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This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Region for each year between 1905 and 2018. We produced the dataset starting from the official public records on water rights (Registro Público de Derechos de Aprovechamiento de Aguas, RPDAA), which are free to access and available at the National Water Agency's website (Dirección General de Aguas, DGA). The initial data described 1047 individual water rights granted in the Antofagasta Region according to 65 criteria. In order to find errors in the data, inconsistencies between the data, or/and the absence of relevant information, we revised and validated the data through different methods, including a literature review and interviews to public officials. Then, we calculated the accumulated water flow (L/s) from the annual flow granted each year (1905-2018) in the two main basins of the region: the Loa River Basin, and the Salar de Atacama Basin. In doing so, we differentiated the type of water (ground or surface water) and the use of water. Thus, the data show and compare temporal variations in the allocation of ground and surface water to different water uses in the two basins. The data are useful to researchers, decision makers and to the general population interested in the processes of water distribution within the Chilean context.

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RESUMO Conflitos hídricos são decorrentes da escassez hídrica, sobretudo da ineficiência da gestão hídrica. O Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco com as bacias hidrográficas do Nordeste Setentrional (PISF) vem sendo desenvolvido com o objetivo de transpor água para a região semiárida do Brasil. Contudo, os problemas na execução das obras do PISF trouxeram, com a chegada da água, situações que se caracterizam como conflitos de segunda ordem. Esta pesquisa analisa as consequências da chegada acelerada das águas transpostas para o Eixo Leste do PISF, no estado da Paraíba, a fim de evitar o colapso no Reservatório Epitácio Pessoa (REP), responsável pelo abastecimento da cidade de Campina Grande e região. Usuários de água situados a montante do REP tiveram seu abastecimento prejudicado pelas obras do PISF. Metodologicamente, esta pesquisa adota a Análise da Cadeia Causal para identificar as causas do problema. As soluções apontam para a necessidade de finalização dos reparos nos reservatórios localizados a montante do REP e a proteção da população prejudicada.

ABSTRACT Water conflicts are due to water scarcity, especially to the inefficiency of water management. The São Francisco River Basin Integration Project (PISF) has been developed aiming to transfer water to the semiarid region of Brazil. However, the problems in the execution of the PISF works brought, with the arrival of water, second-order conflicts. The research analyzes the consequences of the accelerated arrival of the waters which have been transferred to the East Axis of PISF, in the state of Paraíba, in order to avoid the collapse in the Epitácio Pessoa Reservoir (REP), responsible for supplying the city of Campina Grande and region. Water users upstream of the REP had their supply hampered by the PISF works. Methodologically, the research adopts Causal Chain Analysis to identify the causes of the problem. The solutions point to the need to complete repairs to the reservoirs located upstream of the REP and to protect the affected population.

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Fluvial systems are particularly sensitive to changes in the terrestrial ecosystems where they are embedded, receiving simultaneously the impact of multiple stressors. The design of adequate management policies requires analyzing fluvial systems as social-ecological systems, because the decoupling of natural and social systems can lead to a severe mismatch between maintaining ecological integrity and the pursuit of human well-being. Pampean streams are especially prone to the impact of human activities because they are located in a region that provides almost half of the agricultural production of Argentina and concentrates 66% of the whole population of the country. In the present work, we conceived a general social-ecological framework that links the occurrence of multiple stressors and their impacts on ecosystem services, with changes in environmental perception of streams, which in turn feedback over institutional actions at the watershed's governance. We identified four current key drivers of the dynamics in Pampean streams: a dominant agro-industrial model for the region, a command-and-control governance regime mainly based on an engineering hydraulic perspective, the real estate market speculation of surrounding lands, and the persistence of structural poverty in urban areas. The resulting dynamics resembles the occurrence of different kinds of social-ecological traps, i.e., a highly stable but undesirable state of the system that is difficult to escape. Based on this analysis, we provide a leverage point perspective to avoid this trap. Together, this approach could be applied to other fluvial systems of the world to link the ecological and social domains to multiple stressors analysis, and to improve institutional fit for the sustainability of fluvial social-ecological systems.

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RESUMEN El cumplimiento del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible, ODS, No 6 "Agua Limpia y Saneamiento", promulgado en 2015 por la ONU, requiere de nuevos enfoques y marcos conceptuales, que articulen e integren, de manera práctica, las intervenciones en el sector de Agua Potable, Saneamiento e Higiene (APSH), con la Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos (GIRH), según los contextos específicos de cada región. En este sentido, la gobernanza del agua proporciona un marco conceptual, que permite analizar y potenciar la integración entre los sectores de APSH con la GIRH, en el marco del cumplimiento de los ODS. Para ello, se documentaron varios casos de estudio en Latinoamérica, donde se observó la integración sectorial, a partir del modelo de funciones de Gobernanza del Agua, desarrollado por Water Governance Facility - WGF. Si bien cada uno de los casos de estudio se enmarcan en alguna función específica de la gobernanza del agua, todos requieren, al menos, de otra función, para poder lograr su finalidad, siendo la "Coordinación", la más relevante, observada para el logro de los resultados obtenidos.

