RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of enteral fish oil and safflower oil supplementation on the intestinal microbiome in infants with an enterostomy born premature. STUDY DESIGN: Infants with an enterostomy born premature were randomized to receive early enteral supplementation with a high-fat polyunsaturated fatty acid (HF-PUFA) blend of fish oil and safflower oil vs standard nutritional therapy. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing for longitudinal profiling of the microbiome from the time of study entry until bowel reanastomosis. We used weighted gene coexpression network analysis to identify microbial community modules that differed between study groups over time. We performed imputed metagenomic analysis to determine metabolic pathways associated with the microbial genes. RESULTS: Sixteen infants were randomized to receive enteral HF-PUFA supplementation, and 16 infants received standard care. The intestinal microbiota of infants in the treatment group differed from those in the control group, with greater bacterial diversity and lower abundance of Streptococcus, Clostridium, and many pathogenic genera within the Enterobacteriaceae family. We identified 4 microbial community modules with significant differences between groups over time. Imputed metagenomic analysis of the microbial genes revealed metabolic pathways that differed between groups, including metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and secondary bile acid synthesis. CONCLUSION: Enteral HF-PUFA supplementation was associated with decreased abundance of pathogenic bacteria, greater bacterial diversity, and shifts in the potential metabolic functions of intestinal microbiota. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT01306838.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Enterostomia , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/administração & dosagem , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Feminino , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Medição de Risco , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To examine the effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs) in a murine model of herpetic chorioretinitis. METHODS: BALB/c mice were fed on three high fat diets, which contained: Menhaden oil (rich in n-3 PUFAs); Safflower oil (rich in n-6 PUFAs); or Corn oil (rich in saturated fatty acids) as control group, 14 days previously and until 12 days following anterior chamber (AC) HSV-1 inoculation. RESULTS: Mice fed on Menhaden oil present an early development of contralateral chorioretinitis by day 6 post-AC HSV-1 inoculation and also significant increase of RNA HSV-1 expression compared with Safflower and Corn oil groups. Furthermore, mice fed on Menhaden oil showed a significant decrease secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 in splenic cells and both retinas. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that mice fed on Menhaden oil (n-3 PUFAs) presented an early development of contralateral chorioretinitis by day 6 post-AC HSV-1 inoculation and also a significant increase in RNA HSV-1 expression compared with animals fed on Safflower and Corn oils. This increase of HSV-1 could be associated with the higher development of chorioretinitis.
Assuntos
Coriorretinite/virologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Infecções Oculares Virais/virologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/farmacologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiologia , Animais , Óleo de Milho/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Peixe/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Timidina Quinase/genética , Uveíte Anterior/virologiaRESUMO
The fetal lung is affected by maternal diabetes. Nuclear receptor PPARα regulates nitric oxide (NO) overproduction in different tissues. We aimed to determine whether fetal lung PPARα expression is altered by maternal diabetes, and if there are gender-dependent changes in PPARα regulation of NO production in the fetal lung. Fetal lungs from control and diabetic rats were explanted on day 21 of gestation and evaluated for PPARα expression and NO production. Fetuses were injected with the PPARα ligand LTB(4) on days 19, 20 and 21, and the fetal lung explanted on day 21 to evaluate PPARα and the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS). Besides, pregnant rats were fed with olive oil- and safflower oil-supplemented diets, enriched in PPAR ligands, for evaluation of fetal lung NO production and PPARα expression. We found reduced PPARα concentrations only in the lung from male fetuses from the diabetic group when compared to controls, although maternal diabetes led to NO overproduction in both male and female fetal lungs. Fetal activation of PPARα led to changes in lung PPARα expression only in female fetuses, although this treatment increased iNOS expression in both male and female fetuses in the diabetic group. Diets supplemented with olive oil and not with safflower oil led to a reduction in NO production in male and female fetal lungs. In conclusion, there are gender-dependent changes in PPARα expression and signaling in the fetal lung from diabetic rats, although PPARα activation prevents maternal diabetes-induced lung NO overproduction in both male and female fetuses.