RESUMO
The present study was carried out to investigate the proximate composition, fatty acid (FA) profile and volatile compounds (VC) of cooked green licuri (Syagrus coronata) - an unripe stage that is then cooked - and naturally ripe licuri almonds. The FA profiles were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and the VC composition was evaluated using headspace-solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC-MS. The cooked green licuri presented higher moisture, and lower contents of ashes, proteins and lipids than naturally ripe licuri almonds. The FA profiles of cooked green licuri and naturally ripe licuri almonds showed that saturated FAs were predominant (80%) in both samples, and the concentrations of lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids in naturally ripe licuri almonds were higher than those in cooked green licuri. Limonene was the predominant compound in naturally ripe licuri almonds. The main class of VC in the cooked green licuri were aldehydes, with 3-methyl-butanal and furfural being the main species. Alcohols, such as 3-methyl-butanol and 2-heptanol, were the main class of VC in naturally ripe licuri almonds. Among the volatile compounds, 1-hexanol and 2-nonanone contributed to the aroma of cooked green licuri almonds, whereas 2-heptanone, ethanol, and limonene contributed to the aroma of naturally ripe licuri almonds (almonds not subjected to any cooking process). In a word, cooked green licuri and naturally riped licuri almonds, despite having different proximate compositions, present similar fatty acid profile and distinct aromatic characteristics. Therefore, cooked green licuri and naturally riped licuri almonds are an alternative source of nutrient and could be investigated for the use in the food industry to enhance flavor and aroma to new products.
Assuntos
Culinária , Ácidos Graxos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Brasil , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Cicloexenos/análise , Terpenos/análise , Limoneno/análise , Odorantes/análise , Ácido Palmítico/análise , Ácido Oleico/análise , Aldeídos/análise , Ácidos Láuricos/análise , Pentanóis/análiseRESUMO
Nowadays, data concerning the composition of Caryodendron orinocense Karst. (Euphorbiaceae) and Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Arecaceae) seed oils are lacking. In light of this fact, in this paper fatty acids and unsaponifiable fraction composition have been determined using GC-MS, HPLC-DAD (Diode Array Detector), NMR approaches and possible future applications have been preliminary investigated through estimation of antioxidant activity, performed with DPPH test. For C. orinocense linoleic acid (85.59%) was the main component, lauric (33.29%) and myristic (27.76%) acids were instead the most abundant in B. gasipaes. C. orinocense unsaponifiable fraction (8.06%) evidenced a remarkable content of ß-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, squalene and vitamin E (816 ppm). B. gasipaes revealed instead ß-sitosterol and squalene as main constituents of unsaponifiable matter (3.01%). Antioxidant capacity evidenced the best performance of C. orinocense seed oil. These preliminary results could be interesting to suggest the improvement of the population's incomes from Amazonian basin. In particular the knowledge of chemical composition of C. orinocense and B. gasipaes oils could be helpful to divulge and valorize these autochthones plants.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Arecaceae/química , Euphorbiaceae/química , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Nozes/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Sementes/química , Colesterol/análogos & derivados , Colesterol/análise , Colesterol/isolamento & purificação , Colesterol/farmacologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Ácidos Láuricos/análise , Ácidos Láuricos/isolamento & purificação , Ácidos Láuricos/farmacologia , Ácido Linoleico/análise , Ácido Linoleico/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Linoleico/farmacologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Ácido Mirístico/análise , Ácido Mirístico/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Mirístico/farmacologia , Fitosteróis/análise , Fitosteróis/isolamento & purificação , Fitosteróis/farmacologia , Óleos de Plantas/isolamento & purificação , Sitosteroides/análise , Sitosteroides/isolamento & purificação , Sitosteroides/farmacologia , Esqualeno/análise , Esqualeno/isolamento & purificação , Esqualeno/farmacologia , Estigmasterol/análise , Estigmasterol/isolamento & purificação , Estigmasterol/farmacologia , Vitamina E/análise , Vitamina E/isolamento & purificação , Vitamina E/farmacologiaRESUMO
We analyzed in 31 subjects, regular guests of the University food service of the Central University of Venezuela (UCVFS), in Caracas, the effects of replacing sunflower oil, commonly used in the preparation of meals, by a mix of sunflower oil and palm olein 70/30 (v/v) respectively. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins were not changed after 40 days of the substitution. On the contrary, concentrations of high density lipoprotein and total triglycerides increased. The resistance to the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins increased considerably (p < 0.01). Today this resistance is considered as a protective factor of great importance in the prevention of the initiation of the atherogenic process. Taking into account the favorable modifications of HDL cholesterol and the clear increased resistance to the oxidation of LDL, we think that palm olein, mixed with other oils with a high ratio linoleic/palmitic (sunflower, corn, soya an the likes), can be used as a healthy alternative in human nutrition.