ABSTRACT The fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goal, SDG, No 6 "Clean Water and Sanitation", promulgated in 2015 by the UN, requires new approaches and conceptual frameworks that articulate and integrate in a practical way the interventions of Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - WASH, with the Integrated Water Resources Management, IWRM, according to the specific contexts of each territory. In this sense, water governance provides a conceptual framework that allows analyzing and enhancing integration between WASH sectors with IWRM, within the framework of the fulfillment of the SDGs. For this, several case studies in Latin America were documented where sectoral integration was observed, based on the Water Governance Facility model of Water Governance. Although each of the case studies is framed in some specific function of water governance, all require at least one other function in order to achieve their purpose, with "Coordination" being the most relevant observed for the achievement of obtained results.

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Rapid urban growth and high population density have become a problem for urban water resources, especially in developing countries. In general, the pollution of rivers and degradation of ecosystems are the result of both management failures and lack of sewage treatment. River restoration appears as a solution to improve this scenario, but it is common for there to be an absence of a systemic vision in these projects. Thus, this work analysed one of these projects as an initial approach to create coherent (qualitative) shared perspectives on the same problem. This project was developed in a Brazilian university territory in response to a Public Civil Action. Rivers within the university surroundings are degraded due to sewage disposal and wastewater pollution from external and internal sources within the university, but the programme actions contemplate only interventions within the perimeter of the university while excluding the other parts of its watershed. We analyse this problem under a Systems Thinking approach by using causal loop diagrams, being clear that ecosystems cannot be reduced to territorial limits only. The systemic map shows many actions that contribute to the water quality degradation, with emphasis on illegal dumping of wastewater (sewage) and land use change in the upstream areas prior to the university. Point measures are palliative and do not guarantee the quality of river water. Regulation of impervious surfaces and correct disposal of wastewater can improve the current panorama, but greater integration between stakeholders and other key actors is required.

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Water resources are fundamental for the social and economic development of a country and sustainability is the best approach to treat water-related problems. Therefore, sustainability studies of water resources are deemed urgent. Sustainability analysis methods should enable space-temporal monitoring, decision-making, and development of policies necessary for water governance. Furthermore, sustainability analysis methods should also integrate environment and socioeconomic variables into a single system. In this context, this study aimed to assess the water sustainability conditions of the River Grande Basin (BHRG), Brazil, before the implementation of the Integrated Water Resources Plan (IWRP), using the Barometer of Sustainability tool (BS). The River Grande basin was in an "almost unsustainable" condition and under high environmental stress. A significant imbalance between environmental and human well-being in the system was also observed. To achieve an acceptable sustainability condition, it is thus necessary to improve the environmental quality of the area. Among the priority thematic area, native vegetation recovery was the most urgent. Overall, the sustainability study based on the BS not only facilitates comprehension regarding environment and human interrelationships, but also provide references for policy formulations and water management.

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Coastal water resources are a worldwide key socio-environmental issue considering the increasing concentration of population in these areas. Here, we propose an integrative transdisciplinary approach of water resource, water management and water access in Recife (NE Brazil). The present-day water situation is conceptualized as an imbricated multi-layered system: a multi-layered water resource, managed by a multi-layered governance system and used by a multi-layered social population. This allows identifying processes of quantitative, qualitative, and sanitary conflicts between governance and population strategies regarding water supply, as well as the institutional and individual denials of these conflicts. Based on this model, we anticipate future water-related problematic fates. Concerning the water resource system, the rapid groundwater level decrease due to unsustainable water predatory strategies, and the very low recharge rate have drastically modified the aquifer system functioning, inducing hydraulic connection between shallow groundwater (contaminated and locally salty) and deep ones (mostly fresh, with local inherited salinity), threatening the deep strategic water resource. Concerning the water governance system, the investments to increase the capacity storage of surface water, the water regulation agencies and the public/private partnership should shortly improve the water supply and wastewater issue. Nevertheless, the water situation will remain highly fragile due to the expected water demand increase, the precipitation decrease and the sea-level increase. Concerning the water access system, the population variably perceives these current and further effects and the possible mitigation policies, and develops alternative individual strategies. Authorities, policymakers and water managers will have to implement a well-balanced water governance, taking into account the specificities of the PPP, public and private groundwater users, and with a strong political willingness for a sustainable water management to ensure water supply for all the population. In other words, an anticipatory and integrated vision is necessary to reduce the discrepancies in this complex system.

