RESUMO
Several nutritional strategies have been used in beef cattle production in order to increase animal performance and profitability. However, in the past two decades, the increase of consumer preference for functional foods has driven the investigation for improving food via adding functional substances to animal diets. We evaluated the effect of canola oil supplementation associated with vitamin E and selenium on performance, rumen metabolism, carcass traits, meat tenderness, and serum, liver, and meat status of antioxidants in finishing Nellore males. Animals were fed for 106 days in a feedlot and were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: two levels of oil in the diet (no inclusion and 3% canola oil, defined as diet without oil inclusion (NO) and effect of oil (OIL), respectively) and two levels of antioxidants in the diet (no inclusion and 2.5 mg of Se/kg of DM + 500 UI of vitamin E/kg of DM, defined as diet without antioxidant inclusion (NA) and effect of the antioxidants (ANT), respectively). DM intake (kg/day) was evaluated daily; performance and serum were analysed at the beginning of the feedlot and every 28 days. Animals were slaughtered and hot carcass weight (kg) was recorded; ruminal fluid and liver samples were collected. At 24 h postmortem, carcass pH was recorded and the Longissimus thoracis was sampled. There was no significant effect of the OIL*ANT interaction (P > 0.05) for any trait evaluated. Bulls fed OIL presented greater final BW (P < 0.01), average daily gain (kg/day; P < 0.01), feed efficiency (P < 0.01), rump fat thickness (P8RF; P < 0.05), and greater tenderness; the ANT diet increased P8RF (P < 0.05). The levels of selenium and vitamin E in serum, liver, and meat were increased (P < 0.01) with the inclusion of ANT. ANT did not change triiodothyronine (T3, ng/mL) and thyroxine (T4, µg/gL) serum concentrations but decreased serum glucose levels. The treatments did not affect (P > 0.05) ruminal parameters or the protozoa population. Our results showed that the inclusion of 3% canola oil in the diet DM increased performance, feed efficiency, carcass fat deposition, and tenderness, with no effect on rumen fermentation and protozoa population of Nellore cattle in a feedlot system. The inclusion of ANT in the cattle diet did not affect performance or rumen parameters. However, the levels of ANT were increased in the serum, liver, and meat, enriching the final product with these compounds.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Rúmen , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Composição Corporal , Bovinos , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Fermentação , Masculino , Óleo de Brassica napus/metabolismo , Rúmen/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The potential waste canola oil-degrading ability of the cold-adapted Antarctic bacterial strain Rhodococcus sp. AQ5-07 was evaluated. Globally, increasing waste from food industries generates serious anthropogenic environmental risks that can threaten terrestrial and aquatic organisms and communities. The removal of oils such as canola oil from the environment and wastewater using biological approaches is desirable as the thermal process of oil degradation is expensive and ineffective. RESULTS: Rhodococcus sp. AQ5-07 was found to have high canola oil-degrading ability. Physico-cultural conditions influencing its activity were studied using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and statistical optimisation approaches. Considerable degradation (78.60%) of 3% oil was achieved by this bacterium when incubated with 1.0 g/L ammonium sulphate, 0.3 g/L yeast extract, pH 7.5 and 10% inoculum at 10°C over a 72-h incubation period. Optimisation of the medium conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) resulted in a 9.01% increase in oil degradation (87.61%) when supplemented with 3.5% canola oil, 1.05 g/L ammonium sulphate, 0.28g/L yeast extract, pH 7.5 and 10% inoculum at 12.5°C over the same incubation period. The bacterium was able to tolerate an oil concentration of up to 4.0%, after which decreased bacterial growth and oil degradation were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These features make this strain worthy of examination for practical bioremediation of lipid-rich contaminated sites. This is the first report of any waste catering oil degradation by bacteria originating from Antarctica.
Assuntos
Rhodococcus/fisiologia , Óleo de Brassica napus/metabolismo , Resíduos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Adaptação Fisiológica , Temperatura Baixa , Águas Residuárias , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Regiões AntárticasRESUMO
Many heterologous transformation studies have been carried out using the Cupriavidus necator PHB-4 strain to investigate the expression characteristics of various polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase enzymes. In this study, we generated a recombinant C. necator PHB-4 strain by transforming a plasmid (pMRC03) harbouring the synthetic phaC2 gene of Pseudomonas putida CA-3. Under conditions favourable for expression of the phaC2 P.putCA-3 gene, canola oil was used as carbon source for the synthesis of PHAs. The expressed synthase polymerised monomers of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), 3-hydroxyvalerate (3-HV) and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3-HHx) in the recombinant C. necator PHB-4 (pMRC03) strain. We then co-expressed the phaC2P.putCA-3 gene with the native phaC1C.ne gene in wild type Cupriavidus necator H16 (C. necator H16 (pMRC03)). This co-expression produced a PHA blend of 3-HB, 3-HV, 3-HHx and 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3-HO) monomers in the presence of canola oil. Gas chromatography analysis revealed the presence of 94mol% 3-HB, 1mol% 3-HV, 4mol% 3-HHx and 1mol% 3-HO in a tetra-polymer. Thus, we confirmed that a synthetic phaC2 gene encoding the synthase enzyme is functionally active with substrates ranging from short to medium chain length PHAs.
