected intraperitoneally with 3,3-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) to construct the TD rat model. They were divided into five subgroups: Model, Tiapride, VOA-high, VOA-medium, and VOA-low (N = 8). After modeling, VOA was administrated to rats in the VOA groups through gavage (once/day for four consecutive weeks), while rats in the blank control and model groups received normal saline of the same volume. The animals' behavioral changes were reflected using the stereotypic and motor behavior scores. After interferences, patterns of striatal neurons and the density of dendritic spines were investigated using H&E and Golgi staining, and the ultrastructure of striatal synapses was examined using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, Ca2+ content was determined using the Ca2+ detector, and Dopamine (DA) and Glutamate (GLU) contents in serum and striatum were detected through ELISA. Finally, DRD1, DRD2, AMPAR1, NMPAR1, DAT, VMAT2, CAMKⅡ, and CREB expression in the striatum was detected using Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western Blotting (WB) and Immunohistochemical (IHC) methods. RESULTS: Compared to rats in the blank control and model groups, rats in the VOA groups showed lower stereotypic behavior scores. Furthermore, rats in the VOA groups exhibited relieved, neuron damage and increased quantities of neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines Additionally, based on TEM images show that, the VOA groups showed a clear synaptic structure and increased amounts of postsynaptic dense substances and synaptic vesicles. The VOA groups also exhibited reduced Ca2+ contents, and upregulation of DRD1, DRD2, DAT, AMPAR1, and NMPAR1 and downregulation of VMAT-2, CAMKⅡ, and CREB in the striatum. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, VOA could influence synaptic plasticity by tuning the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, thus relieving TD.

Assuntos

Dopamina , Ácido Glutâmico , Plasticidade Neuronal , Óleos Voláteis , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transtornos de Tique , Animais , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Masculino , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Dopamina/metabolismo , Transtornos de Tique/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Rizoma , Acorus/química

RESUMO

Acorus gramineus has a number of beneficial effects, including protective effects against age-related disorders. In this study, the effects of A. gramineus on testosterone production and andropause symptoms were evaluated. We first treated TM3 mouse Leydig cells, responsible for testosterone production, with A. gramineus aqueous extract at different concentrations. In TM3 cells, the testosterone concentration increased in a concentration-dependent manner compared with those in the control. In addition, at 400 µg/mL extract, the mRNA expression level of the steroidogenic enzyme CYP11A1 was increased. Subsequently, 23-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats exhibiting an age-related reduction in serum testosterone (approximately 80% lower than that in 7-week-old SD rats) were administered A. gramineus aqueous extract for 8 weeks. Serum total testosterone and free testosterone levels were higher and serum estradiol, prostate-specific antigen levels, and total cholesterol levels were lower in the AG50 group (A. gramineus aqueous extract 50 mg/kg of body weight/day) than in the OLD (control group). The AG50 group also showed significant elevations in sperm count, grip strength, and mRNA expression of StAR, CYP11A1, 17ß-HSD, and CYP17A1 compared with those in the OLD group. In conclusion, A. gramineus aqueous extract facilitated steroidogenesis in Leydig cells, elevated testosterone levels, lowered serum estradiol and total cholesterol levels, and increased muscle strength and sperm count, thus alleviating the symptoms of andropause. These findings suggest that A. gramineus aqueous extract is a potentially effective therapeutic agent against various symptoms associated with andropause.

