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A balanced microbiota-microorganisms that live in the gut-is crucial in the early years of a child's life, while dysbiosis-altered microbiota-has been linked to the development of various diseases. Probiotics, such as Alkalihalobacillus clausii, are commonly used to restore the balance of gut microbiota and have shown additional antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Intake of micronutrients can affect the structure and function of the gut barrier and of the microbiota by having multiple effects on cellular metabolism (e.g., immunomodulation, gene expression, and support structure proteins). An inadequate zinc intake increases the risk of deficiency and associated immune dysfunctions; it is responsible for an increased risk of developing gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory infections, and stunting. Paediatric zinc deficiency is a public health concern in many countries, especially in low-income areas. Currently, zinc supplementation is used to treat childhood diarrhoea. This review examines how combining A. clausii and zinc could improve dysbiosis, gut health, and immunity. It suggests that this combination could be used to prevent and treat infectious diseases and diarrhoea in children up to adolescence.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Probióticos , Humanos , Criança , Zinco/farmacologia , Disbiose , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The increase in life expectancy can be a consequence of the world's socioeconomic, sanitary and nutritional conditions. Some studies have demonstrated that individuals with a satisfactory diet variety score present a lower risk of malnutrition and better health status. Zinc and selenium are important micronutrients that play a role in many biochemical and physiological processes of the immune system. Deficient individuals can present both innate and adaptive immunity abnormalities and increased susceptibility to infections. Primary immunodeficiency diseases, also known as inborn errors of immunity, are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or dysregulation of a specific immunologic pathway. IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency. This disease is defined as serum IgA levels lower than 7 mg/dL and normal IgG and IgM levels in individuals older than four years. Although many patients are asymptomatic, selected patients suffer from different clinical complications, such as pulmonary infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and malignancy. Knowing the nutritional status as well as the risk of zinc and selenium deficiency could be helpful for the management of IgAD patients. OBJECTIVES: to investigate the anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional profiles and the status of zinc and selenium in patients with IgAD. METHODS: in this descriptive study, we screened 16 IgAD patients for anthropometric and dietary data, biochemical evaluation and determination of plasma and erythrocyte levels of zinc and selenium. RESULTS: dietary intake of zinc and selenium was adequate in 75% and 86% of the patients, respectively. These results were consistent with the plasma levels (adequate levels of zinc in all patients and selenium in 50% of children, 25% of adolescents and 100% of adults). However, erythrocyte levels were low for both micronutrients (deficiency for both in 100% of children, 75% of adolescents and 25% of adults). CONCLUSION: our results highlight the elevated prevalence of erythrocyte zinc and selenium deficiency in patients with IgAD, and the need for investigation of these micronutrients in their follow-up.
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Deficiência de IgA , Desnutrição , Selênio , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Zinco , Imunidade AdaptativaRESUMO
Contrasting reports exist in the literature regarding the effect of chloroquine treatment on cellular zinc uptake or secretion. Here, we tested the effect of chloroquine administration in the Drosophila model organism. We show that larvae grown on a diet supplemented with 2.5 mg/ml chloroquine lose up to 50% of their stored zinc and around 10% of their total potassium content. This defect in chloroquine-treated animals correlates with the appearance of abnormal autophagolysosomes in the principal cells of the Malpighian tubules, where zinc storage granules reside. We further show that the reported increase of Fluozin-3 fluorescence following treatment of cells with 300 µM chloroquine for 1 h may not reflect increased zinc accumulation, since a similar treatment in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells results in a 36% decrease in their total zinc content. Thus, chloroquine should not be considered a zinc ionophore. Zinc supplementation plus chloroquine treatment restored zinc content both in vivo and in vitro, without correcting autophagic or other ionic alterations, notably in potassium, associated with the chloroquine treatment. We suggest that chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine administration to patients could reduce intracellular zinc storage pools and be part of the drug's mechanism of action.