Assuntos
Colesterol/sangue , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Adulto , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , VLDL-Colesterol/sangue , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Análise de Alimentos , Humanos , Ácidos Láuricos/análise , Ácido Linoleico/análise , Masculino , Ácido Mirístico/análise , Oxirredução , Óleo de Palmeira , Ácido Palmítico/análise , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/química , Óleo de Girassol , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Vitamina E/análise , Adulto JovemRESUMO
En 31 comensales regulares del Comedor Universitario de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (CUUCV), en Caracas. Se observó el efecto de la sustitución del aceite de girasol que se utiliza corrientemente en la preparación de las comidas en ese comedor, por un aceite obtenido de la mezcla de aceite de girasol y oleína de palma, en la proporción 70/30 (v/v) respectivamente. Después de 40 días continuos de la sustitución no hubo cambios significativos en las concentraciones de colesterol total (CT), ni del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y muy baja densidad (VLDL). La concentración del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). Los triglicéridos (TG) del plasma aumentaron en un 30%. La resistencia a la oxidación de las LDL aumentó considerablemente (p< 0,01). Hoy se considera a esta resistencia como un factor protector de gran importancia en la prevención del inicio del proceso aterogénico. Tomando en cuenta las modificaciones favorables como el aumento de colesterol de HDL sin modificación de la LDL y el claro aumento de la resistencia a la oxidación de la LDL, se considera que la oleína de palma es un aceite vegetal que puede ser utilizado sin mayores riesgos en mezcla con otros aceites que tengan una relación linoleico/palmítico más elevada como los aceites de girasol, maíz, soja y otros.
We analyzed in 31 subjects, regular guests of the University food service of the Central University of Venezuela (UCVFS), in Caracas, the effects of replacing sunflower oil, commonly used in the preparation of meals, by a mix of sunflower oil and palm olein 70/30 (v/v) respectively. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins were not changed after 40 days of the substitution. On the contrary, concentrations of high density lipoprotein and total triglycerides increased. The resistance to the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins increased considerably (p<0, 01). Today this resistance is considered as a protective factor of great importance in the prevention of the initiation of the atherogenic process. Taking into account the favorable modifications of HDL cholesterol and the clear increased resistance to the oxidation of LDL, we think that palm olein, mixed with other oils with a high ratio linoleic/palmític (sunflower, corn, soya an the likes), can be used as a healthy alternative in human nutrition.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Colesterol/sangue , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/farmacologia , Lipoproteínas/sangue , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , VLDL-Colesterol/sangue , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Análise de Alimentos , Ácidos Láuricos/análise , Ácido Linoleico/análise , Ácido Mirístico/análise , Oxirredução , Ácido Palmítico/análise , Óleos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Óleos de Plantas/química , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Vitamina E/análiseRESUMO
The physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of Attalea dubia (Mart.) Burret (indaiá) seed oil were investigated. The oil was extracted in a soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether and evaluated for iodine, acid, peroxide, ester, and saponification values. The oil was also analyzed using infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The fatty acid profile of the oil was determined by GC-MS. For each analysis indaiá oil was compared to Orbignya phalerata (babassu) oil. The two oils appeared to be very similar in their fatty acid composition, in which lauric acid (the most abundant), myristic acid, caprylic acid, and capric acid were the four main fatty acids detected. The unsaturated fatty acids content was lower for indaiá oil (5.8%) than for babassu oil (9.4%). The results suggest that indaiá palm tree could be cultivated as a new source of vegetable oil with potential for food and cosmetic industries.
Assuntos
Arecaceae/química , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Sementes/química , Arecaceae/classificação , Caprilatos/análise , Ácidos Decanoicos/análise , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ácidos Láuricos/análise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Ácido Mirístico/análise , Óleos de Plantas/química , Especificidade da Espécie , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bioactive compounds are capable of providing health benefits, reducing disease incidence or favoring body functioning. There is a growing search for vegetable oils containing such compounds. This study aimed to characterize the pulp and kernel oils of the Brazilian palm species guariroba (Syagrus oleracea), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) and macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata), aiming at possible uses in several industries. RESULTS: Fatty acid composition, phenolic and carotenoid contents, tocopherol composition were evaluated. The majority of the fatty acids in pulps were oleic and linoleic; macaúba pulp contained 526 g kg⻹ of oleic acid. Lauric acid was detected in the kernels of all three species as the major saturated fatty acid, in amounts ranging from 325.8 to 424.3 g kg⻹. The jerivá pulp contained carotenoids and tocopherols on average of 1219 µg g⻹ and 323.50 mg kg⻹, respectively. CONCLUSION: The pulps contained more unsaturated fatty acids than the kernels, mainly oleic and linoleic. Moreover, the pulps showed higher carotenoid and tocopherol contents. The kernels showed a predominance of saturated fatty acids, especially lauric acid. The fatty acid profiles of the kernels suggest that these oils may be better suited for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries than for use in foods.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Arecaceae/química , Carotenoides/análise , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Óleos de Plantas/química , Tocoferóis/análise , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Arecaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Arecaceae/metabolismo , Brasil , Carotenoides/biossíntese , Produtos Agrícolas/química , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/biossíntese , Frutas/química , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácidos Láuricos/análise , Ácidos Láuricos/metabolismo , Ácido Linoleico/análise , Ácido Linoleico/biossíntese , Valor Nutritivo , Ácido Oleico/análise , Ácido Oleico/biossíntese , Óleo de Palmeira , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/metabolismo , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Especificidade da Espécie , Tocoferóis/metabolismoRESUMO
An analysis of the fatty acid content of 110 early morning samples of breast milk from 26 mothers shows a shift in the fatty acid pattern toward higher values for C 18:2 fatty acids than those reported previously. This shift has paralleled an increase in the use of vegetable oils and an increase in the P/S ratio of the American diet. The fatty acid pattern varied from day to day only for C 18:1. There were no significant variations among morning, midday, and evening values for samples provided by eight mothers.