Assuntos

Acorus , Andropausa , Células Intersticiais do Testículo , Extratos Vegetais , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Testosterona , Animais , Masculino , Testosterona/sangue , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/metabolismo , Células Intersticiais do Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Acorus/química , Enzima de Clivagem da Cadeia Lateral do Colesterol/genética , Enzima de Clivagem da Cadeia Lateral do Colesterol/metabolismo , Humanos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the activity of Acorus tatarinowii extracts against dust mites, and to isolate and characterize active ingredient of A. tatarinowii extracts. METHODS: The essential oil components were extracted from A. tatarinowii rhizome powder by rotary evaporation with methanol as solvents, followed by petroleum ether extraction and rotary evaporation. The essential oil was mixed with Tween-80 at a ratio of 1:1 and diluted into concentrations of 1.000 00%, 0.500 00%, 0.250 00%, 0.125 00%, 0.062 50% and 0.031 25%, while diluted Tween-80 served as controls. A. tatarinowii essential oil at each concentration (200 µL) was transferred evenly to filter papers containing 100 adult mites, with each test repeated in triplicate, and controls were assigned for each concentration. Following treatment at 25 °C and 75% relative humidity for 24 h, the mean corrected mortality of mites was calculated. The essential oil components were separated by silica gel column chromatography, and the essential oil was prepared in the positive column of medium pressure; and then, each component was collected. Silica gel column chromatography was run with the mobile phase that consisted of petroleum ether solution containing 10% ethyl acetate and pure ethyl acetate, detection wavelength of 254 nm, positive silica gel column as the chromatography column, and room temperature as the column temperature. Each component of the purified A. tatarinowii essential oil was diluted into 1.000 00% for acaricidal tests. The components with less than 100% acaricidal activity were discarded, and the remaining components were diluted into 50% of the previous-round tests for subsequent acaricidal tests. The components with acaricidal activity were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and pulsed-Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure of active monomer compounds was determined by standard spectral library retrieval and literature review. RESULTS: A. tatarinowii essential oil at concentrations of 1.000 00%, 0.500 00%, 0.250 00% and 0.125 00% killed all dust mites, and the corrected mortality was all 100%. Exposure to A. tatarinowii extracts at an effective concentration of 0.062 50% for 24 hours resulted in 94.33% mortality of dust mites. Six components (A to F) were separated using gel column chromatography, and components D and E both showed a 100% acaricidal activity against dust mites at a concentration of 0.50000%. In addition, Component D was identified as isoeugenol methyl ether, and Component E as ß-asarinol. CONCLUSIONS: The extract of A. tatarinowii essential oil has acaricidal activity, and the isoeugenol methyl ether shows a remarkable acaricidal activity against dust mites.

Assuntos

Acorus , Óleos Voláteis , Extratos Vegetais , Pyroglyphidae , Animais , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Acorus/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Acaricidas/farmacologia , Acaricidas/química

RESUMO

The rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott and Acorus gramineus Solander are widely used for treating amnesia in traditional Chinese medicine. In contrast, their leaves are usually discarded without their medicinal properties being known. Here, we found that the hot water extract of leaves improved cognition and tau pathology in model mice of frontotemporal dementia, similar to or even better than that of rhizomes. To explore the optimal method of processing, we made three preparations from dried leaves: hot water extract, extraction residue, and non-extracted simple crush powder. Among them, the simple crush powder had the strongest effect on tauopathy in mice. The crush powder also ameliorated Aß and α-synuclein pathologies and restored cognition in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. These findings suggest the potential of Acorus tatarinowii/gramineus leaves as a dietary source for dementia prevention and reveal that simple crushing is a better way to maximize their efficacy.

Assuntos

Acorus , Demência , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Animais , Folhas de Planta/química , Acorus/química , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Demência/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Masculino , Doença de Alzheimer/prevenção & controle , Proteínas tau/metabolismo

RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: India's ancient texts, the Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, make reference to the traditional medicinal usage of Acorus calamus L. In India and China, it has long been used to cure stomach aches, cuts, diarrhea, and skin conditions. This ability of the rhizome is attributed to its antimicrobial properties. Research studies to date have shown its antimicrobial properties. However, scientific evidence on its mode of action is still lacking. AIM OF THE STUDY: Acorus calamus L. rhizome extract and its bioactive fraction exhibits antibacterial effect by modulating membrane permeability and fatty acid composition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The secondary metabolites in the rhizome of A. calamus L. were extracted in hexane using Soxhlet apparatus. The ability of the extract to inhibit multidrug resistant bacterial isolates, namely Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated using checkerboard assay. Further, the extract was purified using thin layer chromatography, gravity column chromatography, and combiflash chromatography. Structure elucidation of the active compound was done using GC-MS, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectral scan. The mode of action of the bioactive fraction was determined. Bacterial membrane damage was analyzed using SEM, membrane permeability was determined using SYBR green I and PI dye, leakage of cytoplasmic contents were analyzed using Bradford assay and Fehling's reagent. The ability to inhibit efflux pump of A. baumannii was determined using EtBr accumulation assay and ß-lactamase inhibition was analyzed using nitrocefin as substrate. Also, the biofilm inhibition of B. cereus was determined using crystal violet dye. Moreover, the effect of the bioactive fraction on the fatty acid profile of the bacterial membrane was determined by GC-FAME analysis using 37 component FAME mix as standard. RESULTS: Acorus calamus L. rhizome hexane extract (AC-R-H) demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against all the isolates tested. AC-R-H extract also significantly reduced the MIC of ampicillin against all tested bacteria, indicating its bacterial resistance modulating properties. The assay guided purification determined Asarone as the major compound present in the bioactive fraction (S-III-BAF). S-III-BAF was found to reduce the MIC of ampicillin against Escherichia coli (100-25 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15-3.25 mg/mL), Acinetobacter baumannii (12.5-1.56 mg/ml), and Bacillus cereus (10-1.25 mg/mL). Further, it recorded synergistic activity with ampicillin against B. cereus (FICI = 0.365), P. aeruginosa (FICI = 0.456), and A. baumannii (FICI = 0.245). The mode of action of S-III-BAF can be attributed to its ability to disturb the membrane integrity, enhance membrane permeability, reduce biofilm formation, and possibly alter the fatty acid composition of the bacterial cell membranes. CONCLUSION: The bioactive fraction of AC-R-H extract containing Asarone as the active compound showed antibacterial activity and synergistic interactions with ampicillin against the tested bacterial isolates. Such activity can be attributed to the modulation of fatty acids present in bacterial membranes, which enhances membrane permeability and causes membrane damage.

Assuntos

Acorus , Antibacterianos , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular , Ácidos Graxos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais , Rizoma , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/isolamento & purificação , Antibacterianos/química , Rizoma/química , Acorus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos/química , Derivados de Alilbenzenos , Anisóis/farmacologia , Anisóis/isolamento & purificação , Anisóis/química

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common and complex mental illness that manifests as persistent episodes of sadness, loss of interest, and decreased energy, which might lead to self-harm and suicide in severe cases. Reportedly, depression affects 3.8 % of the world's population and has been listed as one of the major global public health concerns. In recent years, aromatherapy has been widely used as an alternative and complementary therapy in the prevention and treatment of depression; people can relieve anxiety and depression by sniffing plant aromatic essential oils. Acorus tatarinowii and Panax ginseng essential oils in Chang Shen Hua volatile oil (CSHVO) are derived from Acorus tatarinowii and Panax ginseng, respectively, the main medicines in the famous Chinese medicine prescription Kai Xin San (KXS), Then, these oils are combined with the essential oil of Albizia julibrissin flower to form a new Chinese medicine inhalation preparation, CSHVO. KXS has been widely used in the treatment of depression; however, whether CSHVO can ameliorate depression-like behavior, its pharmacological effects, and the underlying mechanisms of action are yet to be elucidated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A rat model of chronic and unpredictable mild stimulation (CUMS) combined with orphan rearing was treated with CSHVO for 4 weeks. Using behavioral tests (sucrose preference, force swimming, tail suspension, and open field), the depression-like degree was evaluated. Concurrently, brain homogenate and serum biochemistry were analyzed to assess the changes in the neurotransmitters and inflammatory and neurotrophic factors. Furthermore, tissue samples were collected for histological and protein analyses. In addition, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses of the major active compounds, potential therapeutic targets, and intervention pathways predicted a role of CSHVO in depression relief. Subsequently, these predictions were confirmed by in vitro experiments using a corticosterone (CORT)-induced PC12 cell damage model. RESULTS: CSHVO inhalation can effectively improve the weight and depression-like behavior of depressed rats and regulate the expression of inflammatory factors and neurotransmitters. Hematoxylin-eosin, Nissl, and immunofluorescence staining indicated that compared to the model group, the pathological damage to the brain tissues of rats in the CSHVO groups was improved. The network pharmacological analysis revealed that 144 CSHVO active compounds mediate 71 targets relevant to depression treatment, most of which are rich in the cAMP signaling and inflammatory cytokine pathways. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that TNF, IL6, and AKT are the core anti-depressive targets of CSHVO. Molecular docking analysis showed an adequate binding between the active ingredients and the key targets. In vitro experiments showed that compared to the model group, the survival rate of PC12 cells induced by CSHVO intervention was increased, the apoptosis rate was decreased, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the cell supernatant was improved. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining confirmed that CSHVO regulates PC12 cells in the CORT model through the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway, and pretreatment with PKA blocker H89 eliminates the protective effect of CSHVO on CORT-induced PC12 cells. CONCLUSIONS: CSHVO improves CORT-induced injury in the PC12 cell model and CUMS combined with orphan rearing-induced depression model in rats. The antidepressant mechanism of CSHVO is associated with the modulation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway.

