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Asma , Humanos , Asma/etnologia , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Prevalência , Criança , Povos Indígenas , Chile/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Asma , Humanos , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/etnologia , Asma/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Prevalência , Criança , Feminino , Masculino , Adolescente , Chile/epidemiologia , Povos Indígenas , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Outcomes in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are influenced by several race and ethnic factors, yet its natural history across the continuum of patients in different stages of the disease is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of U.S. adults from 2011 to 2018, using three nationally representative databases to examine potential disparities in relevant outcomes among racial and ethnic groups. Our analysis included logistic and linear regressions, along with competing risk analysis. RESULTS: Black individuals had the highest daily alcohol consumption (12.6 g/day) while Hispanic participants had the largest prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (33.5%). In a multivariable-adjusted model, Hispanic and Asian participants were independently associated with a higher ALD prevalence compared to Non-Hispanic White interviewees (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8 and OR: 1.5 95% CI:1.1-2.0, respectively), while Blacks participants had a lower ALD prevalence (OR: .7 95% CI: .6-.9), and a lower risk of mortality during hospitalization due to ALD (OR: .83 95% CI: .73-.94). Finally, a multivariate competing-risk analysis showed that Hispanic ethnicity had a decreased probability of liver transplantation if waitlisted for ALD (SHR: .7, 95% CI: .6-.8) along with female Asian population (HR: .40, 95% CI: .26-.62). CONCLUSIONS: After accounting for key social and biological health determinants, the Hispanic population showed an increased risk of ALD prevalence, even with lower alcohol consumption. Additionally, Hispanic and Asian female patients had reduced access to liver transplantation compared to other enlisted patients.
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Hepatopatias Alcoólicas , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Prevalência , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Modelos LogísticosRESUMO
This ethnographic exploration of death in the Peruvian context draws on fieldwork among abandoned-both by their families and the state-older adults in a shelter for the homeless in Lima, Peru. I examine the conditions and local forces that shape the ways people at this institution socially and physically die. My argument is that people in this long-term care facility who have lived entire lives on the margins, usually, end up having irrelevant deaths to their families, other residents of the institution, and the Peruvian state. At this shelter, dying in an irrelevant way means dying without companionship from family members and receiving poor and flawed care from the institution that shelters them.
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Antropologia Médica , Humanos , Peru/etnologia , Feminino , Idoso , Masculino , Pessoas Mal Alojadas , Populações Vulneráveis , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Assistência de Longa Duração , Instituição de Longa Permanência para IdososRESUMO
BACKGROUND: By addressing physical and psychosocial needs, group care (GC) improves health-related behaviours, peer support, parent-provider interactions and may improve birth outcomes. Hence, global implementation of GC is encouraged. Context analyses prior to implementation are vital to elucidate which local factors may support or hinder implementation. METHODS: Contextual analyses conducted in the Netherlands and Suriname were compared to identify the factors relevant to the implementability of GC as perceived by healthcare professionals (HCPs). 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Dutch and Surinamese healthcare professionals. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and coded using the Framework approach. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided the development of the interview guide and of the coding tree. RESULTS: Outer setting: Concerns regarding funding surfaced in both countries. Due to limited health insurance coverage, additional fees would limit accessibility in Suriname. In the Netherlands, midwives dreaded lower revenue due to reimbursement policies that favour one-on-one care. Inner setting: Appropriate space for GC was absent in one Dutch and three Surinamese facilities. Role division regarding GC implementation was clearer in the Netherlands than in Suriname. INNOVATION: HCPs from both countries expected increased social support, health knowledge among women, and continuity of care(r). Individuals/innovation deliverers: Self-efficacy and motivation emerged as intertwined determinants to GC implementation in both countries. Individuals/innovation recipients: Competing demands can potentially lower acceptability of GC in both countries. While Dutch HCPs prioritised an open dialogue with mothers, Surinamese HCPs encouraged the inclusion of partners. PROCESS: Campaigns to raise awareness of GC were proposed. Language barriers were a concern for Dutch but not for Surinamese HCPs. CONCLUSIONS: While the most striking differences between both countries were found in the outer setting, they trickle down and affect all layers of context. Ultimately, at a later stage, the process evaluation will show if those outer setting barriers we identified prior to implementation actually hindered GC implementation. Changes to the health care systems would ensure sustained implementation in both countries, and this conclusion feeds into a more general discussion: how to proceed when contextual analyses reveal barriers that cannot be addressed with the time and resources available.
