RESUMO
Occupational health in Guatemala has come a long way. In 1958, the first Regulation of Occupational Health by the Guatemalan Social Security Institute was published. There wasn´t another Directive in the country regarding this issue until the year 2000, when the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health was created. In 2014, it published the Governmental Agreement 229-2014 Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, which came into force on September 8th, 2015. Nowadays there are other institutions that care about this topic. Some of these institutions promote occupational health training through courses, workshops, seminars, etc., but there is not a formal education program yet. There are some other institutions, such as the National Institute of Statistics, which generates information concerning employment, unemployment, characteristics, composition, structure, and functioning of the labor market through surveys. And finally, there are other institutions like the Health, Labor and Environment Program of Central America SALTRA, which promotes investigation in this topic, generates information as well as endorses training regarding occupational safety as an important issue in the country.
Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/história , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Saúde Ocupacional/história , Academias e Institutos/legislação & jurisprudência , Governo Federal , Órgãos Governamentais/legislação & jurisprudência , Guatemala , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Saúde Ocupacional/educação , Saúde Ocupacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Ocupacional/tendênciasRESUMO
Work Register Booklet was created in Brazil in 1932. Soon, Regional Labor Inspectorates emerged - after renamed as Regional Office of Labor. In Rio Grande do Sul, this office was settled in 1933 in Porto Alegre. Procedures for making this booklet consisted of filling a professional qualification form with workers' personal and professional information. One of the fields consisted of requester's distinguishing signs, like visible marks and lack of limbs. The purpose of this article is to analyse the presence of one of these distinguishing signs. We use 3x4cm photos of workers who presented smallpox signs, as well as other information written in the fields of their forms.
Assuntos
Fotografação/história , Varíola/história , Brasil , Órgãos Governamentais/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Ilustração Médica/história , Ocupações/históriaRESUMO
Resumo A carteira profissional foi criada no Brasil em 1932. Em seguida, surgiram as Inspetorias Regionais do Trabalho, renomeadas, posteriormente, como Delegacias Regionais do Trabalho. No Rio Grande do Sul, a Inspetoria foi instalada em 1933, em Porto Alegre. A logística para a confecção da carteira consistia no preenchimento de uma ficha de qualificação profissional com os dados pessoais e profissionais dos trabalhadores. Um dos campos da ficha se destinava ao registro dos sinais particulares do solicitante, tais como marcas visíveis e falta de membros. Averiguar a presença de um tipo específico de sinal particular é o objetivo deste artigo. Pretende-se trabalhar com as fotografias 3x4 dos trabalhadores que apresentavam sinais de varíola, bem como com outras informações da ficha.
Abstract Work Register Booklet was created in Brazil in 1932. Soon, Regional Labor Inspectorates emerged – after renamed as Regional Office of Labor. In Rio Grande do Sul, this office was settled in 1933 in Porto Alegre. Procedures for making this booklet consisted of filling a professional qualification form with workers’ personal and professional information. One of the fields consisted of requester’s distinguishing signs, like visible marks and lack of limbs. The purpose of this article is to analyse the presence of one of these distinguishing signs. We use 3x4cm photos of workers who presented smallpox signs, as well as other information written in the fields of their forms.
Assuntos
Humanos , História do Século XX , Fotografação/história , Varíola/história , Brasil , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Ilustração Médica/história , Ocupações/históriaRESUMO
This article analyzes aspects of the activities of the School Medical Inspection Service, an agency created in 1911 under the São Paulo State Sanitary Service and transferred in 1916 to the Secretary of Public Instruction. It focuses, more specifically, on the practice of the individual examination of students with the purpose of understanding the motivations behind these practices, the role they played in establishing standards of normality and abnormality, as well as their underlying racial tenor. To this end, its sources are articles published in the periodical Imprensa Médica, works written by the agency's head physician, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, and the Anuários do ensino, the official publication of the General Board for Public Instruction.
