RESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por autointoxicação entre adolescentes e adultos jovens brasileiros no período de 2000 a 2017. Método: estudo de séries temporais da mortalidade por suicídio por autointoxicações (X60 a X69) entre adolescentes e jovens adultos, entre os anos de 2000 a 2017. Calcularam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade por 100.000 habitantes e mortalidade proporcional. Optou-se pela regressão linear de Prais-Winster para análise de tendência. Resultados: percebeu-se uma linearidade na tendência da mortalidade geral por suicídio nessa população. Evidenciou-se uma tendência decrescente entre os indivíduos do sexo feminino, das faixas etárias de 15 a 19 anos e 20 a 24 anos, das regiões Nordeste e Centro-Oeste e que adotaram métodos de suicídio por pesticidas e produtos químicos ou substâncias nocivas não especificadas. Destacou-se também uma tendência crescente da mortalidade pelo uso de todas as classes medicamentosas analisadas, solventes orgânicos e outros inalantes. Conclusão: este estudo identificou um aumento considerável na utilização de medicamentos e inalantes como método para o suicídio entre adolescentes e adultos jovens.
RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por autointoxicación entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes brasileños en el período de 2000 a 2017. Método: estudio de las series temporales de la mortalidad por suicidio por autointoxicaciones (X60 a X69) entre adolescentes y jóvenes adultos, entre los años de 2000 a 2017. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad por 100.000 habitantes y mortalidad proporcional. Se optó por la regresión lineal de Prais-Winster para análisis de tendencia. Resultados: se percibió una linealidad en la tendencia de la mortalidad general por suicidio enesta población. Se evidenció una tendencia decreciente entre los individuos del sexo femenino, de las franjas de edad de 15 a 19 años y 20 a 24 años, de las regiones Nordeste y Centro-Oeste y que adoptaron métodos de suicidio por plaguicidas y productos químicos o sustancias nocivas no especificadas. Se destacó también una tendencia creciente de la mortalidad por el uso de todas las clases de medicamentos analizadas, solventes orgánicos y otros inhalantes. Conclusión: este estudio identificó un aumento considerable en la utilización de medicamentos einhalantes como método para el suicidio entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes.
ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of mortality from self-intoxication among adolescents and young adults in Brazil from 2000 to 2017. Method: time-series study of mortality from suicide from self-intoxication (X60 to X69) among adolescents and young adults, between 2000 to 2017. The coefficients of mortality per 100,000 population and proportional mortality were calculated. The Prais-Winster linear regression was chosen for trend analysis. Results: there was linearity in the trend of overall suicide mortality in this population. A decreasing trend was evidenced among female individuals, aged 15 to 19 years old and 20 to 24 years old, from the Northeast and Midwest regions and who adopted suicide methods by pesticides and chemical products or unspecified harmful substances. A growing trend of mortality due to the use of all drug classes analyzed, organic solvents, and other inhalants were also highlighted. Conclusion: This study identified a considerable increase in the use of medications and inhalants as a method of suicide among adolescents and young adults.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Intoxicação , Suicídio , Estudos de Séries Temporais , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Mortalidade , Compostos Químicos , Uso de Medicamentos , Abuso de Inalantes , Política de SaúdeRESUMO
Homeless people face stressful circumstances influencing drug consumption, mental health, and sleep disorders. We performed an interdisciplinary study involving psychometric, polysomnographic, and ethnographic records to relate stress, psychiatric disorders, drug consumption, and sleep in ten people (four women, M = 32 y/o) living on the streets of Mexico City. Toluene-based inhalant dependence and suicidality were the more common psychiatric disorders among participants. They also presented sleep fragmentation; some manifested insomnia or sleep restriction, whereas others displayed extended rapid-eye movement sleep latencies associated with depression or inhalant consumption. Inhalants are used to improve mood, strengthen social bonds, and induce either sleep or alertness during the night. Inter-individual distinctions may be related to differential levels of intoxication, stress perception, backgrounds, and abilities to live and sleep on the street. Sleep restriction seems to be the more common factor, which may enhance the negative consequences of street situation.