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Pesquisa Qualitativa , Humanos , Suriname/etnologia , Países Baixos , Feminino , Gravidez , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Tocologia , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Apoio SocialRESUMO
Intuitive eating is defined as being connected to internal hunger, satiety, and appetitive cues and flexibly using these cues to determine when, what, and how much to eat. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) is a widely used measure of facets of intuitive eating. However, the scale has shown unstable factor structure in several validation studies and there is a lack of studies investigating the measurement invariance of the IES-2 beyond sex. We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the IES-2, testing several factor structures among Brazilian and U.S. samples of men and women; to test measurement invariance across country of origin, ethnicity, sex, and sexual orientation; and to evaluate its internal consistency. Three models of the latent structure of the IES-2 were tested using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in a total of 1072 young adults (452 Brazilians and 620 Americans), aged 18-35 years. Results demonstrated that only a 3-factor solution with 11 items of the IES-2 showed adequate fit to the data for both countries. This model demonstrated scalar invariance across sex and sexual orientation, but only configural invariance was found across country of origin and ethnicity. Good internal consistencies were found for both the Brazilian and American samples. The present study provides support for a 3-factor solution with 11 items of the IES-2, to Brazilian and American samples. The study also offers evidence of internal consistency, and invariance between sex (i.e., male and female) and sexual orientation (i.e., heterosexual participants and sexual minority participants).
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Comparação Transcultural , Psicometria , Comportamento Sexual , Humanos , Masculino , Brasil/etnologia , Feminino , Adulto , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Adulto Jovem , Psicometria/instrumentação , Adolescente , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/etnologia , Análise Fatorial , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Intuição , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Refugees usually face a disproportionate burden of infectious diseases. Recently, Brazil has experienced an influx of refugees which demands the need for scaling up public health efforts to address the challenges. The research sought to study the burden and risk factors associated with infectious diseases among refugees received in the city of Porto Alegre. This was a cross-sectional study of 261 newly arrived refugees. The study sample was predominantly composed of Venezuelans (50.6%) and Haitians (44%), male (146: 56.7%), single (30.7%), with an average age of 33.38 (± 7.30) years. The average schooling was 10.42 (± 2.09) years. Diseases with the highest prevalence were influenza, whooping cough, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. There was significant association between the country of origin and presence of symptoms for infectious and contagious diseases, which warrants targeted interventions for reducing the incidence of these diseases among refugees in Brazil.
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Doenças Transmissíveis , Difteria , Influenza Humana , Refugiados , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Refugiados/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Difteria/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Coqueluche/epidemiologia , Coqueluche/prevenção & controle , Prevalência , Campos de Refugiados , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Haiti/epidemiologia , Haiti/etnologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , AdolescenteRESUMO
We conducted a cross-sectional study of hypertension care in public and private services, analyzing gender, color, and socioeconomic status. Using data from the 2013 (n = 60,202) and 2019 (n = 90,846) national health surveys, hypertension prevalence increased from 21.4 to 23.9%. Quality of care declined from 41.7 to 35.4%, particularly in public services, disproportionately affecting low-income Black women. Poisson regression estimated prevalence ratios (PRs), with the lowest adjusted PR for high-quality care among low-income Black women. These findings highlight persistent health inequalities and the urgent need for intersectoral policies to promote health equity.
