RESUMO
Innovative chemometric approaches by NMR and LC-MS data fusion (multiblock analysis) and decomposition of the GC-MS raw data by PARADISe were applied to evaluate the influence of thermal and non-thermal processing on the composition of cashew apple juices. Comparative investigations by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) highlighted pronounced effect of thermal processing on juice compared to non-thermal processing, as decreases of anacardic acids, sucrose, malic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and important flavor compounds (esters, aldehydes, and ketones). Ultrasound presented relevant influence on increase of anacardic acids concentration. Non-thermal processing carried out at more intense conditions (10â¯min of ultrasound, 5â¯min of ozone, and pulsed light at 10â¯V) showed pronounced effect compared to other non-thermal processing. Although individual PCA enables to detect the influence of different processing technologies, data fusion and PARADISe presented advantages, since a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship among chemical changes from different analytical techniques were established.
Assuntos
Anacardium/química , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Ácidos Anacárdicos/análise , Anacardium/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Temperatura Alta , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Malatos/análise , Ozônio/química , Análise de Componente Principal , Sonicação , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
The study investigated the influence of atmospheric plasma processing on cashew nut composition as well as on its allergenicity. The cashew nuts were processed by low-pressure plasma, using glow discharge plasma (80â¯W and 50â¯kHz power supply). Anacardic acids and allergens were quantified by HPLC and immunoassay, respectively. Additionally, the overall composition was evaluated by 1H qNMR. Increases in amounts of anacardic acids (15:1, 15:2, and 15:3) and fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic and stearic) were detected after all process conditions, with 70.92% of total variance captured using 2 LVs. The total amount of anacardic acids increased from 0.7 to 1.2⯵g·mg-1 of nut. The major change was observed for anacardic acid (C15:3) with an increase from 0.2 to 0.55⯵g/mg of nut for the samples treated with a flow of 10â¯mL·min-1 and 30â¯min of processing. On the other hand, the amount of sucrose decreased, from 33 to 18â¯mg·g-1 of nut, after all processing conditions. Plasma processing of cashew nuts did not affect binding of either the rabbit anti-cashew or human cashew allergic IgE binding. Among the treatments, 10â¯min of plasma processing at flow rate of 30â¯mL·min-1 of synthetic air followed by 20â¯min at flow rate 5.8â¯mL·min-1 had the least effect on nut composition as a whole.
Assuntos
Anacardium , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Irradiação de Alimentos/métodos , Nozes/química , Nozes/imunologia , Alérgenos/análise , Ácidos Anacárdicos/análise , Animais , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Hipersensibilidade a Noz/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/imunologia , CoelhosRESUMO
An extraction method based on a multivariate analytical approach was developed for enhancement of the phenolic compounds in cashew nut extracts. The different extractor solvents (acetone, water, ethanol, and methanol) and their binary, ternary, and quaternary combinations were evaluated using a simplex-centroid design and surface response methodology. The special cubic model exhibits no lack of fit and explains 89.2% of the variance. The total phenolic measurements by the Folin-Ciocalteu method revealed the highest values for ethanol (5.93â¯mg GAE g-1) and acetone-methanol-ethanol ternary mixture (5.92â¯mg GAE g-1) extracts. ESI (-)-Q/TOFMS analyses combined with PCA and HCA revealed the presence of fatty acids, phospholipids, and sugars in the ternary mixture cashew extract, while for the ethanol extract only phenolic compounds, such as anacardic acids and derivatives, were found. The proposed approach was adequate to reach the optimal extractor which ethanol, a low-toxicity solvent, enabled the selective extraction of a high content of phenolic compounds from cashew nuts.