Assuntos

Encéfalo , Depressão , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Óleos Voláteis , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Acorus/química , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação ao Elemento de Resposta ao AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut microbiota could be developed as a therapeutic target due to its contribution to microglia activation in the pathological process of ischemic stroke. Acorus tatarinowii oils (AT oils), which is considered as the active fraction of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Acorus tatarinowii, exerts various bioactivities and prebiotic effects. However, it remains unclear that the effect of AT oils on inflammatory response after ischemic stroke and whether its underlying mechanism is associated to gut microbiota and the intestinal barrier. In the current study, we aim to investigate the anti-microglial neuroinflammation mechanism of AT oils in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. The compositions of AT oils were identified by GC-MS. Our results demonstrated that AT oils could effectively relieve cerebral infarction, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, degrade the release of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6 and IFN-γ), and mediate the polarization of microglia. Moreover, AT oils restored the composition and the balance of gut microbiota in stroke rats, and reduced abundance of opportunistic genera including Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia and Tenericutes, as well as increased beneficial bacteria abundance such as Tenericutes and Prevotella_copri. To investigate the role of gut microbiota on AT oils against ischemic stroke, we conducted the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments with gut microbiota consumption, which suggested that the depletion of gut microbiota took away the protective effect of AT oils, confirming the importance of gut microbiota in the protective effect of AT oils on ischemic stroke. FMT experiments have demonstrated that AT oils preserved the gut permeability and blood-brain barrier, as well as mediated the microglial phenotype under the intervention of gut microbiota. In summary, AT oils could efficaciously moderate neuronal damage and intervene microglial phenotype by reversing gut microbiota disorder in ischemic stroke rats.

Assuntos

Acorus , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microglia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/metabolismo , Ratos , Masculino , Acorus/química , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/metabolismo , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico

RESUMO

Acorus tatarinowii, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is used for the clinical treatment of memory impairment and dementia. In this research, AT50, the crude polysaccharide extracted from A. tatarinowii rhizome, significantly improved the memory and learning ability of mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and exerted excellent anti-neuroinflammatory effects. More importantly, AT50 returned the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-1ß, PGE-2, and IL-6 in AD mouse brains to normal levels. To identify the active ingredients in AT50, a heteropolysaccharide ATP50-3 was obtained from AT50. Structural analysis indicated ATP50-3 consisted of α-L-Araf-(1→, →2)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →3)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, α-D-Xylp-(1→, →3,4)-ß-D-Xylp-(1→, →3)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-4-OAc-α-D-Galp-(1→, →3,4,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →2,3,6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, →3,4)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, and →4)-α-D-GlcpA-(1 â†’ residues and terminated with Xyl and Ara. Additionally, ATP50-3 significantly inhibited the release of proinflammatory factors in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells. ATP50-3 may be an active constituent of AT50, responsible for its anti-neuroinflammatory effects, with great potential to treat AD.

