RESUMO

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of alien phytoplankton species transported through ballast water of ships that docked on the Amazon coast. Phytoplankton samples were collected from 25 ships between 2012 and 2014, revealing 215 identified species, mostly comprising oceanic planktonic marine species. However, several coastal and freshwater species not yet documented on the Maranhão coast were also observed. The identification of several coastal and freshwater species not yet recorded for Amazonian environments in the ballast water of the Ponta da Madeira Maritime Terminal (TMPM), as well as toxic microalgae genera such as the dinoflagellates Alexandrium and Gymnodinium and of some diatom species from the genus Pseudo-nitzchia, raises concerns regarding the possibility of introducing species. This indicates that ballast water can be responsible for the introduction of alien species in Amazonian aquatic environments, thereby highlighting the TMPM as a critical hotspot in the Amazonian region.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Cellular systems must deal with mechanical forces to satisfy their physiological functions. In this context, proteins with mechanosensitive properties play a crucial role in sensing and responding to environmental changes. The discovery of aquaporins (AQPs) marked a significant breakthrough in the study of water transport. Their transport capacity and regulation features make them key players in cellular processes. To date, few AQPs have been reported to be mechanosensitive. Like mechanosensitive ion channels, AQPs respond to tension changes in the same range. However, unlike ion channels, the aquaporin's transport rate decreases as tension increases, and the molecular features of the mechanism are unknown. Nevertheless, some clues from mechanosensitive ion channels shed light on the AQP-membrane interaction. The GxxxG motif may play a critical role in the water permeation process associated with structural features in AQPs. Consequently, a possible gating mechanism triggered by membrane tension changes would involve a conformational change in the cytoplasmic extreme of the single file region of the water pathway, where glycine and histidine residues from loop B play a key role. In view of their transport capacity and their involvement in relevant processes related to mechanical forces, mechanosensitive AQPs are a fundamental piece of the puzzle for understanding cellular responses.

RESUMO

Aquaporins (AQPs) are small transmembrane tetrameric proteins that facilitate water, solute and gas exchange. Their presence has been extensively reported in the biological membranes of almost all living organisms. Although their discovery is much more recent than ion transport systems, different biophysical approaches have contributed to confirm that permeation through each monomer is consistent with closed and open states, introducing the term gating mechanism into the field. The study of AQPs in their native membrane or overexpressed in heterologous systems have experimentally demonstrated that water membrane permeability can be reversibly modified in response to specific modulators. For some regulation mechanisms, such as pH changes, evidence for gating is also supported by high-resolution structures of the water channel in different configurations as well as molecular dynamics simulation. Both experimental and simulation approaches sustain that the rearrangement of conserved residues contributes to occlude the cavity of the channel restricting water permeation. Interestingly, specific charged and conserved residues are present in the environment of the pore and, thus, the tetrameric structure can be subjected to alter the positions of these charges to sustain gating. Thus, is it possible to explore whether the displacement of these charges (gating current) leads to conformational changes? To our knowledge, this question has not yet been addressed at all. In this review, we intend to analyze the suitability of this proposal for the first time.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The remote North Patagonian region is a sparsely populated territory and a world famous tourist destination located on the leeward side of the Andes Mountains. Recent disasters triggered by various types of geoenvironmental hazards (including volcanic eruptions, mass-wasting processes and extreme weather events) heavily disrupted ground transport networks in a region with already limited territorial accessibilities. All these catastrophes prompted the need to evacuate or assist a number of secluded visitors, locals and livestock extemporaneously on board of coastguards and tourist passenger-ships from the shores of the many glacial lakes that make up part of the regional attraction. Despite the recurrence of these types of events, water evacuations in the region continue to be spontaneous, improvised and hazardous procedures. This contribution reconstructs and assesses a number of recent local-scale cases of lake evacuations and assistances from a number of Patagonian urban centers, rural areas and tourist sites. For each case study, we systematically elaborated on the prime components of an evacuation process, which enabled us to recognize key achievements, failures and conditioning factors for managing emergencies via water transport, most of them inherent to the studied region. Some of the complexities to emerge from case studies referred to: complex hazard-related scenarios; limited ground-based accessibilities and risk of isolation; various inter- and intra-organizational issues, incidental to natural reserves and tourist regions; a wide range of particular demographic features; and the availability and vulnerability of water transport resources. We suggested fundamental and replicable recommendations for developing water evacuation plans, also identifying forthcoming problems to solve in order to improve the management of emergencies through this alternative means of transport.

