RESUMO
This article discusses the origin of quijila/kijila in Central West African culture, more particularly in the cultural universe of the Imbangala (Jaga) and the Ambundu and Kimbundu populations who lived in the Portuguese regions of Angola and the Congo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Following this, it investigates how the concept of quijila was structured, comprehended, and transformed, both in Africa, where it was basically a food prohibition, but whose applications and meanings varied; and in Brazil, to where it was transported in the 1700s, and where it transformed into a disease which attacked blacks, especially Africans of various origins, being framed as such in the Hippocratic-Galen universe characteristic of that time.
Este artigo discute a origem da quijila/kijila na cultura centro-ocidental africana, mais particularmente no universo cultural dos imbangalas (jagas) e das populações ambundos e kimbundos, que viviam nas regiões portuguesas de Angola e do Congo, nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Em seguida, investiga como foi estruturado, compreendido e transformado o conceito de quijila tanto na África, basicamente um interdito alimentar, mas cujos significados e aplicações variam, quanto no Brasil, para onde foi transportado nos Setecentos, transformando-se numa doença que atacava os negros, especialmente os africanos de diversas origens, sendo enquadrada pelos médicos locais no universo da medicina hipocrática-galena vigente na época.
Assuntos
População Africana , População Negra , Doença , Humanos , África/etnologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , População Africana/história , População Negra/etnologia , População Negra/história , Brasil , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , Doença/etnologia , Doença/históriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To identify and characterize anthropogenic lead sources on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation and to test if lead isotope analyses can be used to identify the geographic origins of first-generation African captives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out lead (Pb) isotope analyses on dental enamel samples from 24 individuals from the Newton Plantation Cemetery in Barbados, which had previously been analyzed for strontium (Sr) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547-557) and Pb concentrations (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2013, 150:203-209. RESULTS: We are able to identify British Pb sources, and more specifically Bristol/Mendips Pb, as the most likely source of anthropogenic Pb on the plantation, highlighting the impact of the British Atlantic economy on the lives of enslaved peoples in Barbados during the period of plantation slavery. Furthermore, we find that there is only one clear outlier among seven individuals who had previously been identified as African-born based on their enamel Sr isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547-557). All other individuals present a very homogenous Pb isotope composition, which overlaps with that of British Pb sources. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that while Pb isotope analyses can help identify and further characterize the sources of anthropogenic Pb in plantation settings, they might not be suited for identifying the origins of African-born individuals in diasporic contexts.
Assuntos
Esmalte Dentário/química , Pessoas Escravizadas , Isótopos/análise , Chumbo/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , África Ocidental/etnologia , Barbados , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Apolipoproteína L1/genética , População Negra/genética , Nefropatias/genética , Transplante de Rim , Rim/cirurgia , Doadores Vivos , Nefrectomia , População Branca/genética , África Ocidental/etnologia , Genótipo , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Rim/fisiopatologia , Nefropatias/diagnóstico , Nefropatias/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Nefrectomia/efeitos adversos , Paris/etnologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento , Índias Ocidentais/etnologiaRESUMO
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in commercial arrays have often been discovered in a small number of samples from selected populations. This ascertainment skews patterns of nucleotide diversity and affects population genetic inferences. We propose a demographic inference pipeline that explicitly models the SNP discovery protocol in an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework. We simulated genomic regions according to a demographic model incorporating parameters for the divergence of three well-characterized HapMap populations and recreated the SNP distribution of a commercial array by varying the number of haploid samples and the allele frequency cut-off in the given regions. We then calculated summary statistics obtained from both the ascertained and genomic data and inferred ascertainment and demographic parameters. We implemented our pipeline to study the admixture process that gave rise to the present-day Mexican population. Our estimate of the time of admixture is closer to the historical dates than those in previous works which did not consider ascertainment bias. Although the use of whole genome sequences for demographic inference is becoming the norm, there are still underrepresented areas of the world from where only SNP array data are available. Our inference framework is applicable to those cases and will help with the demographic inference.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , População Negra/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , População Branca/genética , África Ocidental/etnologia , Povo Asiático/etnologia , Teorema de Bayes , População Negra/etnologia , China/etnologia , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Utah/etnologia , População Branca/etnologia , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/métodosRESUMO
Population substructure can lead to confounding in tests for genetic association, and failure to adjust properly can result in spurious findings. Here we address this issue of confounding by considering the impact of global ancestry (average ancestry across the genome) and local ancestry (ancestry at a specific chromosomal location) on regression parameters and relative power in ancestry-adjusted and -unadjusted models. We examine theoretical expectations under different scenarios for population substructure; applying different regression models, verifying and generalizing using simulations, and exploring the findings in real-world admixed populations. We show that admixture does not lead to confounding when the trait locus is tested directly in a single admixed population. However, if there is more complex population structure or a marker locus in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the trait locus is tested, both global and local ancestry can be confounders. Additionally, we show the genotype parameters of adjusted and unadjusted models all provide tests for LD between the marker and trait locus, but in different contexts. The local ancestry adjusted model tests for LD in the ancestral populations, while tests using the unadjusted and the global ancestry adjusted models depend on LD in the admixed population(s), which may be enriched due to different ancestral allele frequencies. Practically, this implies that global-ancestry adjustment should be used for screening, but local-ancestry adjustment may better inform fine mapping and provide better effect estimates at trait loci.