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Hipertensão , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Brasil , Hipertensão/terapia , Hipertensão/etnologia , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Setor Privado , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Idoso , Setor Público , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Prevalência , Adulto Jovem , AdolescenteRESUMO
(1) Background: Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAAs/AAAs) have been considered as markers of type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, studies on associations between these metabolites and T2D and cardiometabolic traits in Hispanic populations are limited. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between baseline BCAAs (isoleucine, leucine, valine)/AAAs (phenylalanine, tyrosine) and prevalent and incident T2D, as well as baseline and longitudinal (2 year) changes in cardiometabolic traits (measures of glycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and obesity) in two large cohorts of adults of Puerto Rican descent. (2) Methods: We included participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS, n = 670) and San Juan Overweight Adult Longitudinal study (SOALS, n = 999) with available baseline metabolite and covariate data. T2D diagnosis was defined based on American Diabetes Association criteria. Multivariable logistic (for baseline T2D), Poisson (for incident T2D), and linear (for cardiometabolic traits) regression models were used; cohort-specific results were combined in the meta-analysis and adjusted for multiple comparisons. (3) Results: Higher baseline BCAAs were associated with higher odds of prevalent T2D (OR1SD BCAA score = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.34-1.59, p < 0.0001) and higher risk of incident T2D (IRR1SD BCAA score = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.13-1.37, p < 0.0001). In multivariable longitudinal analysis, higher leucine and valine concentrations were associated with 2-year increase in insulin (beta 1SD leucine = 0.37 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.11-0.63, p < 0.05; beta 1SD valine = 0.43 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.17-0.68, p < 0.01). Tyrosine was a significant predictor of incident T2D (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09-1.58, p < 0.05), as well as 2 year increases in HOMA-IR (beta 1SD tyrosine = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04-0.22, p < 0.05) and insulin concentrations (beta 1SD tyrosine = 0.37 mcU/mL, 95% CI: 0.12-0.61, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Our results confirmed the associations between BCAAs and prevalent and incident T2D, as well as concurrent measures of glycemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity, previously reported in predominantly White and Asian populations. Baseline leucine, valine, and tyrosine were predictors of 2 year increases in insulin, whereas tyrosine was a significant predictor of deteriorating insulin resistance over time. Our study suggests that BCAAs and tyrosine could serve as early markers of future glycemic changes in Puerto Ricans.
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Aminoácidos Aromáticos , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada/sangue , Aminoácidos Aromáticos/sangue , Adulto , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Longitudinais , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Porto Rico/etnologia , Idoso , Prevalência , Boston/epidemiologia , Incidência , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etnologiaRESUMO
Este artículo se propone reflexionar en torno al reconocimiento de la condición jurídica de las y los adolescentes como sujeto de derechos en los procesos de atención de la salud de esta población. A partir de la autonomía progresiva y la participación directa entendidos como dos principios rectores de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño (CDN), se realiza un contrapunto entre las definiciones presentes en la política de salud en la adolescencia y las prácticas y sentidos puestos en juego por las/os profesionales de la salud. Las reflexiones se basan en el análisis de materiales etnográficos, producidos en una investigación realizada en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, desde una perspectiva antropológica, centrada en la definición social de las edades. Para cerrar, se plantea una síntesis de algunos aspectos con el propósito de contribuir a la problematización de las nociones de adolescencia desde las cuales se brinda atención sanitaria de esta población. Y de favorecer el abordaje de la salud de las y los adolescentes como sujeto de derechos (AU)
This article aims to reflect on the recognition of the legal status of adolescents as subject of rights in the health care processes of this population. Starting from progressive autonomy and direct participation understood as two guiding principles of the Children's Rights Convention (CRC), a counterpoint is made between the definitions present in health policy in adolescence and the practices and meanings put into play by the health professionals. The reflections are based on the analysis of ethnographic materials, produced in an investigation carried out in the city of Bahía Blanca, from an anthropological perspective, focused on the social definition of ages. To close, a synthesis of some aspects is proposed with the purpose of contributing to the problematization of the notions of adolescence from which health care is provided to this population. And to promote the approach to adolescent health as a subject of rights (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/etnologia , Medicina do Adolescente , Relações Médico-Paciente , Antropologia Médica , Direito à SaúdeRESUMO
Importance: Race differences in dementia prevalence and incidence have previously been reported, with higher dementia burden in Black decedents. However, previous neuropathological studies were conducted mostly in convenience samples with White participants; conducting clinicopathological studies across populations is crucial for understanding the underlying dementia causes in individuals from different racial backgrounds. Objective: To compare the frequencies of neuropathological lesions and cognitive abilities between Black and White Brazilian adults in an autopsy study. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used samples from the Biobank for Aging Studies, a population-based autopsy study conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Participants were older adults whose family members consented to the brain donations; Asian participants and those with missing data were excluded. Samples were collected from 2004 to 2023. Neuropathologists were masked to cognitive outcomes. Exposure: Race as reported by the deceased's family member. Main Outcomes and Measures: The frequencies of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular lesions were evaluated in 13 selected cerebral areas. Cognitive and functional abilities were examined with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. Results: The mean (SD) age of the 1815 participants was 74.0 (12.5) years, 903 (50%) were women, 617 (34%) were Black, and 637 (35%) had cognitive impairment. Small vessel disease (SVD) and siderocalcinosis were more frequent in Black compared with White participants (SVD: odds ratio [OR], 1.74; 95% CI, 1.29-2.35; P < .001; siderocalcinosis: OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.23-2.34; P = .001), while neuritic plaques were more frequent in White compared with Black participants (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.44-0.83; P = .002). Likewise, Alzheimer disease neuropathological diagnosis was more frequent in White participants than Black participants (198 [39%] vs 77 [33%]), while vascular dementia was more common among Black participants than White participants (76 [32%] vs 121 [24%]). Race was not associated with cognitive abilities, nor did it modify the association between neuropathology and cognition. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of Brazilian older adults, Alzheimer disease pathology was more frequent in White participants while vascular pathology was more frequent in Black participants. Further neuropathological studies in diverse samples are needed to understand race disparities in dementia burden.