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Drosophila melanogaster , Túbulos de Malpighi , Animais , Cloroquina/farmacologia , Cães , Hidroxicloroquina/farmacologia , Ionóforos/farmacologia , Potássio , Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La relación entre la deficiencia de Zn y la elevada incidencia de alteraciones en el crecimiento intrauterino en la diabetes materna aún no se ha dilucidado. En la literatura consultada no existen reportes del efecto de la suplementación con el micronutriente sobre el crecimiento fetal en modelos de diabetes con hiperglucemias moderadas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto sobre el peso fetal de la suplementación con zinc a ratas con diabetes moderada durante la gestación. Métodos: Se utilizó un modelo de diabetes moderada inducida en ratas Wistar al segundo día de nacidas por inducción subcutánea con estreptozotocina (100mg/kg-pc). En la adultez las ratas sanas y diabéticas fueron apareadas con machos sanos. Según correspondiera recibieron durante 20 días de gestación un suplemento de sulfato de zinc (50mg/kg). Se estudiaron 395 fetos de cuatro grupos: fetos de ratas sanas sin suplemento, de ratas sanas suplementadas, de ratas diabéticas sin suplemento y de ratas diabéticas suplementadas. Los fetos se clasificaron en pequeños (PEG), adecuados (AEG) y grandes (GEG) para la edad gestacional. Resultados: La descendencia de las ratas diabéticas suplementadas mostró valores del peso fetal similares a ambos grupos sanos al término de la gestación, presentando menor porcentaje de fetos PEG y GEG, así como mayor porcentaje de AEG respecto al grupo diabético no suplementado. Conclusiones: La suplementación con Zn durante la gestación a ratas diabéticas con hiperglucemias moderadas causó efectos positivos sobre su descendencia al aumentar el porcentaje de fetos con peso adecuado.
ABSTRACT Introduction: the relationship between Zn deficiency and the high incidence of abnormal intrauterine growth in maternal diabetes has not yet been elucidated. There are no reports in the consulted literature of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth in models of diabetes with moderate hyperglycemia. Objective: to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in rats with moderate diabetes during pregnancy. Methods: a model of mild diabetes was used in Wistar rats on the second day of birth by subcutaneous streptozotocin induction (100mg/kg-bw). As adults, healthy and diabetic rats were mated with healthy males. As appropriate, they received a zinc sulfate supplement (50mg/kg) during 20 days of gestation. A number of 395 fetuses from four groups were studied: fetuses from healthy rats without supplementation, from healthy rats supplemented, from diabetic rats without supplementation and from diabetic rats supplemented. Fetuses were classified as small (SGA), adequate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age. Results: the offspring of the supplemented diabetic rats showed similar fetal weight values to both healthy groups at the end of pregnancy, having a lower percentage of SGA and LGA fetuses, as well as a higher percentage of AGA compared to the non-supplemented diabetic group. Conclusions: Zn supplementation during pregnancy in diabetic rats with moderate hyperglycemia had positive effects on their offspring by increasing the percentage of fetuses with adequate weight.
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Peso Fetal , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Deficiência de ZincoRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.785281.].
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Introduction: Nutriepigenetic markers are predictive responses associated with changes in "surrounding" environmental conditions of humans, which may influence metabolic diseases. Although rich in calories, Western diets could be linked with the deficiency of micronutrients, resulting in the downstream of epigenetic and metabolic effects and consequently in obesity. Zinc (Zn) is an essential nutrient associated with distinct biological roles in human health. Despite the importance of Zn in metabolic processes, little is known about the relationship between Zn and epigenetic. Thus, the present study aimed to identify the epigenetic variables associated with Zn daily ingestion (ZnDI) and serum Zinc (ZnS) levels in women with and without obesity. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control, non-randomized, single-center study conducted with 21 women allocated into two groups: control group (CG), composed of 11 women without obesity, and study group (SG), composed of 10 women with obesity. Anthropometric measurements, ZnDI, and ZnS levels were evaluated. Also, leukocyte DNA was extracted for DNA methylation analysis using 450 k Illumina BeadChips. The epigenetic clock was calculated by Horvath method. The chip analysis methylation pipeline (ChAMP) package selected the differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Results: The SG had lower ZnS levels than the CG. Moreover, in SG, the ZnS levels were negatively associated with the epigenetic age acceleration. The DMR analysis revealed 37 DMRs associated with ZnDI and ZnS levels. The DMR of PM20D1 gene was commonly associated with ZnDI and ZnS levels and was hypomethylated in the SG. Conclusion: Our findings provide new information on Zn's modulation of DNA methylation patterns and bring new perspectives for understanding the nutriepigenetic mechanisms in obesity.