Assuntos
Estudos de Associação Genética/métodos , Genética Populacional , Modelos Genéticos , Análise de Regressão , África Ocidental/etnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/genética , Região do Caribe/etnologia , Fatores de Confusão Epidemiológicos , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Florida , Frequência do Gene , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/genética , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México/etnologia , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características QuantitativasRESUMO
Maternal lineages of West Eurasian and North African origin account for 11.5% of total mitochondrial ancestry in Puerto Rico. Historical sources suggest that this ancestry arrived mostly from European migrations that took place during the four centuries of the Spanish colonization of Puerto Rico. This study analyzed 101 mitochondrial control region sequences and diagnostic coding region variants from a sample set randomly and systematically selected using a census-based sampling frame to be representative of the Puerto Rican population, with the goal of defining West Eurasian-North African maternal clades and estimating their possible geographical origin. Median-joining haplotype networks were constructed using hypervariable regions 1 and 2 sequences from various reference populations in search of shared haplotypes. A posterior probability analysis was performed to estimate the percentage of possible origins across wide geographic regions for the entire sample set and for the most common haplogroups on the island. Principal component analyses were conducted to place the Puerto Rican mtDNA set within the variation present among all reference populations. Our study shows that up to 38% of West Eurasian and North African mitochondrial ancestry in Puerto Rico most likely migrated from the Canary Islands. However, most of those haplotypes had previously migrated to the Canary Islands from elsewhere, and there are substantial contributions from various populations across the circum-Mediterranean region and from West African populations related to the modern Wolof and Serer peoples from Senegal and the nomad Fulani who extend up to Cameroon. In conclusion, the West Eurasian mitochondrial ancestry in Puerto Ricans is geographically diverse. However, haplotype diversity seems to be low, and frequencies have been shaped by population bottlenecks, migration waves, and random genetic drift. Consequently, approximately 47% of mtDNAs of West Eurasian and North African ancestry in Puerto Rico probably arrived early in its colonial history.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Grupos Raciais/genética , População Branca/genética , África Ocidental/etnologia , População Negra/história , Feminino , Geografia/métodos , Haplótipos/genética , História do Século XIX , Migração Humana/tendências , Humanos , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Porto Rico/etnologia , Grupos Raciais/história , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Espanha/etnologia , População Branca/históriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Preference for sons in India has resulted in a skewed sex ratio at live birth, probably as a consequence of female feticide. However, it is unclear if these cultural preferences are also currently present in communities who have emigrated from India to England and Wales. METHODS: Data of all live births in England and Wales from 2007-2011 were obtained from the Office of National Statistics. A logistic regression analysis was used to compare the probability of having a male infant in mothers born inside the United Kingdom (UK) to those born outside the UK, stratified by mothers' region and country of birth. RESULTS: Mothers born in India were not observed to be giving birth to disproportionately more boys than mothers that were born in the UK (Odds Ratio OR: 1.00, 95% Confidence Interval CI: 0.98-1.02), although an excess of male births were observed in mothers born in South-East Asia (OR 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05, p = 0.005), the Middle East (OR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00-1.05, p = 0.047), and South America (1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.07, p = 0.025). Mothers who were born in Africa were found to be less likely to give birth to boys than girls when compared to mothers born in the UK (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97-0.99), and this observation was attributable to women born in East and West Africa. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence of an excess of males born to women from India in England and Wales. An excess of males were observed in mothers born in South-East Asia, the Middle East and South America. Women born in Africa are less likely to give birth to boys than UK born mothers, an observation that is consistent with previous data.