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Pessoas Mal Alojadas/psicologia , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Sono , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoas Mal Alojadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/psicologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A school-based randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2014/2015 with students in 7th and 8th grades in 72 public schools in 6 Brazilian cities. A total of 5028 students were linked (75, 7%) in at least one of the two waves of follow-up (9 months and 21 months later). The principal research question was whether this 12-lesson program delays the initiation of alcohol, tobacco, inhalants and binge drinking among early adolescents when compared to usual care, that is, no prevention program in Brazilian schools, after 21 months of follow up. METHODS: Cox regression models were adjusted to evaluate the incidence of drug use. Generalized linear latent mixed models (GLLAMM) were used to evaluate changes in the prevalence of each drug over time and between groups. Findings The incidence analysis showed a negative effect of the program for alcohol initiation (aHR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.01; 127) but an opposite protective effect for the initiation of inhalant use (aHR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.66; 0.95). After 21 months, the prevalence of past-year use of alcohol changed from 30.1% to 49.8% in the intervention group and from 29.9% to 45.8% in the control group. Adolescents in the intervention group were 30% more likely to have reported past-year use of alcohol than students in the control group at 21 months (aOR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.02; 1.65). No effects of the program on past-month drug use were found. The Brazilian version of the Unplugged program may be misinterpreted by public school students, perhaps arousing their curiosity regarding alcohol use.
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Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/prevenção & controle , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Abuso de Inalantes , Masculino , Fumar Maconha/epidemiologia , Fumar Maconha/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudantes , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiologia , Fumar Tabaco/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inhalant use disorder (IUD) is associated with deficits in executive functions (EFs). We described latent profiles of EFs and distribution of neuropsychiatric disorders and patterns of severity of use across these profiles. METHODS: Individuals with IUD were recruited at community-based residential facilities for substance use treatment in Mexico City. Latent profile analysis was conducted with the following tasks: self-ordered pointing, Stroop, Iowa gambling, Wisconsin Card Sorting and Tower of Hanoi. RESULTS: Three latent profiles were extracted from nâ¯=â¯165: lowest performances of inhibition of response and processing speed; lowest performance of self-monitoring, intermediate performance of inhibition of response and relatively spared processing speed; and intermediate performance of processing speed and self-monitoring, and relatively spared inhibition of response. CONCLUSION: Between-group differences were observed mainly for antisocial personality disorder and lifetime suicidal. Findings remark the need for identifying distinct profiles of EFs within these populations to better understand the transdiagnostic heterogeneity of EFs.
Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/diagnóstico , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/psicologia , Função Executiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Abuso de Inalantes/diagnóstico , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Administração por Inalação , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/diagnóstico , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Jogo de Azar/psicologia , Humanos , Abuso de Inalantes/epidemiologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Teste de Stroop , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/tendências , Ideação SuicidaRESUMO
La vía nasal, ya sea mediante la inhalación o aspiración, se ha convertido en una ruta atractiva para quienes abusan de sustancias, principalmente por la fácil accesibilidad y la rápida absorción sistémica, además de evitar las consecuencias asociadas al uso de drogas intravenosas (enfermedades de transmisión). El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una actualización de diversas sustancias que son utilizadas por esta vía, enfocándose en aquellas en las que se ha documentado daños en la anatomía nasal.
The nasal route, either by inhalation or aspiration, has become an attractive route for substances abusers, mainly because of its easy accessibility, rapid systemic absorption and also to avoid the consequences associated with intravenous drug use (transmitted diseases). The objective of this review is to present an update of various substances that are used by this route, focusing on those in which damage to the nasal anatomy has been documented.
Assuntos
Humanos , Administração Intranasal , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Benzodiazepinas/administração & dosagem , Drogas Desenhadas/administração & dosagem , Abuso de Inalantes , Abuso Oral de Substâncias/classificação , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/antagonistas & inibidores , Metanfetamina/administração & dosagem , Metilfenidato/administração & dosagem , Nitritos/administração & dosagemRESUMO