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This review summarizes the latest findings, from animal models and clinical studies, regarding the cardiovascular and metabolic consequences in adult life of zinc deficiency (ZD) during prenatal and early postnatal life. The effect of zinc supplementation (ZS) and new insights about sex differences in the phenotype and severity of cardiovascular and metabolic alterations are also discussed. Zinc has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties and regulates the activity of enzymes involved in regulation of the metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal systems. Maternal ZD is associated with intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight (LBW). Breast-fed preterm infants are at risk of ZD due to lower zinc uptake during fetal life and reduced gut absorption capacity. ZS is most likely to increase growth in preterm infants and survival in LBW infants in countries where ZD is prevalent. Studies performed in rats revealed that moderate ZD during prenatal and/or early postnatal growth is a risk factor for the development of hypertension, cardiovascular and renal alterations, obesity, and diabetes in adult life. An adequate zinc diet during postweaning life does not always prevent the cardiovascular and metabolic alterations induced by zinc restriction during fetal and lactation periods. Male rats are more susceptible to this injury than females, and some of the mechanisms involved include: 1) alterations in organogenesis, 2) activation of oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory processes, 3) dysfunction of nitric oxide and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems, 4) changes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and 5) adipose tissue dysfunction. Safeguarding body zinc requirements during pregnancy, lactation, and growth periods could become a new target in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Further research is needed to elucidate the efficacy of ZS during early stages of growth to prevent the development of these diseases later in life.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Desnutrição , Doenças Metabólicas , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Doenças Metabólicas/prevenção & controle , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Vitaminas , ZincoRESUMO
Abstract Objective: To describe trends in zinc deficiency (ZD) prevalence among preschool-age Mexican children, and explore differences in this trend among beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer program Progresa/Oportunidades/ Prospera (CCT-POP). Materials and methods: The serum zinc information of children aged 1-4 who participated in the ENN 1999, Ensanut 2006 and Ensanut 2018-19 was analyzed. ZD was categorized according to IZiNCG cutoff values. Logistic regression models were used to identify personal participant characteristics associated with ZD trends, and tests for interactions between survey CCT-POP beneficiaries were applied. Results: ZD decreased by 22.3 percentage points (pp) between ENN 1999 and Ensanut 2018-19; among CCT-POP beneficiaries, the decrease was 58.6 pp. Overweight was associated with higher odds of ZD (OR=2.18, p=0.023). Conclusions: In the last 19 years, ZD declined significantly among preschool-age Mexican children. Child beneficiaries of the social program CCT-POP showed the largest reduc- tion of ZD.
Resumen Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de la deficiencia de zinc (DZ) en niños preescolares y explorar si la tendencia fue diferente entre beneficiarios del programa de transferencia monetaria Progresa/Oportunidades/Prospera (PTM-POP). Material y métodos: Se analizó información de Zn sérico en niños de 1-4 años participantes de la ENN 1999, Ensanut 2006 y 2018-19. Se categorizó la DZ de acuerdo con los puntos de corte propuestos por el IZiNCG. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística para identificar las características asociadas con la tendencia en la DZ y se evaluó la interacción con beneficiarios del PTM-POP. Resultados: La DZ disminuyó 22.3 puntos porcentuales (pp) entre la ENN 1999 y la Ensanut 2018-19, y disminuyó 58.6 pp entre beneficiarios del PTM-POP en el mismo periodo. El sobrepeso se asoció con mayor riesgo de DZ (RM=2.18, p=0.023). Conclusiones: La DZ disminuyó significativamente en los últimos 19 años en México. Los niños beneficiarios del PTM-POP mostraron las mayores reducciones en la DZ.