Assuntos
Nascido Vivo , Razão de Masculinidade , África Oriental/etnologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Sudeste Asiático/etnologia , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Índia/etnologia , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Oriente Médio/etnologia , América do Sul/etnologia , País de Gales/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported higher rates of advanced Gleason score among black versus white men with prostate cancer in the United States. However, few studies have examined if elevated Gleason scores among black men vary by country of birth. We examined differences in prostate cancer disease severity among US black men born in the United States and in Jamaica, West Africa and other sub-Saharan Africa countries. METHODS: Our study included 19 798 US-born, 267 Jamaican-born, and 246 West African-born black men diagnosed with prostate cancer during 2004-2009 in the 18 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results population-based cancer registries. We evaluated the association of advanced Gleason score (7-10), as well as PSA levels and stage by country of origin adjusting for age, and county-level income. RESULTS: Among men with known Gleason score, the percentage of advanced Gleason score (scores 7-10) was 61.11% in Jamaican-born, 60.99% in West African-born and 58.26% in US-born black men (P-value=0.49). In a multivariable analysis among black men, there were no differences in advanced Gleason score (scores 7-10 versus 2-6) by country of origin. Mean PSA level (range 12.8-13.1 ng ml(-1)) did not vary among black men (P-value=0.94) in unadjusted and adjusted results. CONCLUSIONS: Similar Gleason score among US-born, African and Caribbean-born black men were observed. Future more detailed studies are needed to elucidate if these similarities are a result of similar early detection practices or shared risk factors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Idoso , Humanos , Jamaica/etnologia , Calicreínas/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Gradação de Tumores , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/etnologia , Programa de SEER , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Previous studies have reported that the prevalence of ER-negative tumors in breast cancer patients is much higher in black women than in white women in the US. Herein, we examine whether the proportion (prevalence) in Africa-born black breast cancer patients residing in the US is similar to those in US-born black patients. We obtained information on invasive female breast cancers diagnosed during 1996-2008 in 17 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results cancer registries according to select place of birth: Western-Africa-born, Eastern-Africa-born, Jamaica-born, and US-born blacks and US-born whites. The majority of Western-Africa-born and Eastern-Africa-born blacks were from Nigeria (64 %) and Ethiopia (74 %), respectively. We examined group variations in ER status using Chi-squared tests and the prevalence of ER-negative tumors in Africa-born blacks compared to US-born blacks, expressed as prevalence ratio (PRR), using multivariable regression models. The prevalence of ER-negative tumors significantly varied from 22.0 % (n = 41/186) in Eastern-Africa-born to 32.9 % (n = 47/143) in Western-Africa-born blacks. After adjustment for differences in age at diagnosis and other covariates, compared to US-born blacks, the prevalence was similar in Western-Africa-born (PRR = 0.87; 95 % CI 0.70-1.08) and Jamaica-born blacks (PRR = 0.88; 95 % CI 0.74-1.03), but significantly lower in Eastern-Africa-born blacks (PRR = 0.58; 95 % CI 0.44-0.75). Notably, the ER-negative prevalence in Eastern-Africa-born black was comparable to the US-born whites with breast cancer. Our findings highlight the heterogeneity of breast cancer among black women in the US, which should be considered in future studies of hormone receptor status in these women.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , África Oriental/etnologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias da Mama/etnologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Etiópia/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/etnologia , Programa de SEERRESUMO
Through the experiences of two West Africans shipped to Bahia as slaves, probably in the 1840s, then sold south to Rio de Janeiro where they met, became lovers, bought their freedom, married, and divorced, I comment on an ongoing debate over the refashioning or transfer of African ethnic identities in American slave societies. The sources in this Brazilian case suggest that previous identities were not suddenly erased, but rather, new layers of understanding and ways of responding were added. Whatever the dynamic of cultural formation, it was memory that crucially bridged the distance between the past they carried with them and the present into which they were thrust; and so it becomes illuminating to reconstruct the plausibly remembered African pasts on which this couple drew to make sense of an unfamiliar Brazilian present.