Assuntos

Acorus , Anti-Inflamatórios , Polissacarídeos , Rizoma , Acorus/química , Animais , Rizoma/química , Camundongos , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Masculino , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial mortality and morbidity globally. Current treatments only alleviate symptoms and do not halt secondary injury progression. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the neuroprotective potential of Acorus calamus Linn. (AC) in a Drosophila melanogaster model of high-impact TBI. METHODS: Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) of the Oregon R + strain were administered hydroalcoholic extracts of Acorus calamus Linn. (HAEAC) at concentrations of 25 and 50 µg/mL, 24 h and continuously for 72 h, respectively, following TBI induction. Mortality rate, locomotor function, neurotransmitter levels, and oxidative stress markers were assessed at 24 and 72 h post-injury as outcomemeasures. RESULTS: AC significantly reduced post-TBI mortality and improved locomotor function in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, AC increased acetylcholinesterase, gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and dopamine levels while reducing glutamate. It also boosted antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase) and lowered markers of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde, nitrite). CONCLUSIONS: AC mitigated behavioral deficits, oxidative damage, and neurotransmitter imbalance in fruit flies after TBI. These findings indicate AC may be more effective than individual drugs for TBI therapy. Further research into its neuroprotective phytochemicals is warranted.

Assuntos

Acorus , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Drosophila melanogaster , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Estresse Oxidativo , Extratos Vegetais , Animais , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Acorus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Masculino , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

The development of novel antioxidant compounds with high efficacy and low toxicity is of utmost importance in the medicine and food industries. Moreover, with increasing concerns about the safety of synthetic components, scientists are beginning to search for natural sources of antioxidants, especially essential oils (EOs). The combination of EOs may produce a higher scavenging profile than a single oil due to better chemical diversity in the mixture. Therefore, this exploratory study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of three EOs extracted from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus in individual and combined forms using the augmented-simplex design methodology. The in vitro antioxidant assays were performed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging approaches. The results of the Chromatography Gas-Mass spectrometry (CG-MS) characterization showed that citral (29.62%) and niral (27.32%) are the main components for C. flexuosus, while D-carvone (62.09%) and D-limonene (29.58%) are the most dominant substances in C. carvi. By contrast, ß-asarone (69.11%) was identified as the principal component of A. calamus (30.2%). The individual EO exhibits variable scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals. These effects were enhanced through the mixture of the three EOs. The optimal antioxidant formulation consisted of 20% C. flexuosus, 53% C. carvi, and 27% A. calamus for DPPHIC50. Whereas 17% C. flexuosus, 43% C. carvi, and 40% A. calamus is the best combination leading to the highest scavenging activity against ABTS radical. These findings suggest a new research avenue for EOs combinations to be developed as novel natural formulations useful in food and biopharmaceutical products.

Assuntos

Acorus , Antioxidantes , Carum , Cymbopogon , Óleos Voláteis , Extratos Vegetais , Cymbopogon/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Acorus/química , Carum/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia

RESUMO

Acorus tatarinowii Schott (A. tatarinowii) is a natural medicinal plant. It plays an indispensable role in the treatment of diseases by the empirical medicine system and has achieved remarkable curative effects. A. tatarinowii is often used to treat various diseases, such as depression, epilepsy, fever, dizziness, heartache, stomachache, etc. More than 160 compounds of different structural types have been identified in A. tatarinowii, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids, amides, and organic acids. These bioactive ingredients make A. tatarinowii remarkable for its pharmacological effects, including antidepressant, antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, antianxiety, neuroprotective, antifatigue, and antifungal effects, improving Alzheimer's disease, and so on. It is noteworthy that A. tatarinowii has been widely used in the treatment of brain diseases and nervous system diseases and has achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects. This review focused on the research publications of A. tatarinowii and aimed to summarize the advances in the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology, which will provide a reference for further studies and applications of A. tatarinowii.