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ABSTRACT The study aimed to estimate the association of insufficient consumption of vitamins A, C, E, B12 and zinc on the pathogenesis of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in Brazilian adolescents who participated in the Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes - ERICA (Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents) from February 2013 to November 2014. The sample corresponded to the number of students (71,971) who answered the the 24-hour dietary recall and the questionnaire that addressed mental health. Pearson's chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed between the CMD variable and insufficient micronutrient consumption, adjusting for sex, type of school and age group variables. The level of significance adopted was p<0.05. Associations between the existence of CMD and insufficient consumption of Vitamin B12 and zinc were significant. Zinc, when consumed in small quantities, was the element that most influenced the CMD variable. Therefore, it was found that insufficient consumption of Vitamin B12 and zinc influences the presence of CMD in adolescents.
RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la asociación del consumo insuficiente de vitaminas A, C, E, B12 y zinc en la patogénesis de los trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) en adolescentes brasileños que participaron en el Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), en el período de febrero de 2013 a noviembre de 2014. La muestra correspondió al número de estudiantes (71.971) que respondieron una encuesta de alimentación recordatorio de 24 horas y un cuestionario que abordaba aspectos de la salud mental. La prueba de chi-cuadrado y el análisis de regresión logística multivariada se aplicaron entre la variable TMC y el consumo insuficiente de micronutrientes, ajustando por sexo, tipo de escuela y grupo de edad. El nivel de significación aceptado fue del p<0,05. Las asociaciones entre la existencia de TMC y el consumo insuficiente de vitamina B12 y zinc fueron significativas. El zinc, cuando se consume en pequeñas cantidades, fue el elemento que más influyó en la variable TMC. Por lo tanto, se encontró que el consumo insuficiente de vitamina B12 y zinc influye en la presencia de TMC en adolescentes.
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PURPOSE: To assess whether hospitalization and feeding strategy impact the risk of hypozincemia and associated risk factors. METHODS: In this case-control study, serum zinc levels were compared between inpatients fed oral nutrition (ON) (n = 76) or enteral nutrition (EN) (n = 191) with outpatient controls (n = 1095). FINDINGS: Zinc levels were significantly lower in inpatients receiving EN compared with those receiving ON (P = 0.001). Significant (P < 0.001) ß-values of -11.16 and -17.58 for serum zinc concentrations were found for inpatients receiving ON or EN, respectively, compared with the outpatients. Hospitalization and old age were both independent predictors of zinc deficiency. More than 75% of patients >60 years of age fed EN had a zinc concentration <68.75 µg/dL. Low hemoglobin levels increased the risk of low zinc levels for inpatients receiving EN (P = 0.003) and ON (P = 0.026). Age (P < 0.001), noninvasive mechanical ventilatory support (P = 0.016), and critical care (P = 0.018) were risk factors for hypozincemia in patients receiving ON. Low iron levels were associated with hypozincemia (P = 0.001) in patients receiving EN. IMPLICATIONS: Hospitalization and being >60 years of age were risk factors for zinc deficiency. Intensive care and noninvasive mechanical ventilatory support were risk factors for hypozincemia in hospitalized patients who were fed orally. Low hemoglobin levels increased the risk of low zinc concentrations for inpatients receiving EN and ON, and low iron levels were associated with hypozincemia only after EN.