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População Branca , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , População Branca/psicologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cognição , Demência/epidemiologia , Demência/etnologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Autopsia , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , População Negra/psicologiaRESUMO
Racialized, deficit-oriented educational practices and inadequate safe spaces for youth undermine Communities of Color. We discuss our after-school program's framework, strategies, activities, and partnerships with community stakeholders, demonstrating that a collaborative, culturally responsive, strengths-based approach to mitigate trauma and enhance health and educational opportunities is essential for empowering Chicana/o/Latina/o youth and families.
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Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Adolescente , Feminino , Masculino , Criança , Instituições Acadêmicas , Guiana/etnologiaRESUMO
A whole series of processes lead to the decrease in the use of traditional medicine by the indigenous peoples of Mexico, including the reduction in the number of traditional healers and the direct and indirect expansion of biomedicine. This essay addresses the central role these processes play in the relations of hegemony/subalternity that occur in different fields of reality, and especially in the health-illness-care-prevention processes, given that counter-hegemonic processes are not generated, or those that do arise have been ineffective in confronting social hegemony in general and biomedical hegemony in particular.
Toda una serie de procesos conducen a la disminución del uso de la medicina tradicional por los pueblos indígenas de México, incluyendo la reducción del número de curadores tradicionales y la expansión directa e indirecta de la biomedicina. En este ensayo se aborda el papel nuclear que tienen estos procesos en las relaciones de hegemonía/subaltenidad que se dan en los diferentes campos de la realidad y, especialmente, en los procesos de salud-enfermedad-atención-prevención, dado que no se generan procesos contrahegemónicos o, los que surgen, han sido ineficaces para enfrentar la hegemonía social en general y biomédica en particular.
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Medicina Tradicional , México/etnologia , Humanos , Povos Indígenas , Serviços de Saúde do Indígena/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is a reversible cause of heart failure; however, a minority of patients can develop serious complications, including cardiac rupture (CR). OBJECTIVES: Analyze case reports of CR related to TS, detailing patient characteristics to uncover risk factors and prognosis for this severe complication. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase databases to identify case reports of patients with TS complicated by CR, from inception to October 2023. RESULTS: We included 44 subjects (40 females; 4 males) with a median age of 75 (IQR 71-82) years, of White/Caucasian (61%) or East Asian/Japanese (39%) ethnicity. An emotional trigger was present in 15 (34%) subjects and an apical ballooning pattern was observed in all cases (100%). ST-segment elevation was reported in 39 (93%) of 42 cases, with the anterior myocardial segments (37 [88%]) being the most compromised, followed by lateral (26 [62%]) and inferior (14 [33%]) segments. The median time to cardiac rupture was 48 (5-120) hours since admission, with the left ventricular free wall (25 [57%]) being the most frequent site of perforation. Surgery was attempted in 16 (36%) cases, and 28 (64%) patients did not survive. CONCLUSIONS: CR related to TS is a rare complication associated with high mortality and affecting elderly females, specially from White/Caucasian or East Asian/Japanese descent, presenting with anterior or lateral ST-segment elevation, and an apical ballooning pattern. Although data is limited and additional prospective studies are needed, the awareness of this life-threatening complication is crucial to early identify high-risk patients. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: Cardiac rupture is a rare complication of Takotsubo syndrome. We conducted a systematic review of cases complicated by cardiac rupture, and we identified 44 subjects (40 females and 4 males) with a median age of 75 (IQR 71-82) years, of White/Caucasian (61%) or East Asian/Japanese (39%) ethnicity, all with an apical ballooning pattern (100%). The median time to cardiac rupture was 48 (5-120) hours since admission, with the left ventricular free wall (25 [57%]) being the most frequent site of perforation. Surgery treatment was attempted in 16 (36%) cases, and 28 (64%) patients did not survive.