Assuntos

Acorus , Botânica , Lignanas , Acorus/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antidepressivos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Etnofarmacologia

RESUMO

Epilepsy is a serious public health problem in the world. At present, over 30% of affected patients remain refractory to currently available treatment. Medicinal plants as pharmaceuticals and healthcare treatments have been frequently used in the management of epilepsy in China for many centuries. Gastrodia elata-Acous tatarinowii (GEAT), as a classic and most commonly used herb pair in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been employed to control seizures for thousands of years. However, the animal experiment data on its anticonvulsant effect is limited in the literature. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the therapeutic actions of GEAT decoction against seizures in mice. UHPLC-MS/MS was performed to analyze the chemical components of GEAT decoction. The mice were given GEAT decoction for 7 days, and MES, PTZ, and 3-MP injection was given 30 min after the last administration. Video monitoring was performed for comparisons. In addition, the PTZ-induced kindling models were conducted to investigate the seizure severity, anxiety and cognitive profile, inflammation, and oxidative stress parameters in mice. The results showed that GEAT decoction dose-dependently protected mice against MES, 3-MP, and PTZ-induced acute seizures. Furthermore, GEAT decoction significantly ameliorated seizure severity, decreased the accumulation of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, mitigated oxidative stress, as well as alleviated anxious-like behavior and cognitive deficits in PTZ-kindled mice. These results suggest that GEAT decoction possesses certain anticonvulsant properties, which might be clinically useful as phytotherapy alone or as an adjunct therapy for the prevention and treatment of seizures and epilepsy.

Assuntos

Acorus , Epilepsia , Gastrodia , Camundongos , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Gastrodia/química , Acorus/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões/prevenção & controle , Epilepsia/induzido quimicamente , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico

RESUMO

In the present study, we report herein the isolation of cadinane-type sesquiterpenoid, tatarinowin A (ACH-6), and pentadecanoic acid (ACH-8) from petroleum ether extract of rhizome of Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae) along with 6 other known compounds in this species. It is pertinent to mention here that this is the first report to stain these compounds in which dereplication approach based on GC-MS was applied to target unknown compounds ACH-6 and ACH-8 in A. calamus L. Derelpication approaches based on GC-MS is very useful technique in the area of drug discovery and have eminence potential to identify known and unknown compounds present in extracts of medicinal important plants. This technique can be used to expedite the process of purification of unknown compounds from different matrixes. The isolated compounds were identified with the help of inbuilt library search which reveals the presence of 17 known and 4 unknown compounds. Further, the structure elucidation of all isolated compounds was done using spectroscopy techniques. Also, the structure of ACH-6 was further confirmed by using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique.

Assuntos

Acorus , Plantas Medicinais , Acorus/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Extratos Vegetais/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Rizoma/química

RESUMO

Noroviruses (NVs) are a major cause of foodborne diseases worldwide. The rhizomes of Acorus gramineus (AGR) have been used as a traditional medicinal plant and a food additive. In this study, AGR and its bioactive components-α-asarone and ß-asarone-showed significant antiviral activities against murine NV (MNV) with pre-treatment, with more than two log reductions in viral plaques. They also demonstrated strong inhibition on binding to A- and O-type saliva by the recombinant P domain derived from human NV (HuNV) GII.4. Both α- and ß-asarones also inhibited the binding of the P domain to the receptor at 0.125-1 mM in a concentration-dependent manner and induced a marked reduction in Tm, suggesting that they may reduce structural stability and block receptor binding by the P domain. In simulated digestive conditions, the AGR extract, α-asarone, or ß-asarone further showed a significant reduction of MNV plaques by 1.5-2.8 logs. The asarones show a potential for development as a scaffold for anti-NV agents.