Assuntos
Órgãos Governamentais/história , Exame Físico/história , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/história , Brasil , Criança , História do Século XX , Humanos , Grupos RaciaisRESUMO
Este artigo analisa aspectos da atuação da Inspeção Médica Escolar, órgão criado em 1911 como dependência do Serviço Sanitário de São Paulo e transferido em 1916 para a pasta da Instrução Pública. Detém-se, de modo mais específico, sobre as práticas de exame individual dos alunos, buscando compreender os propósitos a que responderam, seu papel na configuração de padrões de normalidade e anormalidade, bem como o componente racial que presidiu tais práticas. Para tanto, toma como fontes artigos publicados no periódico Imprensa Médica, obras escritas pelo médico-chefe do órgão, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, e os Anuários do Ensino, publicação oficial da Diretoria Geral da Instrução Pública.
This article analyzes aspects of the activities of the School Medical Inspection Service, an agency created in 1911 under the São Paulo State Sanitary Service and transferred in 1916 to the Secretary of Public Instruction. It focuses, more specifically, on the practice of the individual examination of students with the purpose of understanding the motivations behind these practices, the role they played in establishing standards of normality and abnormality, as well as their underlying racial tenor. To this end, its sources are articles published in the periodical Imprensa Médica, works written by the agency’s head physician, Balthazar Vieira de Mello, and the Anuários do ensino, the official publication of the General Board for Public Instruction.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , História do Século XX , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Exame Físico/história , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/história , Brasil , Grupos RaciaisRESUMO
The laboratory activity of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply in Brazil has a history that is richer than most people are aware of. The institutions that today are known as National Agricultural Laboratory - Lanagros - were once a smaller initiative that suffered ups and downs throughout the decades. The recognition that the Lanagros have today - as reference centres with open communication channels with some of the world's greater laboratories in residue and contaminants in food analyses - is the fruit of several years of hard work, good ideas and a strong will never to let down society. Today the Lanagros act not only by performing analyses for the monitoring and investigation programmes, but also in the research and development of analytical methods, providing technical advice on the elaboration of guidelines and normatives, international negotiation and the evaluation of other laboratories. The Lanagros work in an ISO 17025 environment, and they are now being directed and prepared to be able to respond to outbreaks and crises related to the presence of residues and contaminants in food, with the readiness, quickness and reliability that an emergency requires. Investments are allocated strategically and have been giving concrete results, all to the benefit of consumers.
Assuntos
Agricultura/legislação & jurisprudência , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Agricultura/história , Animais , Brasil , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Órgãos Governamentais/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Laboratórios/história , Drogas Veterinárias/análiseRESUMO
After the starting of the Center for studies and prophylaxis of Chagas disease in 1943, with the help of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, in the city of Bambuí, state of Minas Gerais, technological and methodological basis for the extensive control of the disease were conceived. A main step to achieve success was the introduction of a new insecticide (gammexane, P 530) and the demonstration of its efficacy in the vector control. A consequence of these improvements was the official inauguration of the first prophylactic campaign for Chagas disease in Brazil, held in Uberaba in May, 1950. Even with the knowledge of how to control the vectorial transmission, financial resources were not available by this time, at a necessary degree to make it both regularly and in all the affected area. The institutional allocation of these activities is useful to understand the low priority given to them at that time. Several national services were created in 1941, for diseases as malaria, pest, smallpox, among others, but Chagas was included in a group of diseases with lower importance, inside a Division of Sanitary Organization. In 1956, the National Department of Rural endemies (DNERu) allocate all the major endemic diseases in a single institution, however this was not translated in an implementation program for the control of Chagas disease. After profound changes at the Ministry of Health, in 1970, the Superintendência de Campanhas de Saúde Pública (SUCAM) was in charge of all rural endemies including Chagas disease, which now could compete with other diseases transmitted by vectors, formerly priorities, included in the National Division. With this new status, more funds were available, as well as redistribution of personnel and expenses from the malaria program to the vectorial control of Chagas disease. In 1991 the Health National foundation was created to substitute SUCAM in the control of endemic diseases and it included all the units of the Ministry of Health related to epidemiology and disease control. By this time a new tendency for decentralization of these programs was clear. In the case of diseases transmitted by vectors, this was a major difference from the campaign model so far employed. At the same time, the Initiative for the South Cone countries for the control of Chagas disease started, sharing techniques among the countries of this region, as well as establishing similar objectives and trends, what possible helped to maintain Chagas disease as a priority among all the public health issues. From 2003 on, all activities for control of the disease at a national level are under responsibility of the Secretary of Health Surveillance of the Ministry of Health.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/história , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Controle de Insetos/história , Insetos Vetores , Animais , Brasil , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Controle de Insetos/métodosRESUMO