RESUMO

Auxins are known to regulate xylem development in plants, but their effects on water transport efficiency are poorly known. Here we used tomato plants with the diageotropica mutation (dgt), which has impaired function of a cyclophilin 1 cis-trans isomerase involved in auxin signaling, and the corresponding wild type (WT) to explore the mutation's effects on plant hydraulics and leaf gas exchange. The xylem of the dgt mutant showed a reduced hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh) (24-43%) and conduit number (25-58%) in petioles and stems, resulting in lower theoretical hydraulic conductivities (Kt); on the other hand, no changes in root Dh and Kt were observed. The measured stem and leaf hydraulic conductances of the dgt mutant were lower (up to 81%), in agreement with the Kt values; however, despite dgt and WT plants showing similar root Dh and Kt, the measured root hydraulic conductance of the dgt mutant was 75% lower. The dgt mutation increased the vein and stomatal density, which could potentially increase photosynthesis. Nevertheless, even though it had the same photosynthetic capacity as WT plants, the dgt mutant showed a photosynthetic rate c. 25% lower, coupled with a stomatal conductance reduction of 52%. These results clearly demonstrate that increases in minor vein and stomatal density only result in higher leaf gas exchange when accompanied by higher hydraulic efficiency.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Xylem vulnerability to embolism represents an important trait to determine species distribution patterns and drought resistance. However, estimating embolism resistance frequently requires time-consuming and ambiguous hydraulic lab measurements. Based on a recently developed pneumatic method, we present and test the "Pneumatron", a device that generates high time-resolution and fully automated vulnerability curves. Embolism resistance is estimated by applying a partial vacuum to extract air from an excised xylem sample, while monitoring the pressure change over time. Although the amount of gas extracted is strongly correlated with the percentage loss of xylem conductivity, validation of the Pneumatron was performed by comparison with the optical method for Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves. The Pneumatron improved the precision of the pneumatic method considerably, facilitating the detection of small differences in the (percentage of air discharged [PAD] < 0.47%). Hence, the Pneumatron can directly measure the 50% PAD without any fitting of vulnerability curves. PAD and embolism frequency based on the optical method were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.93) for E. camaldulensis. By providing an open source platform, the Pneumatron represents an easy, low-cost, and powerful tool for field measurements, which can significantly improve our understanding of plant-water relations and the mechanisms behind embolism.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The control of water permeability in plant PIP2 aquaporins has become a paradigmatic case study of the capping mechanism for pore closure in water channels. From structural data, it has been postulated that the gating process in PIP2 involves a conformational rearrangement in cytosolic loopD that generates an obstruction to the transport of water molecules inside the aquaporin pore. BvPIP2;2 is a PIP2 aquaporin from Beta vulgaris whose pH response has been thoroughly characterized. In this work, we study the participation of Leu206 in BvPIP2;2 gating triggered by cytosolic acidification and show that this residue acts as a plug that blocks water transport. Based on data obtained from in silico and in vitro studies, we demonstrate that Leu206, one of the residues lining the pore, is responsible for ~ 60% of water blockage. Cell osmotic swelling experiments and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the replacement of Leu206 by an Ala residue maintains high water permeability under conditions where the pore is expected to be closed. The present work demonstrates that Leu206, located at the cytoplasmic entry of the channel, constitutes a crucial pH-sensitive steric gate regulating water transport in PIP aquaporins.