Assuntos
Aciltransferases/genética , Carbono/metabolismo , Cupriavidus necator/metabolismo , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos/biossíntese , Óleo de Brassica napus/metabolismo , Aciltransferases/metabolismo , Carbono/química , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos/química , Pseudomonas putida/enzimologia , Óleo de Brassica napus/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Palm olein is used in infant formula fat blends in order to match the fatty acid profile of human milk. While the effects on fatty acid balance have been evaluated, the use of palm olein in combination with palm kernel oil and supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) has not been similarly assessed in infants. This study evaluated the effects of infant formulas containing different fat compositions on the balance of fat, fatty acids, and calcium. METHODS: In this randomized, crossover, double-blinded study, 33 healthy term infants (68-159 ± 3 days of age at enrollment) were fed two formulas for 14 days in a tolerance period, followed by a 4-day metabolic balance period in 17 of the male subjects. The study compared two commercially available milk-based powdered formulas in Brazil; the PALM formula contained palm olein (44%), kernel palm oil (21.7%), and canola oil (18.5%) as the predominant fats, whereas the NoPALM formula contained other fat sources. RESULTS: Fat absorption (%) was greater for NoPALM versus PALM-fed infants (96.55 and 95.50%, respectively; p = 0.023). The absorption percentage of palmitic acid (C16:0) did not differ significantly between formulas (p > 0.05), but this acid was excreted at significantly higher concentrations in the PALM (29.42 mg/kg/day) than in the NoPALM (12.28 mg/kg/day) formula groups. DHA and ARA absorption percentages were also higher in NoPALM-fed infants. Calcium absorption was higher in NoPALM-fed infants (58.00%) compared to those fed PALM (40.90%), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.104) when calcium intake was used as a covariate. However, calcium retention was higher in NoPALM-fed infants compared to that in PALM-fed infants with or without calcium intake as a covariate. Adverse events did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The absorption of essential fatty acids was similar for both formulas; however, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA and ARA) were better absorbed from the NoPALM formula. Fat absorption and calcium retention were lower in term infants fed the PALM-based formula. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrial.gov # NCT00941564 .
Assuntos
Ácido Araquidônico/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/administração & dosagem , Glicerídeos/administração & dosagem , Fórmulas Infantis/análise , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleo de Brassica napus/administração & dosagem , Ácido Araquidônico/urina , Brasil , Cálcio/urina , Estudos Cross-Over , Gorduras na Dieta/urina , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/urina , Método Duplo-Cego , Fezes/química , Absorção Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Glicerídeos/urina , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Leite Humano/química , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Óleo de Palmeira , Ácido Palmítico/urina , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Óleo de Brassica napus/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: Pork is an important source of protein and the most widely consumed meat throughout the world. Besides, search for healthy food over the years has been growing, which has stimulated research to improve animal health and consequently, the quality of the final product offered to consumers. People know that who eats a high-fat diet has greater risk of developing metabolism changes, such as high cholesterol levels and consequently, cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Studies focusing handling of these lipid food components, both quantitative and qualitatively, can significantly contribute to increase acceptability of animal products by consumers because it can generate knowledge to produce meat with less cholesterol. Among the different cooking oils that can be used in animal feed, the canola oil has drawn the attention of researchers due to its high unsaturated fatty acid contents. The hypothesis is that canola oil modifies the plasmatic profile of the lipoproteins because α-linolenic acid (n-3) interfere the good functioning of LDL cholesterol (LDLc) receptors, i.e. interferes in the cholesterol turnover. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of canola oil as sources of poly-unsaturated fats on modulation of total cholesterol and its fractions in the blood of pigs weighing 70 to 100 kg. Materials, Methods and Results: The experiment was conducted in the Swine Experimental Center of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil. Thirty-two commercial hybrid barrows, with an initial weight of 73.65 (1.56) kg and final weight of 107.5 (2.37) kg, were used. The animals were distributed into four treatments and four replications, with two animals per experimental unit, in a complete casualized design. Diets were based on corn and soybean for finishing pigs and contained four levels of canola oil (2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5%). The consumption was measured at the end of the experimental period, which lasted 34 days. Five blood collections were performed from jugular vein with a 7 days interval from the beginning of the experiment until the slaughtering day. The samples were taken with EDTA 4% and centrifuged for separation of the plasma. These blood samples were used to assess the total cholesterol (CT), VLDL cholesterol (VLDLc), HDL cholesterol (HDLc), LDLc and LDLc/HDLc relationship. Total cholesterol in the blood was determined by the enzymatic method of cholesterol oxidase and the triacylglycerols (TG) were determined by a colorimetric enzymatic test. Lipoproteins were fractioned in the plasma by gel filtration chromatography with FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography). Cholesterol was determined in the fractions by a colorimetric method using a 96-wells microplate assay. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance in a completely randomized blocks design. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the best level of canola oil. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not differ among all treatments (P > 0.05). Discussion: The fact that treatments have not had significant effect in the plasma lipoprotein profile might be associated to metabolic state of the animal prior to blood collection, since the animals were fasting, and this is probably why no specific VLDL peak was observed. The profiles were similar in the different treatments and in the two time periods studied, both from a qualitative and quantitative view. Similar Profiles were obtained for adult miniature pigs fed on a normal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. No results were found in the literature for animals fed on different fat sources and fat levels for comparison purposes.