Em 1943, a partir da criação do "Centro de Estudos e Profilaxia da Moléstia de Chagas" da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Bambuí em Minas Gerais, são concebidas as bases tecnológicas e metodológicas para o controle extensivo da enfermidade. Para isso foi decisivo o advento de um novo inseticida (o gammexane, P 530) e a demonstração de sua eficácia no controle dos vetores da doença de Chagas. Como resultado prático desses acontecimentos em "maio de 1950 foi oficialmente inaugurada, em Uberaba, a primeira campanha de profilaxia da doença de Chagas, no Brasil". Mesmo que se dispusesse desde então de meios para fazer o controle da transmissão vetorial da endemia chagásica, não se dispunha dos recursos financeiros exigidos para fazê-lo de forma abrangente e regular. O baixo nível de prioridade conferida a essa atividade se expressava em sua inserção institucional. Em 1941, foram criados os Serviços Nacionais, de malária, peste, varíola, entre outros, enquanto a doença de Chagas fazia parte da Divisão de Organização Sanitária (DOS), que reunia enfermidades consideradas de menor importância. Em 1956 o Departamento Nacional de Endemias Rurais (DNERu) incorporou todas as chamadas grandes endemias em uma única instituição, mas na prática isso não significou a implementação das ações de controle da doença de Chagas. Com a reestruturação do Ministério da Saúde em 1970, a Superintendência de Campanhas de Saúde Pública (SUCAM) abarcou todas as endemias rurais, e a doença de Chagas passou a ter o status de Divisão Nacional, na mesma posição hierárquica daquelas outras doenças transmitidas por vetores antes consideradas prioritárias. Essa condição determinou a possibilidade de uma repartição de recursos mais equilibrada, o que efetivamente ocorreu, com a realocação de pessoal e insumos do programa de malária para o controle vetorial da doença de Chagas. Em 1991, a Fundação Nacional de Saúde sucedeu a SUCAM no controle das doenças endêmicas, congregando ademais todas as unidades e serviços do Ministério da Saúde relacionados à epidemiologia e ao controle de doenças. Já então a tendência era a descentralização operativa destes programas, o que no caso das doenças transmitidas por vetores representava uma drástica mudança no modelo campanhista até então vigente. À época, coincidentemente, foi formada a Iniciativa dos Países do Cone Sul para o controle da doença de Chagas, com o trabalho tecnicamente compartido entre os países da região, com metas e objetivos comuns, o que de algum modo contribuiu para que fosse preservada a doença de Chagas como prioridade entre os problemas de saúde. Desde 2003 as atividades de controle da doença no nível central nacional estão sob responsabilidade da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde.
After the starting of the Center for studies and prophylaxis of Chagas disease in 1943, with the help of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, in the city of Bambuí, state of Minas Gerais, technological and methodological basis for the extensive control of the disease were conceived. A main step to achieve success was the introduction of a new insecticide (gammexane, P 530) and the demonstration of its efficacy in the vector control. A consequence of these improvements was the official inauguration of the first prophylactic campaign for Chagas disease in Brazil, held in Uberaba in May, 1950. Even with the knowledge of how to control the vectorial transmission, financial resources were not available by this time, at a necessary degree to make it both regularly and in all the affected area. The institutional allocation of these activities is useful to understand the low priority given to them at that time. Several national services were created in 1941, for diseases as malaria, pest, smallpox, among others, but Chagas was included in a group of diseases with lower importance, inside a Division of Sanitary Organization. In 1956, the National Department of Rural endemies (DNERu) allocate all the major endemic diseases in a single institution, however this was not translated in an implementation program for the control of Chagas disease. After profound changes at the Ministry of Health, in 1970, the Superintendência de Campanhas de Saúde Pública (SUCAM) was in charge of all rural endemies including Chagas disease, which now could compete with other diseases transmitted by vectors, formerly priorities, included in the National Division. With this new status, more funds were available, as well as redistribution of personnel and expenses from the malaria program to the vectorial control of Chagas disease. In 1991 the Health National foundation was created to substitute SUCAM in the control of endemic diseases and it included all the units of the Ministry of Health related to epidemiology and disease control. By this time a new tendency for decentralization of these programs was clear. In the case of diseases transmitted by vectors, this was a major difference from the campaign model so far employed. At the same time, the Initiative for the South Cone countries for the control of Chagas disease started, sharing techniques among the countries of this region, as well as establishing similar objectives and trends, what possible helped to maintain Chagas disease as a priority among all the public health issues. From 2003 on, all activities for control of the disease at a national level are under responsibility of the Secretary of Health Surveillance of the Ministry of Health.