Assuntos
Etnicidade , Relações Interpessoais , Relações Raciais , Condições Sociais , Problemas Sociais , África Ocidental/etnologia , Antropologia Cultural/educação , Antropologia Cultural/história , Brasil/etnologia , Etnicidade/educação , Etnicidade/etnologia , Etnicidade/história , Etnicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Etnicidade/psicologia , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais/história , Relações Raciais/história , Relações Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Raciais/psicologia , Grupos Raciais/educação , Grupos Raciais/etnologia , Grupos Raciais/história , Grupos Raciais/legislação & jurisprudência , Grupos Raciais/psicologia , Condições Sociais/economia , Condições Sociais/história , Condições Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/economia , Problemas Sociais/etnologia , Problemas Sociais/história , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , Problemas Sociais/psicologiaRESUMO
Examining the relationship between glucose intolerance and dietary intake in genetically similar populations with different dietary patterns and rates of type 2 diabetes may provide important insights into the role of diet in the pathogenesis of this disease. The objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between dietary variables and dysglycaemia/type 2 diabetes among three populations of African origin. The study design consists of a cross-sectional study of men and women of African descent aged 24-74 years from Cameroon (n 1790), Jamaica (n 857) and Manchester, UK (n 258) who were not known to have diabetes. Each participant had anthropometric measurements and underwent a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Habitual dietary intake was estimated with quantitative FFQ, developed specifically for each country. The age-adjusted prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Cameroon was low (1·1 %), but it was higher in Jamaica (11·6 %) and the UK (12·6 %). Adjusted generalised linear and latent mixed models used to obtain OR indicated that each 1·0 % increment in energy from protein, total fat and saturated fats significantly increased the odds of type 2 diabetes by 9 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·16) %, 5 (95 % CI, 1·01, 1·08) % and 16 (95 % CI 1·08, 1·25) %, respectively. A 1 % increase in energy from carbohydrates and a 0·1 unit increment in the PUFA:SFA ratio were associated with significantly reduced odds of type 2 diabetes. The results show independent effects of dietary factors on hyperglycaemia in African origin populations. Whether modifying intake of specific macronutrients helps diabetes prevention needs testing in randomised trials.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiologia , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Adulto , África Ocidental/etnologia , Idoso , Glicemia/metabolismo , Camarões/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/efeitos adversos , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Hiperglicemia/epidemiologia , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Noir Marron communities are the direct descendants of African slaves brought to the Guianas during the four centuries (16th to 19th) of the Atlantic slave trade. Among them, three major ethnic groups have been studied: the Aluku, the Ndjuka and the Saramaka. Their history led them to share close relationships with Europeans and Amerindians, as largely documented in their cultural records. The study of Gm polymorphisms of immunoglobulins may help to estimate the amount of gene flow linked to these cultural exchanges. Surprisingly, very low levels of European contribution (2.6%) and Amerindian contribution (1.7%) are detected in the Noir Marron gene pool. On the other hand, an African contribution of 95.7% redraws their origin to West Africa (F(ST) < or = 0.15). This highly preserved African gene pool of the Noir Marron is unique in comparison to other African American populations of Latin America, who are notably more admixed.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Alótipos Gm de Imunoglobulina/genética , África Ocidental/etnologia , Consanguinidade , Características Culturais , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Efeito Fundador , Guiana Francesa , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Masculino , Casamento , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
Em quase toda a literatura antropológica bebês são frequentemente negligenciados, como se estivessem fora do escopo tanto do conceito de cultura quanto dos métodos da disciplina. Este artigo propõe seis razões para essa exclusão dos bebês da discussão antropológica: as memórias e o status parental do próprio antropólogo, a questão problemática da agência dos bebês e sua suposta dependência de outras pessoas, suas rotinas ligadas às mulheres, sua aparente incapacidade de comunicação, sua propensão inconveniente a vazar através de vários orifícios, e seu aparente baixo grau de racionalidade. A investigação de como os bebês são concebidos fora do mundo ocidental industrializado pode nos levar a percebê-los de uma forma bastante diferente da entendida no Ocidente (inclusive por antropólogos). O confronto entre esses dados comparativos sugere a importância de se considerar os bebês sujeitos relevantes e benéficos para os objetivos da Antropologia(AU)
In much anthropological literature infants are frequently neglected as outside the scope of both the concept of culture and disciplinary methods. This article proposes six reasons for this exclusion of infants from anthropological discussion. These include the fieldworkers own memories and parental status, the problematic question of agency in infants and their presumed dependence on others, their routine attached to women, their seeming inability to communicate, their inconvenient propensity to leak from a variety of orifices, and their apparently low quotient of rationality. Yet investigation of how infants are conceived beyond the industrialized West can lead us to envision them far differently from how they are conceived in the West (including by anthropologists). Confronting such comparative data suggests the desirability of considering infants as both relevant and beneficial to the anthropological endeavor(AU)