Assuntos
Ácidos Anacárdicos/análise , Anacardium/química , Nozes/química , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Acetona/química , Ácidos Anacárdicos/isolamento & purificação , Análise por Conglomerados , Etanol/química , Metanol/química , Análise Multivariada , Análise de Componente Principal , Solventes/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodosRESUMO
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) contains phenolic lipids with aliphatic chains that are of commercial interest. In this work, a chromatographic method was developed to monitor and quantify anacardic acids (AnAc) in CNSL. Samples containing AnAc were analyzed on a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a diode array detector, equipped with a reversed phase C18 (150 × 4.6 mm × 5 µm) column using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase both acidified with acetic acid to pH 3.0 in an isocratic mode (80:20:1). The chromatographic method showed adequate selectivity, as it could clearly separate the different AnAc. To validate this method, AnAc triene was used as an external standard at seven different concentrations varying from 50 to 1,000 µg mL-1. The Student's t-test and F-test were applied to ensure high confidence for the obtained data from the analytical calibration curve. The results were satisfactory with respect to intra-day (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 0.60%) and inter-day (RSD = 0.67%) precision, linearity (y = 2,670.8x - 26,949, r2 > 0.9998), system suitability for retention time (RSD = 1.02%), area under the curve (RSD = 0.24%), selectivity and limits of detection (19.8 µg mg-1) and quantification (60.2 µg mg-1). The developed chromatographic method was applied for the analysis of different CNSL samples, and it was deemed suitable for the quantification of AnAc.
Assuntos
Ácidos Anacárdicos/análise , Anacardium/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa/métodos , Nozes/química , Limite de Detecção , Modelos Lineares , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Cashew immature and ripe peduncles (Anacardium occidentale L.) from orange- and red-colored clones CCP 76 and BRS 189, respectively, were prepared as juice or fibrous fraction and submitted to UPLC-MS analyses, while the soluble fraction was also submitted to enzymatic evaluation. Cinnamoyl glucoside was present in ripe juice samples from both cashew clones, while monogalloyl diglucoside and digalloyl glucoside were present in immature juice samples from both cashew clones. Four compounds were found at immature fiber of both clones, anacardic acids (1, 2, 3) and GA19. The phenolic biosynthetic pathway was evaluated in juice samples and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity decreased significantly during the development, although it was much higher in ripe CCP 76. UDP-glycosyltransferases activity differed between clones, however its product cinnamoyl glucoside was a possible chemical marker of ripe juice samples from both clones. Flavonol synthase showed the highest specific activity in both cashew clones and its product, flavonols were identified in cashew apple at immature and ripe stages.
Assuntos
Ácidos Anacárdicos/análise , Anacardium/enzimologia , Anacardium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Frutas/enzimologia , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Glucosídeos/análise , Fenóis/análise , Ácidos Anacárdicos/metabolismo , Anacardium/química , Anacardium/metabolismo , Vias Biossintéticas , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/metabolismo , Glucuronosiltransferase/metabolismo , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Fenóis/metabolismo , Fenilalanina Amônia-Liase/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) represents one of the major cheapest sources of non-isoprenoid phenolic lipids, which have a variety of biological properties: they can act as molluscicides, insecticides, fungicides, have anti-termite properties, have medicinal applications, and demonstrate antioxidant activity in vitro. Immature cashew nut-shell liquid (iCNSL) is a unique natural source of unsaturated long-chain phenols. Their use has stimulated much research in order to prepare drug analogues for application in several fields. The objective of the present study was to determine whether iCNSL has antioxidant properties when used in strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to measure the inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase. The constituents were identified using thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance. The iCNSL contains anacardic acid, cardanol, cardol, and 2-methyl cardol. Immature cashew nut oil contains triacylglycerols, fatty acids, alkyl-substituted phenols, and cholesterol. The main constituents of the free fatty acids are palmitic (C(16:0)) and oleic acid (C(18:1)). iCNSL has excellent protective activities in strains of S. cerevisiae against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity. iCNSL may have an important role in protecting DNA against damage induced by reactive oxygen species, as well as hydrogen peroxide, generated by intra- and extracellular mechanisms.