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Ruptura Cardíaca , Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo , Humanos , Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo/epidemiologia , Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo/etnologia , Ruptura Cardíaca/etiologia , Ruptura Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Ruptura Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Idoso , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of diabetes in a clinical population of primarily Indigenous women in Guatemala. RESULTS: In a retrospective chart review of a clinical program serving 13,643 primarily Indigenous women in Guatemala, crude diabetes prevalence was 8.3% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 7.8 to 8.7) and age-adjusted diabetes prevalence was 7.9% (95% CI: 7.3 to 8.5). Among those with diabetes, 37.9% (95% CI: 35.1 to 40.8) of women were undiagnosed. Diabetes prevalence rose significantly with increasing age and was significantly higher among women with obesity (risk ratio: 1.4 [95% CI: 1.1 to 1.8]) and among women least likely to be in poverty (risk ratio: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.5 to 2.6]). Diabetes prevalence was significantly lower among Indigenous women (risk ratio: 0.7 [95% CI: 0.6 to 0.9]) and among women who spoke Mayan languages rather than Spanish (risk ratio: 0.7 [95% CI: 0.6 to 0.9]). There was no significant difference in diabetes prevalence between women who lived in rural settings and women who lived in urban settings.
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Diabetes Mellitus , Humanos , Feminino , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Prevalência , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/etnologia , Idoso , Povos Indígenas/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Obesidade/etnologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Latinx immigrant families may face stressful experiences premigration, en route to the host country, and once they arrive in the host country (postmigration). The present study examines the impact of premigration stress and postmigration stress (together defined as immigrant-related stress) on the mental health of Mexican-origin parents and their children using both cross-sectional and longitudinal methodology. METHOD: Data collection across four timepoints occurred from 2013 to 2018. At Time 1, 104 families were enrolled in the study and met the following criteria: (1) At least one Mexican-origin immigrant parent; (2) One child between the ages of 6-10 years; and (3) Family income at or below 150% of the federal poverty line. RESULTS: Hierarchical multiple regression and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) were used to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal data, respectively. HLM models revealed that higher postmigration stress over time (2013-2018) was related to higher mental health problems among parents and children. Higher premigration stress was associated with higher parent-reported child mental health problems, while postmigration stress was associated with higher parent mental health problems. Specifically, discrimination emerged as a salient factor of poor parent mental health. Immigrant-related stress was related to higher total parent and child mental health problems. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the strong impact of postmigration stress on mental health over the span of several years and during a time of heightened stress for many Mexican immigrant communities. The results inform the need for family-wide interventions that address the complexities of immigrant-related stress as well as comprehensive policy changes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Saúde Mental , Americanos Mexicanos , Estresse Psicológico , Humanos , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Feminino , Masculino , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Adulto , Estudos Longitudinais , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Pais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , México/etnologia , Emigração e ImigraçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We developed the 26-item Ethnic-Racial Discrimination Stress Inventory (ERDSI) to assess ethnic-racial discrimination stress in Mexican-origin adults in the United States and Turkish-origin adults in Germany, two groups with similar sociocultural characteristics and immigration experiences. METHOD: We developed 73 items measuring firsthand, intragroup, and vicarious discrimination, and internalization and expectations of discrimination experiences. If participants reported experiencing a given situation, they were asked to rate its stressfulness. U.S.-based Mexican-origin adults (N = 222) and German-based Turkish-origin adults (N = 105) completed an online survey of these items, measures of related constructs, and sociodemographic measures. RESULTS: Study 1: We eliminated items based on interitem correlations and exploratory factor analyses in the U.S.-based Mexican sample. The exploratory factor analyses yielded four reliable and valid factors (F1: Vicarious Discrimination Stress, seven items; F2: Internalization of Discrimination Stress, seven items; F3: Intragroup Discrimination Stress, seven items; and F4: Firsthand Discrimination Stress, five items). The ERDSI factors predicted well-being measures, even after adjusting for control variables. Study 2: The three ERDSI factors (F1, F2, F4, not F3) that applied to the German-based Turkish sample demonstrated reliability and validity. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated metric invariance for F2 and partial scalar invariance for F1, F3, and F4. CONCLUSIONS: The ERDSI can be used to assess ethnic-racial discrimination stress in future studies with U.S.