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Nutrição Enteral/efeitos adversos , Zinco/deficiência , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
Introducción: La deficiencia de cinc se considera un problema de salud global. Existe escasa información sobre el estado nutricional del cinc en mujeres cubanas en edad reproductiva. Objetivo: Identificar deficiencia de cinc y cobre sérico en mujeres en edad reproductiva, según factores relacionados, como la anemia, inflamación, exceso de peso y adiposidad abdominal. Métodos: Se estudiaron 104 mujeres de 18 a 40 años de edad, de La Habana, aparentemente sanas. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Se realizó la determinación de cinc, cobre, hemoglobina, ferritina, proteína C reactiva, alfa 1 glicoproteína, peso, talla y circunferencia mínima de la cintura, se calculó el índice de masa corporal. Se utilizaron puntos de corte internacionales para la evaluación. Resultados: La prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro, estimada por ferritina sérica, cinc y cobre sérico fueron 66,3 por ciento (67/102), 36,2 por ciento (34/94) y 19,1 por ciento (18/94), respectivamente. De las mujeres 23,5 por ciento (24/102) tenían anemia e inflamación 8,8 por ciento (9/102) y 13 por ciento (13/102) estimada por CRP y AGP. Predominaron mujeres con exceso de peso 52,9 por ciento (54/102) y adiposidad abdominal 61,8 por ciento (60/97). Conclusiones: El riesgo de deficiencia de cinc en la muestra es elevado, la prevalencia del Zn sérico disminuido supera el 20 por ciento. No existe criterio para evaluar el riesgo de deficiencia de cobre como problema de salud pública. Las deficiencias de cinc y cobre no parecen estar asociadas a la anemia, la inflamación y el estado nutricional general. Se requiere realizar pesquisas adicionales para identificar la magnitud de las deficiencias de cinc y cobre y sus posibles causas(AU)
Introduction: Zinc deficiency is considered a global health problem. There is scarce information on zinc's nutritional state in Cuban childbearing-aged women. Objective: Identify zinc and serum copper deficiency in childbearing-aged women, based on related factors, such as anemia, inflammation, excess weight and abdominal adiposity. Methods: 104 seemingly healthy women from Havana, aged 18 to 40 were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The determination of zinc, copper, hemoglobin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, alpha 1 glycoprotein, weight, size and minimum waist circumference was made, and the body mass index was calculated. International breakpoints were used for evaluation. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency, estimated by serum ferritin, zinc and serum copper was 66.3 percent (67/101), 36.2 percent (34/94) and 19.1 percent (18/94), respectively. Of women, 23.5 percent (24/102) had anemia, and 8.8 percent had inflammation (9/102) and 13 percent (13/100) estimated by CRP and AGP. Women with overweight 52.9 percent (54/102) and abdominal adiposity 61.8% (60/97) predominated. Conclusions: The risk of zinc deficiency in the sample is high, the prevalence of decreased serum Zn exceeds 20 percent. There is no criterion for assessing the risk of copper deficiency as a public health problem. Zinc and copper deficiencies do not appear to be associated with anemia, inflammation and overall nutritional status. Additional tests are required to identify the magnitude of zinc and copper deficiencies and their possible causes(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Mulheres , Cobre , Saúde Reprodutiva/normas , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Cuba , Deficiência de ZincoRESUMO
La acrodermatitis enteropática (AE) es una genodermatosis autosómica recesiva causada por la mutación del gen responsable de codificar a la proteína transportadora de Zinc (Zn) SLC39A4. A pesar de ser una rara enfermedad es de fácil manejo y gran relevancia clínica. Se caracteriza por la siguiente tríada: dermatitis acral y periorificial, diarrea y alopecia. Comunicamos un caso de presentación atípica en una lactante de 6 meses de edad con lesiones periorificiales y ampollas acrales que resolvió rápidamente con la terapia suplementaria con Zinc (AU)
Enteropathic acrodermatitis is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis caused by the mutation of the gene responsible for encoding the Zinc transporter protein SLC39A4. Despite being a rare disease, it is easy to manage and of great clinical relevance. It is characterized by the following triad: acral and periorificial dermatitis, diarrhea and alopecia. We report a case of atypical presentation in an almost 6-month-old infant with periorificial lesions and acral blisters that quickly resolved with supplemental Zinc therapy (AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , Zinco/deficiência , Acrodermatite/diagnóstico , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico , Acrodermatite/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfato de Zinco/uso terapêutico , Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Introducción: La primera infancia es una etapa fundamental en el desarrollo y crecimiento del ser humano, época donde el cerebro se desarrolla a la máxima velocidad. La alimentación, uno de los principales condicionantes del desarrollo y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre otros, son responsables de daños funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de zinc sérico en escolares y comparar resultados con estudios en la misma población de países latinos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo y comparativo en 116 niños escolares entre 7 a 12 años de edad, de la escuela básica primaria, del Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica, clínica y bioquímica. Resultados: Mayor frecuencia de niñas (52,6 por ciento) edad promedio de 8 años y 9 meses y de 8 años y 5 meses para los niños; peso promedio de 25,21 kg y talla de 124,49 cm para las niñas, y peso promedio 25,07 kg y talla de 125,75 cm para los niños. Se encontró una concentración promedio de zinc en los niños de 0,49 µg/mL, y en las niñas de 0,50 µg/mL. La mayoría de los resultados de cuatro países latinos revelaron que el promedio de zinc sérico estuvo entre 0,32 y 95,2 µg/dL. Conclusión: Los niños mostraron concentraciones de zinc séricos por debajo de los valores promedios establecidos. Es necesario implementar estrategias alimentarias para mejorar el estado nutricional del zinc en las poblaciones pediátricas en países de Latinoamérica(AU)