Les bébés sont souvent négligés dans la littérature anthropologique, comme sils ne trouvaient pas de place dans le concept de culture ou dans les méthodes de cette discipline. Cet article présente six motifs de cette exclusion: les mémoires et le statut de lanthropologue lui-même, en tant que père/mère; la question problématique de lagence du bébé et de sa prétendue dépendance à légard dautres personnes; ses routines liées aux femmes; son apparente incapacité communicative; son inconvenante propension à verser travers des orifices divers; et son apparente rationalité faible. Linvestigation des conceptions sur le bébé en dehors du monde occidental industrialisé peut nous conduire à une perception diverse de celle répandue dans lOccident (y compris chez les anthropologues). La confrontation entre ces données comparatives suggère limportance de regarder les bébés en tant que sujets importants et salutaires pour létude anthropologique(AU)
En casi toda la literatura antropológica, los bebés son a menudo negligenciados, como si estuvieran fuera del ámbito del concepto de cultura, así como de los métodos de la disciplina. Este articulo propone seis razones para esa exclusión de los bebés del debate antropológico: las memorias y el status parental del propio antropólogo, la cuestión problemática de la agencia de los bebés y su supuesta dependencia de otras personas, sus rutinas vinculadas a las mujeres, su aparente incapacidad de comunicación, su inconveniente propensión a fluir por varios agujeros, y su aparente bajo grado de racionalidad. La investigación de como los bebés son concebidos fuera del mundo occidental industrializado puede llevarnos a percibir los bebés de una forma bastante distinta de la comprendida en el Occidente (incluso por antropólogos). El confronto de esos dados comparativos sugiere la importancia de considerarlos sujetos relevantes y benéficos para objetivos de la Antropología(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Antropologia Cultural , Características Culturais , Cuidado do Lactente , África Ocidental/etnologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Cuban population is essentially a result of the admixture between Spanish, West African and, to a lesser degree, Amerindian tribes that inhabited the island. AIM: The study analysed the genetic structure of the three principal ethnic groups from Havana City, and the contribution of parental populations to its genetic pool. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: According to genealogical information and anthropological traits, 206 subjects were classified as Mulatto, of Spanish decent or of African descent. Seventeen Ancestry Informative Markers, with high difference in frequency between parental populations, were selected to estimate individual and group admixture proportions. The statistical analyses were performed using the ADMIX, ADMIX95 and STRUCTURE 2.1 packages. RESULTS: The results demonstrate a high level of European and African admixture in Mulattos (57-59% European; 41-43% West African). The European contribution was higher in those of Spanish descent (85%) while in those of African descent, the West African contribution ranged between 74% and 76%. Genetic structure was only detected in Mulattos and those of African descent. An Amerindian contribution was not detectable in the studied sample. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate the existence of admixture and genetic structure in the population of Havana City. This study represents one of the first steps towards understanding Cuban population admixture in order to produce successful experimental designs for admixture mapping.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Etnicidade/genética , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , População Branca/genética , Adulto , África Ocidental/etnologia , Antropometria , Doadores de Sangue , Cuba , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Masculino , Casamento , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Espanha/etnologiaRESUMO
The Bahamian archipelago has been influenced by a wide array of settlers (Lucayans, Eleutherian Adventurers, British Loyalists, Creoles from the United States and African slaves) throughout its short but dynamic history. Nevertheless, the Bahamas remains poorly characterized genetically and little is known about each group's contribution to the island chain. In the current study, the population of New Providence was analyzed based on 15 autosomal STR loci routinely employed in forensic DNA fingerprinting applications. A comparison of this collection with African groups reveals similar genetic profiles to West African populations from Equatorial Guinea and Angola, possibly resulting from the importation of slaves from West African ports during the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Although the New Providence collection exhibits strong genetic affinities to the two US African American reference populations, the detection of unique alleles among them may necessitate the utilization of population-specific databases in forensic cases especially when the STR profiles include these specific variants.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Impressões Digitais de DNA/métodos , Genética Forense/métodos , Genética Médica/métodos , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Problemas Sociais/legislação & jurisprudência , África/etnologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Bahamas , DNA/genética , Amplificação de Genes , Variação Genética , Geografia , Humanos , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodosRESUMO
The microarchitecture of the pangolin's stomach favouring the high chitinous diet has been less waived into, despite extensive morphological investigations. Histological analysis of the microanatomy will provide powerful tools for interpretation to yield reliable insights. We investigated this by fixing the tissues in 10 percent formol saline for histological analysis. Serial sections at 5 micron m thickness were subjected to general staining methods for light microscopic study (Haematoxylin and eosin, Van Gieson's and Verhoeff's). The results revealed basic structural arrangements in their coats, with a modification of the epithelial lining of cardia and fundus into stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. These modifications were also reflected in the distribution of collagen and elastic fibers in the various layers (coats) of the stomach. The present study has shown that there was an adaptation of the stomach of African tree pangolin to its diet as reflected in the microarchitectural configuration.