Assuntos
Animais , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Doença de Chagas/história , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Insetos Vetores , Controle de Insetos/história , Brasil , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Controle de Insetos/métodosRESUMO
Background: In 2007 a broad Network project was proposed, aiming to organize in a more efficient way the different research and development actions related to new reproductive technologies in Embrapa. The initial proposal focused to develop new technological solutions to increase Brazilian livestock competitiveness; generate basic knowledge to support development of new technologies; to promote genetic improvement and evaluate dairy and beef animal models for the different ecosystems, to improve laboratorial infrastructure and promote capacity building; and to promote equal development of the technologies for the different livestock species. The final proposal, titled "Innovation Network in Animal Reproduction" was approved for the period 2008-2012. Review: The Network Project includes research activities in animal reproduction and in the interfaces of reproduction and animal health, nutrition, and genetics. A consortium of 12 of the Embrapa units, 14 Universities, 2 International Research Centers and 5 private companies are engaged in the project. The main structure follows the general guidelines of the Embrapa´s standard of network projects, being organized in 10 thematic Component Projects (CPs): CP1- Activities related to the organization of the Network, as the coordination of the CPs, financial management, promotion of meetings and workshops, and compilation of results and evaluations; CP2 Development and evaluation of new technologies for the sanitary control of semen, oocytes, and embryos; CP3- Evaluation of nutritional strategies to improve reproductive efficiency; CP4- Development of methods to improve the quality and quantity of gametes used in assisted reproductive technologies; CP5- Development of in vivo and in vitro embryo production systems; CP6- Establishment of protocols for the isolation, culture and maintenance of cell lines aiming the production of animal clones; CP7- Establishment of alternative protocols to the production of transgenic or intragenic animals; CP8- Identification, selection, use and conservation of genetic resources; CP9- Validation and monitoring of technologies; CP10- Technological innovation. Conclusions: The establishment of the network allowed the organization of Embrapa's different ongoing research actions in animal reproduction in a large and multidisciplinary project. As consequences, there was a larger interaction among the different research groups of the company and external partners. The proposal of collaborative research improved the scientific production of the group and also the development of products, processes, and technical information to the private sector. The technology transference and capacity building activities were strategically reorganized in line with the scope of the Network Project. A last consequence of the network was the possibility of applying for consortium research funding opportunities. The group also expects to improve scientific collaboration and to increase the relevance of R&D projects in animal reproduction, to improve the interplay with the government agencies in charge of the establishment of laws and rules for reproductive biotechnology used in livestock, and to improve their capacity of identifying and measuring the impact of the new technologies in the different livestock production systems.
Assuntos
Pesquisa/história , Biotecnologia/história , Planos e Programas de Pesquisa em Saúde , Órgãos Governamentais/história , BrasilAssuntos
Atenção à Saúde , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Assistência Pública , Saúde Pública , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Brasil/etnologia , Diversidade Cultural , Atenção à Saúde/história , Órgãos Governamentais/economia , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Órgãos Governamentais/legislação & jurisprudência , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/história , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Gastos em Saúde/história , Gastos em Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Política de Saúde/história , História do Século XXI , Assistência Pública/economia , Assistência Pública/história , Assistência Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/economia , Saúde Pública/educação , Saúde Pública/história , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Prática de Saúde Pública/economia , Prática de Saúde Pública/história , Prática de Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Política Pública/economia , Política Pública/história , Política Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Classe Social/história , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/história , Condições Sociais/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
This article analyzes the Special Public Health Service (SESP), a Brazilian-American agency created in 1942. Envisioned by the United States as a temporary wartime organization, SESP was transformed into an instrument of expansion of Brazilian state authority via the interactions around and Brazilian responses to these activities. After 1945, SESP reoriented its aims and became a structured organization consisting of a permanent horizontal network of health units linked to the Brazilian government's nation-building project. Notwithstanding their international origins, SESP's health policies involved not only the importation of a US model to Brazil but also projects marked by adaptation to the local reality.