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Feto/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , PPAR alfa/metabolismo , Gravidez em Diabéticas/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia , Dieta , Feminino , Sangue Fetal/metabolismo , Peso Fetal , Feto/efeitos dos fármacos , Feto/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Leucotrieno B4/administração & dosagem , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Troca Materno-Fetal , Azeite de Oliva , Tamanho do Órgão , PPAR alfa/genética , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Gravidez , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Fatores Sexuais , Transdução de Sinais , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Aberrant arachidonic acid and nitric oxide (NO) metabolic pathways are involved in diabetic embryopathy. Previous works have found diminished concentrations of PGE(2) and PGI(2) in embryos from diabetic rats, and that PGI(2) is capable of increasing embryonic PGE(2) concentrations through the activation of the nuclear receptor PPARdelta. PPARdelta activators are lipid molecules such as oleic and linoleic acids, present in high concentrations in olive and safflower oils, respectively. The aim of this study was to analyze the capability of dietary supplementation with either 6% olive or 6% safflower oils to regulate PGE(2), PGI(2) and NO concentrations in embryos and deciduas from control and diabetic rats during early organogenesis. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) 1 week before mating. Animals were fed with the oil-supplemented diets from Days 0.5 to 10.5 of gestation. PGI(2) and PGE(2) were measured by EIA and NO through the evaluation of its stable metabolites nitrates-nitrites in 10.5 day embryos and deciduas. We found that the olive and safflower oil-supplemented treatments highly reduced resorption and malformation rates in diabetic animals, and that they were able to prevent maternal diabetes-induced alterations in embryonic and decidual PGI(2) and PGE(2) concentrations. Moreover, these dietary treatments prevented NO overproduction in embryos and deciduas from diabetic rats. These data indicate that in maternal diabetes both the embryo and the decidua benefit from the olive and safflower oil supplementation probably through mechanisms that involve the rescue of aberrant prostaglandin and NO generation and that prevent developmental damage during early organogenesis.
Assuntos
Ácido Araquidônico/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Doenças Fetais/prevenção & controle , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Feminino , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Azeite de Oliva , Gravidez , Gravidez em Diabéticas , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Maternal diabetes impairs fetal development and growth. We studied the effects of maternal diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids capable of activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) on the concentrations of 15deoxyDelta12,14PGJ2 (15dPGJ2), lipid mass, and the de novo lipid synthesis in 13.5-day fetuses from control and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by neonatal streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg). Rats were treated with a standard diet supplemented or not with 6% olive oil or 6% safflower oil from days 0.5 to 13.5 of gestation. Fetuses from diabetic rats fed with the standard diet showed reduced 15dPGJ2 concentrations, whereas maternal treatments with olive and safflower oils increased 15dPGJ2 concentrations. Fetuses from diabetic rats showed increased concentrations of phospholipids and increased synthesis of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and free fatty acids. Diabetic rat treatments with olive and safflower oils reduced phospholipids, cholesterol, and free fatty acid concentrations and the de novo lipid synthesis in the fetuses. These effects were different from those observed in fetuses from control rats, and seem not to involve PPARgamma activation. In conclusion, olive oil- and safflower oil-supplemented diets provide beneficial effects in maternal diabetes, as they prevent fetal impairments in 15dPGJ2 concentrations, lipid synthesis and lipid accumulation.