This paper presents the participatory visual research design and findings from a qualitative assessment of the social impact of bazuco and inhalant/glue consumption among street youth in Bogotá, Colombia. The paper presents the visual methodologies our participatory action research (PAR) team employed in order to identify and overcome the stigmas and discrimination that street youth experience in society and within state-sponsored drug rehabilitation programmes. I call for critical reflection regarding the broad application of the terms 'participation' and 'participatory' in visual research and urge scholars and public health practitioners to consider the transformative potential of PAR for both the research and practice of global public health in general and rehabilitation programmes for street-based substance abuse in Colombia in particular. The paper concludes with recommendations as to how participatory visual methods can be used to promote social inclusion practices and to work against stigma and discrimination in health-related research and within health institutions.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade/métodos , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde/métodos , Jovens em Situação de Rua/psicologia , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Saúde Pública/métodos , Estigma Social , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/métodos , Adolescente , Colômbia , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade/organização & administração , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade/normas , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde/normas , Humanos , Abuso de Inalantes/prevenção & controle , Abuso de Inalantes/reabilitação , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Saúde Pública/normas , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/organização & administração , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/normasRESUMO
The present study investigated the role of first use of inhalants within a first drug sequencing pattern. In a representative sample of university students from 27 Brazilian capitals (n = 12,711), we analyzed the patterns of transition from/to first use of inhalants to/from the first use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, ecstasy, amphetamines, prescription opioids, and tranquilizers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze data. Drugs that were not specified as the pair of drugs tested in each model were included as time-varying covariates in all models. In this sample, first use of inhalants was preceded only by the first use of alcohol and tobacco. However, first use of inhalants preceded first use of cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, and tranquilizers. First use of inhalants preceded the first use of prescription opioids, and vice versa. This study highlights the need to intervene early with youths who are at risk of or just beginning to use inhalants, because this class of drugs seems to be the first illegal drug in Brazil to be experimented by respondents in our sample. There is also a call for attention to individuals who have already first used inhalants because of their higher chance to experiment with other drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, and prescription drugs. All these findings show an in-transition culture of drug use, which should be tracked through time, because some classical models (i.e., gateway model) might be outdated and might also not fit within different settings.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Procura de Droga , Abuso de Inalantes/epidemiologia , Modelos Psicológicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adulto , Intoxicação Alcoólica/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fumar/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Universidades , Saúde da População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The scope of this study was to establish the prevalence of inhalant use among adolescents and its association with marijuana use, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and gender. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample of 891 adolescents from public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data were collected using two self-administered questionnaires: the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). The socioeconomic status was evaluated using the Social Vulnerability Index, mother's education level and type of school (public or private). The data were analyzed using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of inhalant use was 7.9%. No significant association was found between the use of inhalants and socioeconomic status after the logistic regression analysis. Inhalant use among adolescents was associated with marijuana use (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) and with binge drinking (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).
Assuntos
Abuso de Inalantes/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/complicações , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Abuso de Inalantes/complicações , Masculino , Abuso de Maconha/complicações , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Saúde da População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The scope of this study was to establish the prevalence of inhalant use among adolescents and its association with marijuana use, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and gender. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample of 891 adolescents from public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data were collected using two self-administered questionnaires: the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). The socioeconomic status was evaluated using the Social Vulnerability Index, mother's education level and type of school (public or private). The data were analyzed using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of inhalant use was 7.9%. No significant association was found between the use of inhalants and socioeconomic status after the logistic regression analysis. Inhalant use among adolescents was associated with marijuana use (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) and with binge drinking (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do uso de inalantes em adolescentes e sua associação com o uso de maconha, consumo de álcool, condição socioeconômica e gênero. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em uma amostra representativa de 891 adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois questionários autoaplicáveis: o Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). O Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social, o nível de escolaridade da mãe e o tipo de escola (pública ou privada) foram utilizados para determinar o nível socioeconômico. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste qui-quadrado (p < 0.05) e a análise de regressão logística. A prevalência do uso de inalantes foi de 7,9%. Não houve associação entre o uso de inalantes e o nível socioeconômico após a análise de regressão logística. O uso de inalantes por adolescentes esteve associado ao uso de maconha (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) e ao consumo abusivo de álcool (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).
Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Abuso de Inalantes/epidemiologia , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/complicações , Consumo Excessivo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Abuso de Inalantes/complicações , Abuso de Maconha/complicações , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Saúde da População UrbanaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: This paper understands inhalant use--the deliberate inhalation of volatile solvents or glues with intentions of intoxication--as a socially and culturally constituted practice. It describes the inhalant use of young street people in Mexico City from their perspective ("the vicioso or inhalant fiend's point of view"). BACKGROUND: Even if inhalant use is globally associated with economic inequality and deprivation, there is a marked lack of ethnography. Incomprehension and indignation have blocked our understanding of inhalant use as a form of marginalised drug use. The current explanation models reduce inhalant consumption to universal factors and individual motives; separating the practice from its context, these models tend to overlook gustatory meanings and experiences. METHODS: The paper is informed by long-term, on-going fieldwork with young street people in Mexico City. Fieldwork was done from 1990 through 2010, in regular periods of fieldwork and shorter visits, often with Mexican colleagues. We created extensive sets of fieldnotes, which were read and re-read. RESULTS: "Normalcy" is a striking feature of inhalant use in Mexico City. Street-wise inhabitants of popular neighbourhoods have knowledge about inhalants and inhalant users, and act accordingly. Subsequently, Mexico City's elaborate street culture of sniffing is discussed, that is, the range of inhalants used, how users classify the substances, and their techniques for sniffing. The paper also distinguishes three patterns of inhalant use, which more or less correlate with age. These patterns indicate embodiments of street culture: the formation within users of gusto, that is, an acquired appetite for inhalants, and of vicio, the inhalant fiends' devotion to inhalants. CONCLUSION: What emerges from the ethnographic findings is an elaborate street culture of sniffing, a complex configuration of shared perspectives and embodied practices, which are shaped by and shaping social exclusion. These findings are relevant to appreciate and address the inhalant fiends' acquired appetite and habit.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/psicologia , Pessoas Mal Alojadas/psicologia , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Guatemala cuenta con una población de 15.073,375 personas, con pirámide poblacional mayoritariamente joven. Este estudio de tipo transversal, descriptivo, correlacional en una muestra de 13,856 estudiantes de ambos sexos, en edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 22 años de edad, del nivel medio y diversificado de educación pública y privada a nivel nacional, analiza el problema de drogas en esa población. La información se obtuvo a través del instrumento SIDUC, proporcionado por la CICAD de la OEA. El estudio evidenció las drogas legales, alcohol y tabaco, con altas prevalencias de consumo y las drogas ilegales identificadas como de mayor consumo fueron, citadas en orden decreciente, la marihuana, los inhalables y la cocaína. Se detectó que la autopercepción de riesgo y la familia funcional, son factores que reducen en cierto grado la experimentación y el consumo de drogas. El ambiente docente de la educación formal y el grado de involucración parental en las actividades de las y los estudiantes, así como la influencia del grupo, son factores que según el caso, pueden ser de protección o riesgo para el consumo de drogas. Se encontraron indicios de la disponibilidad de drogas tanto dentro, como en los alrededores de las instituciones educativas, así como de necesidad de tratamiento por consumo de drogas, elementos todos que ameritan investigarse a futuro. Se recomienda propiciar la investigación y vigilancia epidemiológica en ésta y otras poblaciones, para profundizar en la caracterización del problema adictivo, para orientar con información nacional los esfuerzos preventivos en el país.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Adolescente , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Pessoal Técnico de Saúde , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Abuso de Inalantes , Abuso de Maconha , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Fatores de Risco , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of psychiatric comorbidity among individuals with crack or inhalant dependence is frequently observed. The objective of this study was to investigate anxiety symptoms among crack cocaine and inhalant users in southern Brazil. METHODS: The study investigated two groups of volunteers of equal size (n = 50): one group consisted of crack cocaine users, and the other group consisted of inhalant users. Research volunteers completed the Portuguese versions of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ). RESULTS: Both crack and inhalant users experience significant symptoms of anxiety. Inhalant users presented significantly more anxiety symptoms than crack users according to the HAM-A questionnaire only. In contrast to the results of the HAM-A, the STAI failed to demonstrate a significant difference between the two groups of substance users. SRQ scores revealed that crack and inhalants users had significant degrees of morbidity. CONCLUSION: A significant difference regarding anxiety symptomatology, especially state anxiety, was observed among inhalant and crack users. Anxiety and overall mental psychopathology were significantly correlated in this sample. The results indicate that screening initiatives to detect anxiety and additional psychiatric comorbidities among crack and inhalant users are feasible and relevant.