Assuntos
Política de Saúde/história , Cooperação Internacional/história , Administração em Saúde Pública/história , Brasil , Órgãos Governamentais/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This article examines the decision-making process that led to the creation of the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) in 1999. The authors begin by discussing the history of the Agency's predecessor, the Health Surveillance Secretariat, and the need for its modernization to adjust the quality of the products under its control to domestic and international demands. From the theoretical perspective of neo-institutionalism, the article goes on to analyze the social and political context surrounding the debate on the proposed alternatives to adjust Health Surveillance to new rules in line with such requirements, focusing especially on the formulation of the new policy, the decision-making arena, and the actors with specific interests in the sector. The research drew on extensive documentary and media material, plus interviews with key actors. The article concludes that a determinant factor for the creation of ANVISA was the favorable domestic political context, fostering a positive correlation of forces that (in an extremely short timeframe, 1998-1999) allowed the creation of the first regulatory agency in the social policies area in Brazil.
Assuntos
Órgãos Governamentais/história , Regulamentação Governamental/história , Formulação de Políticas , Vigilância da População , Brasil , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde , História do Século XX , HumanosAssuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Relações Interpessoais , Medidas de Segurança , Sexualidade , Políticas de Controle Social , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Brasil/etnologia , Comunismo/economia , Comunismo/história , Diversidade Cultural , Identidade de Gênero , Órgãos Governamentais/economia , Órgãos Governamentais/história , Órgãos Governamentais/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , Humanos , Poder Psicológico , Privacidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade/psicologia , Psicologia do Adolescente/economia , Psicologia do Adolescente/educação , Psicologia do Adolescente/história , Psicologia do Adolescente/legislação & jurisprudência , Medidas de Segurança/economia , Medidas de Segurança/história , Medidas de Segurança/legislação & jurisprudência , Delitos Sexuais/economia , Delitos Sexuais/etnologia , Delitos Sexuais/história , Delitos Sexuais/legislação & jurisprudência , Delitos Sexuais/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/etnologia , Comportamento Sexual/história , Comportamento Sexual/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Sexualidade/etnologia , Sexualidade/história , Sexualidade/fisiologia , Sexualidade/psicologia , Mudança Social/história , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/história , Condições Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Políticas de Controle Social/economia , Políticas de Controle Social/história , Políticas de Controle Social/legislação & jurisprudência , Predomínio Social , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Analisa a criação do Ministério da Saúde, em 1953, por meio da identificação dos principais agentes envolvidos, seus interesses e estratégias utilizadas para atingir seus objetivos e influenciar o processo de mudança institucional. Relacionando este processo às características particulares do contexto político da época, identificará, entre as arenas de decisão, aquela que ganhou relevância; apresentará as variáveis políticas que interferiram no surgimento dessa nova agência estatal autônoma para a saúde pública.
Assuntos
Órgãos Governamentais/história , Saúde Pública/história , Brasil , Política de Saúde/históriaRESUMO
Levantamento das fontes sobre a história do Ministério da Saúde existentes no acervo da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz. Utiliza como marcos cronológicos os cinquenta anos anteriores à lei 1.920, de 25 de julho de 1953, que separou a saúde e a educação em pastas autônomas.
Assuntos
Órgãos Governamentais/história , Saúde Pública/história , BrasilRESUMO
Analisa a criaçäo do Ministério da Saúde, em 1953, por meio da identificaçäo dos principais agentes envolvidos, seus interesses e estratégias utilizadas para atingir seus objetivos e influenciar o processo de mudança institucional. Relacionando este processo às características particulares do contexto político da época, identificará, entre as arenas de decisäo, aquela que ganhou relevância; apresentará as variáveis políticas que interferiram no surgimento dessa nova agência estatal autônoma para a saúde pública. (AU)