Assuntos

RESUMO

One of the most intriguing properties of plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) aquaporins (AQPs) is their ability to modulate water transport by sensing different levels of intracellular pH through the assembly of homo- and heterotetrameric molecular species in the plasma membrane. In this work, using a phenomenological modeling approach, we demonstrate that cooperativity in PIP biological response cannot be directly attributed to a cooperative proton binding, as it is usually considered, since it could also be the consequence of a cooperative conformation transition between open and closed states of the channel. Moreover, our results show that, when mixed populations of homo- and heterotetrameric PIP channels are coexpressed in the plasma membrane of the same cell, the observed decrease in the degree of positive cooperativity would result from the simultaneous presence of molecular species with different levels of proton sensing. Indeed, the random mixing between different PIP paralogues as subunits in a single tetramer, plus the possibility of mixed populations of homo- and heterotetrameric PIP channels widen the spectrum of cooperative responses of a cell membrane. Our approach offers a deep understanding of cooperative transport of AQP channels, as members of a multiprotein family where the relevant proton binding sites of each member have not been clearly elucidated yet.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Tamarix ramosissima is a desert forest tree species that is widely distributed in the drought-stricken areas to sustain the fragile ecosystem. Owing to its wide usage in the desert restoration of Asia, it can be used as an ecophysiological model plant. To obtain reliable and accurate results, a set of reference genes should be screened before gene expression. However, up to date, systematical evaluation of reference genes has not been conducted in T. ramosissima. Results: In this study, we used eigenvalues derived from principal component analysis to identify stable expressed genes from 72,035 unigenes from diurnal transcriptomes under natural field conditions. With combined criteria of read counts above 900 and CV of FPKM below 0.3, a total of 7385 unigenes could be qualified as candidate reference genes in T. ramosissima. By using three statistical algorithm packages, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, the stabilities of these novel reference genes were further compared with a panel of traditional reference genes. The expression patterns of three aquaporins (AQPs) suggested that at least UBQ (high expression), EIF4A2 (low expression), and GAPDH (moderate expression) could be qualified as ideal reference genes in both RT-PCR and RNA-seq analysis of T. ramosissima. Conclusions: This work will not only facilitate future studies on gene expression and functional analysis of genetic resources of desert plants but also improve our understanding of the molecular regulation of water transport in this plant, which could provide a new clue to further investigate the drought adaptation mechanism of desert plant species under harsh environments.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Aquaporins (AQP) are channel proteins belonging to the Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP) superfamily that play an important role in plant water relations. The main role of aquaporins in plants is transport of water and other small neutral molecules across cellular biological membranes. AQPs have remarkable features to provide an efficient and often, specific water flow and enable them to transport water into and out of the cells along the water potential gradient. Plant AQPs are classified into five main subfamilies including the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin 26 like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs) and X intrinsic proteins (XIPs). AQPs are localized in the cell membranes and are found in all living cells. However, most of the AQPs that have been described in plants are localized to the tonoplast and plasma membranes. Regulation of AQP activity and gene expression, are also considered as a part of the adaptation mechanisms to stress conditions and rely on complex processes and signaling pathways as well as complex transcriptional, translational and posttranscriptional factors. Gating of AQPs through different mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, tetramerization, pH, cations, reactive oxygen species, phytohormones and other chemical agents, may play a key role in plant responses to environmental stresses by maintaining the uptake and movement of water in the plant body.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract Aquaporins (AQP) are channel proteins belonging to the Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP) superfamily that play an important role in plant water relations. The main role of aquaporins in plants is transport of water and other small neutral molecules across cellular biological membranes. AQPs have remarkable features to provide an efficient and often, specific water flow and enable them to transport water into and out of the cells along the water potential gradient. Plant AQPs are classified into five main subfamilies including the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin 26 like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs) and X intrinsic proteins (XIPs). AQPs are localized in the cell membranes and are found in all living cells. However, most of the AQPs that have been described in plants are localized to the tonoplast and plasma membranes. Regulation of AQP activity and gene expression, are also considered as a part of the adaptation mechanisms to stress conditions and rely on complex processes and signaling pathways as well as complex transcriptional, translational and posttranscriptional factors. Gating of AQPs through different mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, tetramerization, pH, cations, reactive oxygen species, phytohormones and other chemical agents, may play a key role in plant responses to environmental stresses by maintaining the uptake and movement of water in the plant body.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introdução: a espécie Azadirachta indica A. Juss. conhecida como neem indiano, possui ampla utilização nas áreas da medicina, agropecuária e cosmética, proporcionada particularmente pelas folhas desidratadas. Devido à importância da espécie, tem-se a necessidade de conhecimentos específicos no seu pré-processamento. Objetivo: determinar a curva de secagem, ajustar modelos não lineares aos dados, estimar o coeficiente de difusividade efetiva e a energia de ativação durante a secagem das folhas de A. indica, em diferentes temperaturas. Métodos: as folhas da referida espécie foram submetidas à secagem em diferentes temperaturas com quatro repetições em secador de camada fixa. Utilizaram-se doze modelos para testar o comportamento da cinética de secagem, e seleciono-os que melhor desempenharam respostas funcionais considerando a magnitude do coeficiente de determinação, qui-quadrado, erro médio relativo e desvio padrão. Ainda, ajustou os dados, ao modelo matemático da difusão líquida com a solução analítica para a placa plana infinita, com aproximação de oito termos. Os gráficos foram elaborados pelo Sigma Plot. Resultados: evidenciou ajuste satisfatório para os modelos de Verma, Newton, Midilli, Logarítmico e Aproximação da Difusão, porém selecionou-se o modelo de Newton por apresentar maior simplicidade de aplicação. Constatou-se que com aumento da temperatura, ocorre um decréscimo no tempo de secagem e aumento na intensidade do fenômeno de transporte de água. Conclusões: a energia de ativação foi de 27,77 kJ mol-1. O modelo de Newton pode ser utilizado para descrever a cinética de secagem das folhas de A. indica. A energia de ativação se mostrou dentro do intervalo indicado para produtos agrícolas(Introdução: a espécie Azadirachta indica A. Juss. conhecida como neem indiano, possui ampla utilização nas áreas da medicina, agropecuária e cosmética, proporcionada particularmente pelas folhas desidratadas. Devido à importância da espécie, tem-se a necessidade de conhecimentos específicos no seu pré-processamento. Objetivo: determinar a curva de secagem, ajustar modelos não lineares aos dados, estimar o coeficiente de difusividade efetiva e a energia de ativação durante a secagem das folhas de A. indica, em diferentes temperaturas. Métodos: as folhas da referida espécie foram submetidas à secagem em diferentes temperaturas com quatro repetições em secador de camada fixa. Utilizaram-se doze modelos para testar o comportamento da cinética de secagem, e seleciono-os que melhor desempenharam respostas funcionais considerando a magnitude do coeficiente de determinação, qui-quadrado, erro médio relativo e desvio padrão. Ainda, ajustou os dados, ao modelo matemático da difusão líquida com a solução analítica para a placa plana infinita, com aproximação de oito termos. Os gráficos foram elaborados pelo Sigma Plot. Resultados: evidenciou ajuste satisfatório para os modelos de Verma, Newton, Midilli, Logarítmico e Aproximação da Difusão, porém selecionou-se o modelo de Newton por apresentar maior simplicidade de aplicação. Constatou-se que com aumento da temperatura, ocorre um decréscimo no tempo de secagem e aumento na intensidade do fenômeno de transporte de água. Conclusões: a energia de ativação foi de 27,77 kJ mol-1. O modelo de Newton pode ser utilizado para descrever a cinética de secagem das folhas de A. indica. A energia de ativação se mostrou dentro do intervalo indicado para produtos agrícolas(AU)