OBJETIVO: Investigar sintomas de ansiedade em usuários de crack e inalantes no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Oestudo investigou dois grupos de voluntárioscomomesmonúmero de indivíduos (n = 50): um grupo consistiu de usuários de crack e o outro grupo, de usuários de inalantes. Os voluntários da pesquisa completaram as versões em português das escalas de ansiedade State-Trais Anxiety Inventory (STAI) e Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), e o Questionário de Autoavaliação (SRQ). RESULTADOS: Ambos os grupos apresentaram sintomas significativos de ansiedade. Os usuários de inalantes apresentaram escores quanto a HAM-A significativamente superiores aos usuários de crack. Ansiedade e psicopatologia geral se apresentaram significativamente correlacionados. CONCLUSÃO: Sintomas de ansiedade são frequentes entre usuários de crack e inalantes. Um processo de triagem de sintomas de ansiedade entre usuários de crack e inalantes deve facilitar ainda mais as intervenções terapêuticas nesta área.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Ansiedade/etiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Cocaína Crack , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Administração por Inalação , Ansiedade/psicologia , Brasil , Hospitais Psiquiátricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de SubstânciasRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between drug use and four kinds of stress symptoms in 954 Brazilian students from the 6th to the 11th grades, in 4 public and 5 private schools in the city of Sao Paulo. Based on their answers to the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI-R) and to the Stress Scale for Adolescents (SSA), we compared regular drug users with non/occasional drug users regarding the frequency of four kinds of stress symptoms (psychological, cognitive, physiological, interpersonal), and the period in which it happened. When compared to non/occasional drug users, regular drug users presented higher levels of psychological, cognitive and physiological symptoms of stress and these symptoms were in the most severe spectrum of severity (near to exhaustion and exhaustion). The association between drug use and stress was even stronger in the youngest age group (11 to 13 years old). Most of the regular drug users were 16 years old and over, from upper-middle class families, had poor family relationships and more academic problems. These results confirm the association between drug use and stress in adolescents and highlight the need for early screening and intervention in both drug use and stressful situations.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Abuso de Inalantes/epidemiologia , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Fumar Maconha/epidemiologia , Fumar Maconha/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiologia , Uso de Tabaco/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aims of this study are to: (1) describe the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of inhalant use among middle and high school students in Brazil, and (2) test the hypothesis of inhalants being intermediate drugs between legal and illegal drug use. A representative sample of 5226 students from private schools in São Paulo, Brazil, was selected to answer a self-report questionnaire. Weighted data was analyzed through Cox proportional hazards models. In the overall sample, inhalants seems to be an intermediate drug, since prior inhalant initiation was associated with first marijuana use, adjusted for previous alcohol and tobacco initiation.
Assuntos
Drogas Ilícitas , Abuso de Inalantes/epidemiologia , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Alcoolismo/epidemiologia , Brasil , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of psychiatric comorbidity among individuals with crack or inhalant dependence is frequently observed. The objective of this study was to investigate anxiety symptoms among crack cocaine and inhalant users in southern Brazil. METHODS: The study investigated two groups of volunteers of equal size (n=50): one group consisted of crack cocaine users, and the other group consisted of inhalant users. Research volunteers completed the Portuguese versions of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ). RESULTS: Both crack and inhalant users experience significant symptoms of anxiety. Inhalant users presented significantly more anxiety symptoms than crack users according to the HAM-A questionnaire only. In contrast to the results of the HAM-A, the STAI failed to demonstrate a significant difference between the two groups of substance users. SRQ scores revealed that crack and inhalants users had significant degrees of morbidity. CONCLUSION: A significant difference regarding anxiety symptomatology, especially state anxiety, was observed among inhalant and crack users. Anxiety and overall mental psychopathology were significantly correlated in this sample. The results indicate that screening initiatives to detect anxiety and additional psychiatric comorbidities among crack and inhalant users are feasible and relevant.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/etiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Cocaína Crack , Abuso de Inalantes/psicologia , Administração por Inalação , Adolescente , Adulto , Ansiedade/psicologia , Brasil , Criança , Feminino , Hospitais Psiquiátricos , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lanca perfume (chloroform/ether) is an inhalant used mainly by higher social class students in Brazil. In light of the social and epidemiological features of lanca use, supply, and distribution, this investigation tests hypotheses about the degree to which use of inhalant lanca might be occurring in clusters, consistent with social sharing and diffusion, and might show a direct association with social rank even within the relatively privileged social context of private schools in a large mega-city of Latin America. METHODS: Epidemiologic self-report survey data were from a large representative sample of urban post-primary private school students in São Paulo city, Brazil, in 2008. Newly incident lanca use was studied, first with estimates of clustering from the alternating logistic regressions (ALR) and then with conditional logistic regressions to probe into the hypothesized direct social rank association. RESULTS: ALR disclosed a clustering of newly incident lanca users within private school classrooms (pairwise odds ratio (PWOR)=2.1; 95% CI=1.3, 3.3; p=0.002) as well as clusters of recently active lanca use (PWOR=1.9; 95% CI=1.1, 3.3; p=0.02). Occurrence of lanca use within private school classrooms was directly associated with social rank (odds ratio (OR)=0.2; 95% CI=0.1, 0.8; p=0.03 in the contrast of lowest socio-economic status (SES) versus highest SES strata within classrooms). Thereafter, study of other drugs disclosed similar patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The clustering estimates are consistent with concepts of person-to-person sharing of lanca within private school classrooms as well as other dynamic processes that might promote lanca clusters in this context. An observed direct association with social rank is not specific to lanca use. Direct SES estimates across a broad profile of drug compounds suggests causal processes over and above the more specific initially hypothesized social rank gradients in the lanca diffusion process. A novel facet of the evidence is greater occurrence of drug use among the higher social rank private school students, which should be of interest in the social science community.