Assuntos
Feto/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Ativados por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/agonistas , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Colesterol/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/farmacologia , Feminino , Feto/metabolismo , Masculino , Azeite de Oliva , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Gravidez , Ratos , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/farmacologia , Estreptozocina , Triglicerídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Peanut consumption may improve lipid profiles without promoting weight gain. Both properties have been attributed to their high-unsaturated fat content. Mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids reportedly hold stronger satiety value than saturated fats and may help appetite control. This study investigated the effects of chronic peanut oil consumption on appetite and food choice. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 129 healthy adults from three countries (Brazil, Ghana and US) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment arms: consumption of peanut oil, olive oil or safflower oil as 30% of individual resting energy expenditure (REE) for 8 weeks or no dietary intervention. Participants received no other dietary guidance. They completed appetite questionnaires eliciting information about hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective consumption during all waking hours for 1 day at weeks 2 and 6 and for 1 or 3 days at weeks 0, 4 and 8. Diet records were completed at weeks 0, 4 and 8. RESULTS: No differences in appetitive ratings were observed over the 8-week trial. There were no significant treatment by time interactions. Total caloric intake was significantly higher at week 8 relative to baseline (F=10.08, P<0.05). The increases for each treatment were: peanut oil=197+/-114; olive oil=237+/-121; safflower oil=274+/-90; control=75+/-71. Free-feeding intake, an index of dietary compensation, was reduced significantly at weeks 4 and 8 compared to baseline (F=9.08, P<0.00). The declines (compensation scores) were (kcals): peanut oil=-208+/-105 (46%); olive oil=-235+/-105 (50%); safflower oil=-186+/-102 (44%). There were no significant differences across countries in appetite ratings. DISCUSSION: A prior intervention with whole peanuts reported a dietary compensation score of 66% over 8 weeks, this compares to a 46% compensation score observed with peanut oil. Our data suggests that the lipid fraction in peanuts elicits a weak effect on satiety.
Assuntos
Apetite/efeitos dos fármacos , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Adulto , Brasil , Dieta , Registros de Dieta , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Feminino , Gana , Humanos , Masculino , Azeite de Oliva , Óleo de Amendoim , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/farmacologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Correction of essential fatty acid deficiency by transcutaneous absorption of topically applied EFA-rich oil has been reported. We measured serum EFA levels in two groups of neonates receiving fat-free total parenteral nutrition: nine control patients after 16 and 25 days of TPN, and six patients before and 12 days after beginning cutaneous application of 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid as sunflower seed oil. Progressive biochemical EFA deficiency occurred in all but one of the control patients. Of the six patients receiving 100 mg/kg/day of linoleic acid, one patient with mild deficiency improved, but progressive EFA deficiency occurred in the other five patients. Serum EFA levels were also measured in four patients following 76 days of TPN and daily application of high doses of topical safflower oil, all of whom had severe biochemical EFA deficiency. The topical application of EFA-rich oil cannot be assumed to be uniformly effective in reversing or preventing EFA deficiency. The transcutaneous absorption of essential fatty acids must be documented by appropriate measurements of EFA in serum lipids.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/deficiência , Doenças do Recém-Nascido , Ácidos Linoleicos/administração & dosagem , Óleos/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Cártamo/administração & dosagem , Administração Tópica , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/sangue , Helianthus , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Ácidos Linoleicos/metabolismo , Ácidos Linoleicos/uso terapêutico , Nutrição Parenteral Total , Óleo de Cártamo/metabolismo , Óleo de Cártamo/uso terapêutico , Sementes , Absorção CutâneaRESUMO
Twenty-seven infants from 1 day to 9 months of age with severe intractable diarrhea were fed an oral elemental diet (Vivonex) consisting of crystalline amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, and vitamins by continuous nasogastric drip. Complete control of diarrhea was achieved in 24 patients (89 percent) who had an average weight gain of 28 gm/day. Nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids were measured in five patients while they received 2.25 gm of amino acid/kd/day for two weeks and 4.58 gm of amino acid/kg/day for two weeks; the nitrogen balance and weight gain in three patients was proportional to the amino acid intake. When compared to normal levels, plasma amino acids were not appreciably increased with the lower amino acid intake. With the higher amino acid intake, there were significant increases in plasma values for 11 amino acids.