Assuntos

Acorus , Norovirus , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Acorus/química , Rizoma/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Aditivos Alimentares/análise

RESUMO

Background: Alzheimer's disease places a heavy economic burden to healthcare systems around the world. However, the effective treatments are still lacking. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) of Schisandra chinensis and Acorus tatarinowii Schott have the pharmacological effects of sedation and neuroprotection and have been clinically proven to be effective in the treatment of AD. However, their main anti-Alzheimer's compounds and functional mechanisms remain unclear. Purpose: To elucidate the main therapeutic components and possible mechanisms of Sc-At in AD using a comprehensive strategy combining metabolomics and network pharmacology. Methods: First, the UPLC-QTOF/MS method was used to identify the main chemical constituents of Schisandra chinensis and Acorus tatarinowii Schott alcohol extracts in vitro and in vivo. Secondly, the theoretical active ingredients, targets, and pathways of Sc-At for AD treatment were predicted by network pharmacology methods. Finally, plasma metabolomics were detected by UPLC-QTOF/MS to analyze the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways related to Sc-At. Based on the analyses above, the anti-AD mechanism of Sc-At was explored. Results: A total of 95 chemical components were identified in Sc-At extracts in vitro, and 34 prototype drug components were detected in rat plasma; network pharmacology screening identified 14 drug components in line with the principle of Lipinski, of which 10 were present for in vitro drug composition analysis. For these 10 components, 58 AD disease targets were predicted, and 85 AD-related KEGG signaling pathways were enriched. Six core biomarkers of Sc-At (cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin H2, sphingosine 1-phosphate, enol-phenylpyruvate, 3-methoxytyrosine, and pristanoyl-CoA) were regulated to a normal state during the treatment of AD. Conclusion: The mechanism of Sc-At for the treatment of AD can be achieved by the effect of the 10 compounds of Sc-At on TNF, MAPK8, MAPK14, PTGS1, and other targets, thereby affecting arachidonic acid metabolism, neurotransmitters, and sphingolipid metabolism.

Assuntos

Acorus , Doença de Alzheimer , Schisandra , Acorus/química , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Humanos , Farmacologia em Rede , Ratos , Schisandra/química

RESUMO

Acorus calamus is a perennial aromatic medicinal plant from the Acorusaceae family, known for its pharmaceutical and medicinal value. A combined chemical, biochemical, and molecular study was conducted to evaluate the differential accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in rhizomes and leaves of A. calamus essential oil. Here, we performed VOC profiling and transcriptome-based identification and functional characterization of terpene synthase (TPS) genes. A total of 110 VOCs were detected from the rhizomes and leaves of A. calamus, and some VOCs showed significant differences between them. The further transcriptome-based analysis led to the identification of six putative TPSs genes. In phylogenetic analysis, three TPSs belonged to the TPS-g clade, one to each of the TPS-a, TPS-c, and TPS-e clades. The heterologous E. coli-based expression of recombinant TPSs identified three genes (AcTPS3, AcTPS4, and AcTPS5) as bifunctional linalool/nerolidol synthase. The correlation of TPS gene expression and VOC metabolite profiles supported the function of these genes in A. calamus. Our findings provide a roadmap for future efforts to enhance the molecular mechanisms of terpene biosynthesis and our understanding of Acorus-insect interactions.

Assuntos

Acorus , Alquil e Aril Transferases , Óleos Voláteis , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Acorus/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Alquil e Aril Transferases/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/química , Filogenia , Sesquiterpenos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/metabolismo

RESUMO

Acorus tatarinowii Schott is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat memory and cognitive dysfunction. Because of their efficacy and lower toxic effects, research on α- and ß-asarone, the phytoconstituents, has attracted attention owing to their remarkable pharmacological activities. Silver ion coordination complexation high-speed counter-current chromatography was used to separate these isomers from A. tatarinowii extract, coupled with accelerated solvent extraction. Accelerated solvent extraction parameters were investigated with single-factor and orthogonal testing. A two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (2:1:2:1, v/v) with 0.50 mol/L silver ions was selected for separation. From 2.0 g crude extract, 1.4 g of ß-asarone and 0.09 g of α-asarone were obtained with purities over 98% by sequential sample loading in 20 h. The isolated compounds were identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C NMR. Silver ions significantly increased the separation factor and retention of the stationary phase. The chromatographic behavior indicated that cis-configuration was more strongly complexed with the silver ion. This was further demonstrated with the help of computational analysis. In conclusion, the established method could be employed to separate other cis-trans or E/Z isomers that form coordination complexes.