Introduction: Early childhood is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the human being; it is the time where the brain develops at maximum speed. Feeding, one of the main determining factors of development and micronutrient deficiencies, among others, are responsible for functional damage. Objective: To determine the concentration of serum zinc in school children and to compare results with studies in the same population of different Latin American countries. Methods: Prospective descriptive and comparative study in 116 school children between 7 to 12 years old of the Basic Primary school in Maracaibo Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anthropometric clinical and biochemical assessment was performed. Results: Higher frequency in girls (52.6 percent) of average age 8 years and 9 months, and 8 years and 5 months for boys; average weight of 25.21 kg and height of 124.49 cm for girls, and average weight of 25.07 kg and height of 125.75 cm for boys. It was found an average concentration of zinc of 0.49 µg/mL in boys, and of 0.50 µg/mL in girls. Most of the results of four Latin American countries revealed that the average serum zinc was between 0.32 and 95.2 µg/dL. Conclusion: Children showed serum zinc concentrations below the mean values set. It is necessary to implement food strategies to improve the nutritional status of zinc in pediatric populations of Latin American countries(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Antropometria/métodos , Deficiência de Zinco , Venezuela , Estudo Comparativo , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Micronutrient deficiencies are common among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). The clinical and immunologic consequences of micronutrient deficiencies have been poorly explored in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of zinc and selenium deficiency (dietary intake and serum concentrations) and analyze their associations with absolute CD4+ T-cell counts, inflammation markers, and metabolic disorders in a cohort of antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected individuals. METHODS: The zinc and selenium intakes of 124 HIV-infected men were estimated using 3-d food records. In a subcohort of 45 individuals, serum zinc and selenium concentrations and proinflammatory cytokines were determined. Body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), CD4+ T-cell counts, lipid profile, glucose, and blood pressure were determined and were associated with zinc and selenium dietary intake and serum concentrations. RESULTS: Of the PLWHIV studied, 58% had suboptimal intake of zinc and 8% demonstrated suboptimal intake of selenium. Serum deficiencies for zinc and selenium were 23.9% and 65.9%, respectively. Zinc and selenium intake were correlated with increased muscle mass. Selenium intake was associated with increased BMD of the lumbar region. An inverse correlation between serum selenium concentration and several proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) was found. CONCLUSION: Suboptimal zinc and selenium intake and serum concentration deficiencies are highly prevalent in treated HIV-positive individuals and are associated with body composition, BMD, and inflammation. Clinical trials should be designed to explore the effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic parameters on the HIV-positive population.
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Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , HIV , Selênio/deficiência , Zinco/deficiência , Adulto , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Citocinas/sangue , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Micronutrientes/análise , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Selênio/análise , Zinco/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between supplements and Liconsa milk intake, with anemia, zinc (ZD) and iron (ID) deficiencies, and morbidity in Mexican children resident of less than 100 000 habitants' localities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A subsample of 1 516 children aged 1-4 participants of Ensanut 100k was analyzed, carried out in 2018. Anemia was considered if [Hb]<11 g/dL, ZD if [Zn]<65 µg/dL and ID if [ferritin]<12 µg/L. Supplements and Liconsa milk consumption were obtained from a semi-quantitative food frequency; morbidity by self-report of the mother. Multiple logistic regression models were used adjusted by confounders. RESULTS: Medium and high consumption of Liconsa milk was associated to lower odds of ID (OR=0.02, [95%CI 0.002,0.24] and OR=0.07, [95%CI 0.01,0.52]) and anemia (OR=0.13, [95%CI 0.04,0.37] and OR=0.17, [95%CI 0.03,0.87]). A high intake of Liconsa milk (OR=0.09, [95%CI 0.01,0.44]) and Vitaniño (OR=0.05 [95%CI 0.005, 0.46]) were both associated to lower diarrhea risk. CONCLUSIONS: To assure the continuity of the consumption of nutritional supplements is necessary for improving the health and the micronutrients status in vulnerable Mexican children.
OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre el consumo de suplementos o leche Liconsa y anemia, deficiencias de zinc (DZ) y hierro (DH) y morbilidad en niños mexicanos residentes de localidades menores a 100 000 habitantes. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó información de 1 516 niños de 1 a 4 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes realizada en el año 2018. Se definió Anemia si [Hb]<11 g/dL, DZ: [Zn]<65 µg/dL y DH: [ferritina]<12 µg/L. El consumo de suplementos y de leche Liconsa se obtuvo del cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos y morbilidad por autorreporte de la madre. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística múltiple para el análisis de las asociaciones, ajustados por confusores. RESULTADOS: El consumo medio y alto de leche Liconsa se asoció con menor momio de DH (RM=0.02 [IC95% 0.002,0.24] y RM=0.07 [IC95% 0.01,0.52]) y anemia (RM=0.13 [IC95% 0.04,0.37] y RM=0.17 [IC95% 0.03,0.87]). Un alto consumo de leche Liconsa (RM=0.09, [IC95% 0.01,0.44]) y de Vitaniño (RM=0.05 [IC95% 0.005, 0.46]) se asoció con menor momio de diarrea. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario considerar la continuidad del consumo de suplementos nutricionales para mejorar la salud y el estado de micronutrimentos en población infantil mexicana vulnerable.
Assuntos
Anemia/epidemiologia , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Alimentos Fortificados , Deficiências de Ferro , Leite , Morbidade , Zinco/deficiência , Animais , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre el consumo de suplementos o leche Liconsa y anemia, deficiencias de zinc (DZ) y hierro (DH) y morbilidad en niños mexicanos residentes de localidades menores a 100 000 habitantes. Material y métodos: Se analizó información de 1 516 niños de 1 a 4 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes realizada en el año 2018. Se definió Anemia si [Hb]<11 g/dL, DZ: [Zn]<65 µg/dL y DH: [ferritina]<12 µg/L. El consumo de suplementos y de leche Liconsa se obtuvo del cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos y morbilidad por autorreporte de la madre. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística múltiple para el análisis de las asociaciones, ajustados por confusores. Resultados: El consumo medio y alto de leche Liconsa se asoció con menor momio de DH (RM=0.02 [IC95% 0.002,0.24] y RM=0.07 [IC95% 0.01,0.52]) y anemia (RM=0.13 [IC95% 0.04,0.37] y RM=0.17 [IC95% 0.03,0.87]). Un alto consumo de leche Liconsa (RM=0.09, [IC95% 0.01,0.44]) y de Vitaniño (RM=0.05 [IC95% 0.005, 0.46]) se asoció con menor momio de diarrea. Conclusiones: Es necesario considerar la continuidad del consumo de suplementos nutricionales para mejorar la salud y el estado de micronutrimentos en población infantil mexicana vulnerable.