Introducción: la especie Azadirachta indica A. Juss. conocida como indiano, posee amplia utilización en las áreas de la medicina, agropecuaria y cosmética, proporcionada particularmente por las hojas deshidratadas. Debido a la importancia de la especie, existe la necesidad de un conocimento específico en su pre-procesamiento. Objetivo: determinar la curva del secado, ajustar los modelos no lineales con los datos y estimar el coeficiente de difusividad efectiva y de la energia de activación durante el secado de las hojas de A. indica, a diferentes temperaturas. Métodos: las hojas de dicha especie, fueron sometidas a un secado a diferentes temperaturas con cuatro repeticiones en el secador de capa fija. Se utilizaron doce modelos para probar el comportamiento de la cinética de secado, y se seleccionaron según los que mejor desempeñaron respuestas funcionales, teniendo en cuenta la magnitud del coeficiente de determinación, chi-cuadrado, error medio relativo y la desviación típica. Además, se ajustaron los datos al modelo matemático de difusión líquida con la solución analítica para la placa plana infinita, con la aproximación de 8 terminos. Los gráficos fueron confeccionados por Sigma Plot. Resultados: se mostró un ajuste satisfactório para los modelos de Verma, Newton, Midilli, Logarítmico y la aproximación de difusión, sin embargo se selecionó el modelo de Newton, por presentar mayor simplicidad de aplicación. Se constató que con el aumento de la temperatura ocurre una disminución en el tiempo de secado y aumento en la intensidad del fenomeno de transporte del agua. Conclusiones: la energia de activación fue de 27,77 kJ mol-1. El modelo de Newton puede ser utilizado para describir la cinética de secado de las hojas de A. indica. La energía de activación se mostró dentro del alcance indicado para productos agrícolas(AU)

Introduction: The species Azadirachta indica A. Juss, commonly known as Indian neen, is broadly used in medicine, agriculture and the cosmetic industry, mainly in the form of dehydrated leaves. Due to the importance of this species, specific knowledge is required for its preprocessing. Objective: Determine the drying curve, adjust non-linear models to the data, and estimate the effective diffusivity and activation energy coefficient during the drying of A. indica leaves at different temperatures. Methods: Leaves from the study species were dried at different temperatures with four replications in the fixed layer dryer. Twelve models were used to test the behavior of the drying kinetics. These were selected from among those providing better functional responses, bearing in mind the magnitude of the determination coefficient, chi-square, relative mean error and typical deviation. Additionally, data were adjusted to the liquid diffusion mathematical model with the analytical solution for the infinite plane plate with an approximation of 8 terms. The charts were developed by Sigma Plot. Results: A satisfactory adjustment was achieved for the models Verma, Newton, Midilli, logarithmic, and diffusion approximation, but the Newton model was chosen, due to the simplicity of its application. It was found that as temperature increases, there is a decrease in drying time and an increase in water transport intensity. Conclusions: Activation energy was 27.77 kJ mol-1. The Newton model may be used to describe the drying kinetics of A. indica leaves. Activation energy was within the scope established for agricultural products(AU)