Assuntos

Acorus/química , Anisóis/análise , Distribuição Contracorrente/métodos , Acorus/metabolismo , Derivados de Alilbenzenos , Anisóis/isolamento & purificação , Teoria da Densidade Funcional , Isomerismo , Extração Líquido-Líquido , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Extratos Vegetais/química , Prata/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray

RESUMO

Background-Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and a decline in cognitive function. While the exact cause of AD is still unclear, recent studies point to lifestyle, diet, environmental, and genetic factors as contributors to disease progression. The pharmaceutical approaches developed to date do not alter disease progression. More than two hundred promising drug candidates have failed clinical trials in the past decade, suggesting that the disease and its causes may be highly complex. Medicinal plants and herbal remedies are now gaining more interest as complementary and alternative interventions and are a valuable source for developing drug candidates for AD. Indeed, several scientific studies have described the use of various medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals for the treatment of AD. This article reviews a subset of herbs for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cognitive-enhancing effects. Methods-This article systematically reviews recent studies that have investigated the role of neuroprotective herbs and their bioactive compounds for dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease and pre-Alzheimer's disease. PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases of articles were collected, and abstracts were reviewed for relevance to the subject matter. Conclusions-Medicinal plants have great potential as part of an overall program in the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with AD. It is hoped that these medicinal plants can be used in drug discovery programs for identifying safe and efficacious small molecules for AD.

Assuntos

Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Fitoquímicos/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais/química , Acorus/química , Acorus/metabolismo , Centella/química , Centella/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Ginkgo biloba/química , Ginkgo biloba/metabolismo , Humanos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais/metabolismo

RESUMO

The Asian traditional medicinal plant Acorus calamus and its component α-asarone exhibited various biological activities, such as antiinflammation and antioxidant effects. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of A. calamus extract and α-asarone on oxidative stress- and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell death in hippocampal HT22 cells. A. calamus extract and α-asarone both significantly suppressed cell death induced by the oxidative stress inducer l-glutamate and ER stress inducer tunicamycin. A. calamus extract and α-asarone also significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by l-glutamate. Moreover, A. calamus extract and α-asarone suppressed the phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) induced by tunicamycin. These results suggest that A. calamus extract and α-asarone protect hippocampal cells from oxidative stress and ER stress by decreasing ROS production and suppressing PERK signaling, respectively. α-Asarone has potential as a potent therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease.

Assuntos

Acorus/química , Derivados de Alilbenzenos/farmacologia , Anisóis/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Tunicamicina/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/citologia , Camundongos , Neurônios/citologia , Fosforilação , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo

RESUMO

α-Asarone and ß-asarone are reported as bioactive constituents of Acorus calamus. Phase I metabolism of asarone isomers results in a multiple spectrum of genotoxic metabolites. Thus, the question arises whether structural analogues of the known phase I metabolites also naturally occur in A. calamus-based food products. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for three product classes, herbal infusions, alcoholic beverages, and food supplements. High asarone contents were detected in herbal infusions (total mean 9.13 mg/kg, n = 8) and food supplements (total mean 14.52 mg/kg, n = 6); hence, these food products can highly contribute to human exposure to genotoxic asarone derivatives. Also, the occurrence of asarone oxidation products found in food and food supplements has to be taken under consideration because data on toxicity is limited so far.

Assuntos

Acorus/química , Anisóis/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Derivados de Alilbenzenos , Isomerismo , Estrutura Molecular