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the association between supplements and Liconsa milk intake, with anemia, zinc (ZD) and iron (ID) deficiencies, and morbidity in Mexican children resident of less than 100 000 habitants' localities. Materials and methods: A subsample of 1 516 children aged 1-4 participants of Ensanut 100k was analyzed, carried out in 2018. Anemia was considered if [Hb]<11 g/dL, ZD if [Zn]<65 µg/dL and ID if [ferritin]<12 µg/L. Supplements and Liconsa milk consumption were obtained from a semi-quantitative food frequency; morbidity by self-report of the mother. Multiple logistic regression models were used adjusted by confounders. Results: Medium and high consumption of Liconsa milk was associated to lower odds of ID (OR=0.02, [95%CI 0.002,0.24] and OR=0.07, [95%CI 0.01,0.52]) and anemia (OR=0.13, [95%CI 0.04,0.37] and OR=0.17, [95%CI 0.03,0.87]). A high intake of Liconsa milk (OR=0.09, [95%CI 0.01,0.44]) and Vitaniño (OR=0.05 [95%CI 0.005, 0.46]) were both associated to lower diarrhea risk. Conclusions: To assure the continuity of the consumption of nutritional supplements is necessary for improving the health and the micronutrients status in vulnerable Mexican children.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Alimentos Fortificados , Morbidade , Suplementos Nutricionais , Deficiências Nutricionais/epidemiologia , Leite , Anemia/epidemiologia , Zinco/deficiência , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estudos Transversais , Densidade Demográfica , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Intrauterine and postnatal micronutrient malnutrition may program metabolic diseases in adulthood. We examined whether moderate zinc restriction in male and female rats throughout fetal life, lactation, or postweaning growth induces alterations in liver, adipose tissue, and intermediate metabolism. METHODS: Female Wistar rats were fed low-zinc or control zinc diets from pregnancy to offspring weaning. After weaning, male and female offspring were fed either a low-zinc or a control zinc diet. At 74 d of life, oral glucose tolerance tests were performed and serum metabolic profiles were evaluated. Systolic blood pressure and oxidative stress and morphology of liver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue were evaluated in 81 d old offspring. RESULTS: Zinc restriction during prenatal and postnatal life induced an increase in systolic blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, higher serum glucose levels at 180 min after glucose overload, and greater insulin resistance indexes in male rats. Hepatic histologic studies revealed no morphologic alterations, but an increase in lipid peroxidation and catalase activity were identified in zinc-deficient male rats. Adipose tissue from zinc-deficient male rats had adipocyte hypertrophy, an increase in lipid peroxidation, and a reduction in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity. Adequate dietary zinc content during postweaning growth reversed basal hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance indexes, hepatic oxidative stress, and adipocyte hypertrophy. Female rats were less sensitive to the metabolic effects of zinc restriction. CONCLUSIONS: This study strengthens the importance of a balanced intake of zinc during growth to ensure adequate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in adult life.
Assuntos
Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Doenças Metabólicas/metabolismo , Complicações na Gravidez/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Zinco/deficiência , Animais , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Feto/metabolismo , Lactação/metabolismo , Masculino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Doenças Metabólicas/etiologia , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores Sexuais , Desmame , Zinco/administração & dosagemRESUMO
During pregnancy, a decreased availability of zinc to the fetus can disrupt the development of the central nervous system leading to defects ranging from severe malformations to subtle neurological and cognitive effects. We previously found that marginal zinc deficiency down-regulates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway and affects neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation. This study investigated if marginal zinc deficiency during gestation in rats could disrupt fetal neurogenesis and affect the number and specification of neurons in the adult offspring brain cortex. Rats were fed a marginal zinc deficient or adequate diet throughout gestation and until postnatal day (P) 2, and subsequently the zinc adequate diet until P56. Neurogenesis was evaluated in the offspring at embryonic day (E)14, E19, P2, and P56 measuring parameters of NPC proliferation and differentiation by Western blot and/or immunofluorescence. At E14 and E19, major signals (i.e., ERK1/2, Sox2, and Pax6) that stimulate NPC proliferation and self-renewal were markedly downregulated in the marginal zinc deficient fetal brain. These alterations were associated to a lower number of Ki67 positive cells in the ventricular (VZs) and subventricular zones (SVZs). Following the progression of NPCs into intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) and into neurons, Pax6, Tbr2 and Tbr1 were affected in the corresponding areas of the brain at E19 and P2. The above signaling alterations led to a lower density of neurons and a selective decrease of glutamatergic neurons in the young adult brain cortex exposed to maternal marginal zinc deficiency from E14 to P2. Current results supports the concept that marginal zinc deficiency during fetal development can disrupt neurogenesis and alter cortical structure potentially leading to irreversible neurobehavioral impairments later in life.