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

Wood contains a large amount of air, even in functional xylem. Air embolisms in the xylem affect water transport and can determine plant growth and survival. Embolisms are usually estimated with laborious hydraulic methods, which can be prone to several artefacts. Here, we describe a new method for estimating embolisms that is based on air flow measurements of entire branches. To calculate the amount of air flowing out of the branch, a vacuum was applied to the cut bases of branches under different water potentials. We first investigated the source of air by determining whether it came from inside or outside the branch. Second, we compared embolism curves according to air flow or hydraulic measurements in 15 vessel- and tracheid-bearing species to test the hypothesis that the air flow is related to embolism. Air flow came almost exclusively from air inside the branch during the 2.5-min measurements and was strongly related to embolism. We propose a new embolism measurement method that is simple, effective, rapid and inexpensive, and that allows several measurements on the same branch, thus opening up new possibilities for studying plant hydraulics.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The intracellular pH (pHi) of syncytiotrophoblasts is regulated, in part, by Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE)-1, NHE-2, and NHE-3. Failures in pHi homeostasis could alter critical cellular functions such as water transport and cell volume. Here, we evaluated whether alterations in syncytiotrophoblast pHi could modify water uptake mediated by aquaporins (AQPs) and the contribution of NHEs to this mechanism. We showed that changes in syncytiotrophoblast pHi did not affect water uptake in the presence of functional NHEs. However, inhibition of NHEs alters transcellular water transport mediated by AQPs in acidosis. These results suggest an interaction between placental AQPs and NHEs in the regulation of water uptake during acidotic states.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Producto de las fuertes lluvias de Agosto de 2015 en el norte de Chile, grandes inundaciones afectaron a la región dejando aisladas, y sin servicio de agua potable, localidades costeras como Tocopilla. El bloqueo de caminos impide abastecer de agua a estas localidades a través de camiones aljibe, lo que ha tenido un gran impacto para la comunidad habitante de estas zonas. Debido a esto el Departamento de Desarrollo Estratégico solicita esta síntesis de evidencia con el objetivo de conocer posibles mecanismos para abastecer de agua a comunidades costeras aisladas en la zona de Tocopilla, posterior a las inundaciones de Agosto de 2015. METODOLOGÍA Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library, PDQ Evidence, Health System Evidence y Health Evidence con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas del tema. Al no encontrarse, se seleccionaron todos los estudios primarios que abordaran el tema. RESULTADOS El resumen NO utiliza revisiones sistemáticas -Utilizar filtros de arena para tratar agua contaminada podría reducir los agentes patógenos, en comparación a la provisión de agua por vasijas de almacenamiento. -Utilizar un sistema centralizado de distribución por cañerías podría tener peores resultados que el uso de bidones alejados de la comunidad. -Otras alternativas planteadas por estudios descriptivos son plantas de desalinización de agua por osmosis reversa. -La literatura ha estudiado ampliamente el impacto de métodos para mejorar la calidad del agua almacenada, tales como cloración y desinfección oxidante y, de esta forma, prevenir infecciones y enfermedades. -FARMAMUNDI (organización sanitaria sin fines de lucro) ha desarrollado normas mínimas de suministro y calidad del agua para personas afectadas por desastres naturales.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Drought-deciduous and evergreen species coexist in tropical dry forests. Drought-deciduous species must cope with greater seasonal leaf water-potential fluctuations than evergreen species and this may increase their susceptibility to drought-induced xylem embolism. The relationship between water transport efficiency and leaf life-span were determined for both groups. They differed in seasonal changes of both, wood water content (W c) and wood specific gravity (G). During the dry season, the W c in drought-deciduous species declined and the minimum value was recorded when leaf fall was complete. At this time, the volumetric fraction of gas (V g) increased indicating air entry into xylem vessels. In contrast, W c, G and V g changed only slightly throughout the year for evergreen species. Maximum hydraulic conductivity of drought-deciduous species was 2-6 times that of the evergreen species. but was severely reduced at leaf fall. In the evergreen species, similar water conductivities were measured during wet and dry seasons. The trade-off between xylem water transport capacity and leaf lifespan found in species coexisting in this forest reveals the existence of contrasting but successful adaptations to this environment. Drought-deciduous species maximize production in the short term with higher water transport efficiency which leads to the seasonal occurrence of embolisms. Conversely, the behaviour of evergreen species with reduced maximum efficiency is conservative but safe in relation to xylem embolism.