La micro arquitectura del estómago de los pangolines que favorece la alta dieta de chitinous sido poco tomada en cuenta, a pesar de las amplias investigaciones morfológicas. El análisis histológico de la microanatomía proporcionará herramientas de gran importancia para la interpretación, junto con dar una información confiable. Se investigó mediante la fijación de los tejidos en solución salina de formol al 10 por ciento para análisis histológico. Las serie de secciones fueron sometidos a métodos de tinción estándar para el estudio con microscopía de luz (hematoxilina y eosina, Van Gieson y Verhoeff s). Los resultados revelaron adaptaciones estructurales básicas en sus capas, con una modificación del revestimiento epitelial del cardias y fundus en epitelio escamoso estratificado (queratinizado). Estas modificaciones también se reflejan en la distribución de colágeno y fibras elásticas en las diversas capas del estómago. El presente estudio ha demostrado que es una adaptación del estómago a la dieta como se refleja en la configuración de la microarquitectura.
Assuntos
Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Estômago/anatomia & histologia , Estômago/citologia , Estômago/ultraestrutura , Mamíferos/anatomia & histologia , Mamíferos/embriologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Dissecação/métodos , Dissecação/veterinária , Mucosa Gástrica/anatomia & histologia , Mucosa Gástrica/citologia , Mucosa Gástrica/ultraestrutura , Técnicas Histológicas/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is little experience with carefully developed interventions in the HIV/STI prevention field aimed at adult heterosexual target groups in the Netherlands. The ability to apply intervention development protocols, like Intervention Mapping, in daily practice outside of academia, is a matter of concern. An urgent need also exists for interventions aimed at the prevention of STI in migrant populations in the Netherlands. This article describes the theory and evidence based development of HIV/STI prevention interventions by the Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam Area (MPHS), the Netherlands, for heterosexual migrant men with Surinamese, Dutch-Caribbean, Cape Verdean, Turkish and Moroccan backgrounds. METHODS: First a needs assessment was carried out. Then, a literature review was done, key figures were interviewed and seven group discussions were held. Subsequently, the results were translated into specific objectives ("change objectives") and used in intervention development for two subgroups: men with an Afro-Caribbean background and unmarried men with a Turkish and Moroccan background. A matrix of change objectives was made for each subgroup and suitable theoretical methods and practical strategies were selected. Culturally-tailored interventions were designed and were pre-tested among the target groups. RESULTS: This development process resulted in two interventions for specific subgroups that were appreciated by both the target groups and the migrant prevention workers. The project took place in collaboration with a university center, which provided an opportunity to get expert advice at every step of the Intervention Mapping process. At relevant points of the development process, migrant health educators and target group members provided advice and feedback on the draft intervention materials. CONCLUSION: This intervention development project indicates that careful well-informed intervention development using Intervention Mapping is feasible in the daily practice of the MPHS, provided that sufficient time and expertise on this approach is available. Further research should test the effectiveness of these interventions.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde/organização & administração , Heterossexualidade/etnologia , Administração em Saúde Pública , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Migrantes/educação , Adolescente , Adulto , África Ocidental/etnologia , Região do Caribe/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Marrocos/etnologia , Países Baixos , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Assunção de Riscos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/etnologia , Suriname/etnologia , Migrantes/psicologia , Turquia/etnologiaRESUMO