-based Mexican-origin adults and German-based Turkish-origin adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Racismo , Estresse Psicológico , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Turquia/etnologia , Alemanha , Adulto , Racismo/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Estados Unidos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Americanos Mexicanos/psicologia , Adulto Jovem , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/psicologia , Análise FatorialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess maternal mortality (MM) in Brazilian Black, Pardo, and White women. METHODS: We evaluated the maternal mortality rate (MMR) using data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health public databases from 2017 to 2022. We compared MMR among Black, Pardo, and White women according to the region of the country, age, and cause. For statistical analysis, the Q2 test prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: From 2017 to 2022, the general MMR was 68.0/100,000 live births (LB). The MMR was almost twice as high among Black women compared to White (125.81 vs 64.15, PR = 1.96, 95%CI:1.84-2.08) and Pardo women (125.8 vs 64.0, PR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.85-2.09). MMR was higher among Black women in all geographical regions, and the Southeast region reached the highest difference among Black and White women (115.5 versus 60.8, PR = 2.48, 95%CI: 2.03-3.03). During the covid-19 pandemic, MMR increased in all groups of women (Black 144.1, Pardo 74.8 and White 80.5/100.000 LB), and the differences between Black and White (PR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.64-1.95) and Black and Pardo (PR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.77-2.09) remained. MMR was significantly higher among Black women than among White or Pardo women in all age ranges and for all causes. CONCLUSION: Black women presented higher MMR in all years, in all geographic regions, age groups, and causes. In Brazil, Black skin color is a key MM determinant. Reducing MM requires reducing racial disparities.
Assuntos
População Negra , COVID-19 , Mortalidade Materna , População Branca , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Mortalidade Materna/etnologia , Adulto , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , COVID-19/mortalidade , COVID-19/etnologia , Adulto Jovem , Bases de Dados Factuais , Gravidez , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adolescente , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Both parasympathetic nervous system regulation and receipt of social support from close relationships contribute to prosocial development, although few studies have examined their combined influences in adolescence and particularly within racially and ethnically minoritized populations. In this longitudinal study of 229 U.S. Mexican-origin adolescents (48% female-identifying), youths reported on receipt of social support from family and friends from 10 to 16 years, had their baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) measured at 17 years, reported their prosocial behavior and completed the Mind in the Eyes test to assess cognitive empathy at 17 and 19 years, and reported their prosocial civic behavior (i.e., community activity) at 19 years. Family social support predicted prosocial behavior at 17 years, and friend social support predicted prosocial civic behavior at 19 years. Compared to youths with lower or higher baseline RSA, youths with moderate RSA reported more prosocial civic behavior, had greater cognitive empathy, and tended to report more general prosocial behavior at 19 years. The quadratic association between baseline RSA and cognitive empathy was stronger for youths with greater family social support. These findings are the first to extend the evidence that moderate baseline parasympathetic nervous system activity supports prosocial development into late adolescence and with the U.S. Mexican-origin community, and these findings address calls for more integrative biopsychosocial studies of prosociality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Empatia , Família , Amigos , Americanos Mexicanos , Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático , Arritmia Sinusal Respiratória , Comportamento Social , Apoio Social , Humanos , Adolescente , Feminino , Masculino , Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático/fisiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Empatia/fisiologia , Arritmia Sinusal Respiratória/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem , Criança , Estados Unidos , Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente/fisiologiaRESUMO
Brazil is one of the most unequal democracies in the world. Although the number of homeless individuals in our country has increased due to the reproduction of people living in extreme poverty, little has been discussed about their welfare and rights. In the present study, we provide analysis with a theoretical-methodological approach directed at homeless people living in the wealthy neoliberal middle-sized southeast city of São Paulo, Brazil's richest state. Data was acquired from police reports with prior permission from the Civil Police of São Paulo and the São Paulo Interior Judiciary Police Department. Our results illustrate that the homelessness phenomenon in Franca appears to be comparable to that of other large urban cities, where Blacks, a minority of the population, make up the bulk of homeless individuals. It also denies that homeless activity increases criminality, emphasizes the difference between Blacks and Whites drug users' criminal behavior, with Whites being more active in theft and robbery and Blacks in trafficking, and extends the idea that drug use by homeless people is stress-related and hence an indicator of a health condition.