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RESUMO O presente artigo objetivou apresentar uma visão geral sobre o emprego de estratégias focadas em resultados (EFR), tais como a de pagamento por resultados (PPR) e a de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), na redução e no controle da poluição hídrica em áreas urbanas e rurais do país. Para isso, considerando-se sempre o objetivo da Gestão Integrada de Recursos Hídricos (GIRH), duas experiências de alcance nacional foram revisitadas: a do Programa Despoluição de Bacias Hidrográficas (Prodes) e a do Programa Produtor de Águas, ambos executados pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), o primeiro iniciado há mais de uma década. Esses programas ilustram abordagens bem-sucedidas de aproximação do poder público com os setores usuários de água, nesse caso, os setores de saneamento e agricultura, respectivamente. Por fim, foram discutidas a aplicabilidade e as perspectivas para a implementação de novas iniciativas de EFR para GIRH no Brasil.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview about the use of goal-oriented strategies, such as output-based aid (OBA) and payment for environmental services (PES), for water pollution abatement and control in urban and rural areas throughout the country. Thus, considering the goal of implementing IWRM, two nation-wide experiences are reviewed: the River Basin Clean-Up Program (PRODES) and the Water Producer Program, both run by the National Water Agency (ANA), the former initiated over a decade ago. They illustrate successful ways to bring public authorities and water users together, in this case, sanitation services and landowners, respectively. Finally, it is discussed the applicability and perspectives for carrying out new goal-oriented initiatives aimed at IWRM in Brazil.

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Objetivo: Presentar algunos hallazgos relacionados con el proceso de integración regional Bogotá-Cundinamarca en el periodo 2000-2010, en particular la dimensión ambiental, en las provincias de sabana occidente y sabana centro que hacen parte de esta región. Metodología: El estudio se basa en el análisis de los cambios presentados en el ambiente natural de los territorios objeto de estudio, durante el periodo de tiempo considerado (2000-2010), desde la perspectiva de los actores del mismo. En este caso, a través de ejercicios de participación en talleres realizados en los municipios objeto de estudio con dichos actores (representados en organizaciones sociales que tienen presencia allí) e incluyó recorridos en dichos territorios. Se pretende construir colectivamente información y conocimiento, planteando una línea del tiempo en la que los actores reconozcan momentos clave con referencia a dos grandes fenómenos que se presentaron: asentamientos humanos (urbanización) y entrada de empresas. Esta línea abarca la primera década del presente siglo. Resultados: La investigación intenta mostrar que dos elementos: asentamientos urbanos y entrada de empresas, son las dinámicas antrópicas que impactan los territorios, olvidando el elemento agua, como eje fundamental sobre el cual debería ordenarse el territorio. De ello se deriva que la misma comunidad reconoce que el ordenamiento del territorio nunca consultó sus intereses.

Objective: regional integration in the period 2000-2010, particularly the environmental dimension in the Western and Central Bogotá-Cundinamarca Savannah. Methodology: The study is based on the analysis of the changes shown in the natural environment of the territories under study during the period considered (2000-2010) from their actors' perception..In this case, through the participation exercises in workshops carried out in the municipalities under study with those actors (represented in social organizations present in the area), and included tours around those territories It is intended to collectively build information and knowledge presenting a timeline in which the actors recognize key moments with reference to two major events: Human Settlements (urbanization) and enterprise arrival. This line comprises the first decade of the current century. Results: The research attempts to show that two elements, urban settlements and enterprises arrival, are the anthropic dynamics that impact the territories forgetting the water element as the fundamental axis from which the territory should be planned. From this it is derived that the community recognizes that land use planning never consulted their interests.

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Human health is greatly affected by inadequate access to sufficient and safe drinking water, especially in low and middle-income countries. Drinking water governance improvements may be one way to better drinking water quality. Over the past decade, many projects and international organizations have been dedicated to water governance; however, water governance in the drinking water sector is understudied and how to improve water governance remains unclear. We analyze drinking water governance challenges in three countries-Brazil, Ecuador, and Malawi-as perceived by government, service providers, and civil society organizations. A mixed methods approach was used: a clustering model was used for country selection and qualitative semi-structured interviews were used with direct observation in data collection. The clustering model integrated political, economic, social and environmental variables that impact water sector performance, to group countries. Brazil, Ecuador and Malawi were selected with the model so as to enhance the generalizability of the results. This comparative case study is important because similar challenges are identified in the drinking water sectors of each country; while, the countries represent diverse socio-economic and political contexts, and the selection process provides generalizability to our results. We find that access to safe water could be improved if certain water governance challenges were addressed: coordination and data sharing between ministries that deal with drinking water services; monitoring and enforcement of water quality laws; and sufficient technical capacity to improve administrative and technical management of water services at the local level. From an analysis of our field research, we also developed a conceptual framework that identifies policy levers that could be used to influence governance of drinking water quality on national and sub-national levels, and the relationships between these levers.