Admixture mapping is a recently developed method for identifying genetic risk factors involved in complex traits or diseases showing prevalence differences between major continental groups. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is at least twice as prevalent in Native American populations as in populations of European ancestry, so admixture mapping is well suited to study the genetic basis of this complex disease. We have characterized the admixture proportions in a sample of 286 unrelated T2D patients and 275 controls from Mexico City and we discuss the implications of the results for admixture mapping studies. Admixture proportions were estimated using 69 autosomal ancestry-informative markers (AIMs). Maternal and paternal contributions were estimated from geographically informative mtDNA and Y-specific polymorphisms. The average proportions of Native American, European and, West African admixture were estimated as 65, 30, and 5%, respectively. The contributions of Native American ancestors to maternal and paternal lineages were estimated as 90 and 40%, respectively. In a logistic model with higher educational status as dependent variable, the odds ratio for higher educational status associated with an increase from 0 to 1 in European admixture proportions was 9.4 (95%, credible interval 3.8-22.6). This association of socioeconomic status with individual admixture proportion shows that genetic stratification in this population is paralleled, and possibly maintained, by socioeconomic stratification. The effective number of generations back to unadmixed ancestors was 6.7 (95% CI 5.7-8.0), from which we can estimate that genome-wide admixture mapping will require typing about 1,400 evenly distributed AIMs to localize genes underlying disease risk between populations of European and Native American ancestry. Sample sizes of about 2,000 cases will be required to detect any locus that contributes an ancestry risk ratio of at least 1.5.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , África Ocidental/etnologia , Alelos , Sequência de Bases , População Negra/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos Humanos Y/genética , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Feminino , Fluxo Gênico , Frequência do Gene , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/genética , Masculino , México , Modelos Genéticos , Fatores de Risco , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
Variations in somato-genetic patterns in muscle-fibre biology, biochemical metabolic pathways and pulmonary physiology are hypothesized to have been concentrated by natural selection over the centuries in the Afrocentric peoples displaced from West Africa to the New World. These phenotypic and genotypic characteristics are attributed to provide the athletic prowess so well documented in African-Americans. Not the least of coincidence seems to be the influence of the compensatory mechanisms on oxygen transport and its availability to the tissues, in response to the sickle cell gene. The reduced availability coupled with reduced myoglobin in the preponderant fast-twitch muscle fibres which are adapted for rapid energy (ATP) regeneration, all give a NET outcome of muscle anatomical and biochemical advantages which support outstanding performances in athleticism.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxigênio/genética , Traço Falciforme/genética , Esportes/fisiologia , África Ocidental/etnologia , Transporte Biológico/genética , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Região do Caribe , Genótipo , Humanos , Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Traço Falciforme/metabolismoRESUMO
Variations in somato-genetic patterns in muscle-fibre biology, biochemical metabolic pathways and pulmonary physiology are hypothesized to have been concentrated by natural selection over the centuries in the Afrocentric peoples displaced from West Africa to the New World. These phenotypic and genotypic characteristics are attributed to provide the athletic prowess so well documented in African-Americans. Not the least of coincidence seems to be the influence of the compensatory mechanisms on oxygen transport and its availability to the tissues, in response to the sickle cell gene. The reduced availability coupled with reduced myoglobin in the preponderant fast-twitch muscle fibres which are adapted for rapid energy (ATP) regeneration, all give a NET outcome of muscle anatomical and biochemical advantages which support outstanding performances in athleticism.
Existe la hipótesis de que los patrones somatogenéticos en la biología fibromuscular, las vías meta-bólicas bioquímicas, y la fisiología pulmonar, se han concentrado mediante selección natural a lo largo de siglos, en los pueblos afrocéntricos desplazados desde C1frica Occidental al Nuevo Mundo. A estas características fenotípicas y genotípicas se les atribuye las proezas atléticas, tan bien docu-mentadas en los afroamericanos. Tampoco parece ser coincidencia en lo más mínimo, la influencia de los me-canismos compensatorios de transporte de oxígeno, y su disponibilidad en los tejidos, en respuesta al gene de la célula falciforme. Esta disponibilidad reducida acoplada con la mioglobina reducida en las fibras musculares de contracción rápida preponderantes que están adaptadas para la rápida re-generación de energía (ATP), producen de conjunto un resultado neto en términos de ventajas musculares anatómicas y bioquímicas que constituyen la base de las actuaciones destacadas en el atletismo.